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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics
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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics
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1. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.

2. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:

3. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.

4. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.

5. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.

6. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)

7. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.

8. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.

9. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).

10. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i

11. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.

12. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o

13. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.

14. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)

15. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.

16. ?

17. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.

18. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data

19. Have no meaningful rank order among values.

20. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.

21. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.

22. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.

23. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.

24. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.

25. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co

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