Deviant Behavior Exam Study Guide

positivist (illicit drug use)
 looks at drug use as a type of behavior
 why do some people use illegal substances?
 not interested in why some substances are illegal
 also looks at consequences of drug use

constructionists (illicit drug use)
 why certain substances are deviant and legal/illegal
 how do we determine what substances are deviant?
 what the definition of drugs are
 interested in why our threat perceptions of various drugs change
 recognizing that what we define as a drug and as an illicit/illegal drug creates moral panics

moral panics
intense, widespread, explosively up-surging feeling on the part of the public that something is terribly wrong in their society because of the moral failure of a specific group of individuals; deviantizes categories of people

how we define drugs
 psychoactivity
 medical utility
 legal status
 public opinion

four categories of drug use
 medical use
 legal recreational use
 illegal instrumental use
 illegal recreational use

medical use
use of prescription drugs or over-the-counter drugs

legal recreational use
alcohol, tobacco, caffiene

illegal instrumental use
taking various drugs without benefit of prescription

illegal recreational use
most harshly condemned instances of deviant drug use (heroin, cocaine, meth, PCP)

user loyalty vs. 'sticking with it'
 alcohol has the highest user loyalty (of legal drugs)
 marijuana is stuck with the longest (of illegal drugs)
 the more illegal the drug, the more likely a one-time user will stick with it
 marijuana is the least illicit, yet has the highest number of users that will keep using

Initiative 91
 passed in Oregon
 legalized recreational marijuana for anyone 21+
 may possess up to 8 oz of weed, has to be dried, may have up to 4 plants
 Washington D.C. also passed recreational marijuana

Why was marijuana criminalized?
 marijuana was a drug used by Mexican immigrants
 businesses/agricultural industries would hire immigrants and pay them less
 way to punish the immigrants

Why has potency of heroin increased?
 increase in production in Latin America
 increased dependency on opiates prescription drugs (became replacement for prescription drugs)

six stages of heroin addiction career
 experimentation or initiation
 escalation
 maintaining or 'taking care of business'
 dysfunction or 'going through changes'
 recovery or 'getting out of the life'
 ex-addict

experimentation or initation
 occurs in company of peers
 trying to satisfy curiosity
 most people will terminate use at this stage

escalation
 pattern of frequent use
 develops over a number of months
 leads up to daily use
 when most users become physically addicted and increase tolerance for the drug
 some may continue to use infrequently at this stage

maintaining or 'taking care of business'
 relatively stable use
 addicts are still able to get high
 psychologically the addict feels like they're still able to perform their occupational and family responsibilities

dysfunction or 'going through changes'
 will experience jail or treatment program for the first time
 when the negative effects of their addiction become evident, addicts will often try to quit with themselves or with others (will fail)

recovery or 'getting out of the life'
 when the recovering addict develops successful attitudes to quit drugs
 can happen within or outside a formal treatment program
 involves major life changes (changing jobs, friends, where you live, getting rid of old contacts)

ex-addict
 when the individual acquires a new social identity as an 'ex- addict'
 successfully treated addicts will adopt this role through work and treatment plans (doing NA or other formal programs)

what makes sexual behavior illegal and deviant?
 degree of consent (how?)
 nature of the sexual object (who and what?)
 nature of the sex act (how?)
 setting of the sex act (where?)
 how often?

essentialists/positivists (sexual deviance)
 sexuality is a real, pre-given entity
 sexual customs, norms and behaviors vary around the world

conservative essentialists (sexual deviance)
 there are certain variations that are a perversion of legitimate sexual expression
 you should maintain your behavior in the norms set up

libertine essentialists (sexual deviance)
 sexual repression is the perversion of true sexual expression
 don't repress yourself, do things openly

constructionists (sexual deviance)
 look at definitions and norms of sex and how they're created
 sexual behavior/actions that appear to be similar are actually experienced in radically different ways
 sexuality doesn't shape our social conduct, rather it is the social meanings that give shape to our sexuality

gender disparity
 looking at how male sexual behavior isn't subjected to the same strict social guidelines like female sexual behavior
 ex. stigma of paying for sex is less than being paid for sex

moralistic perspective (prostitution)
 most common explanation for prostitution
 these women are evil, immoral and they deserve the contempt of society
 they need to be saved and put on the right path

conflict/Marxist perspective (prostitution)
 another way that the elite exploit the working class
 women have very few legitimate working opportunities
 in order to make a living, they're forced to sell themselves

functionalists (prostitution)
 provides a hidden benefit to society

2005 radical feminists 'manifesto' about prostitution
 women don't choose prostitution, there are outside factors that make women go into prostitution (sexual abuse, poverty, pimps taking advantage of them)
 prostitution is sexual exploitation
 is violence against women
 prostitution should be eliminated and these women need the financial resources and social services to leave the life
 prostitutes shouldn't be arrested

sociological research of prostitution
 argue that research shows or that evidence doesn't support that prostitution is violence against women
 radical feminists deny worker agency (women voluntarily enter this type of work)
 prostitution isn't paid rape
 vast majority of poor women don't become prostitutes
 radical feminists use loaded language like 'survivors'

confidence game
 allows exotic dancers to manipulate symbolic communication and to create emotional control over their patrons
 use some type of fake pretense and deception to acquire some gain (usually money)
 an assumption of power

cooling out
 occurs when tipping happens less frequently
 refers customer to another dancer, has a drink with them, etc.

Deshotels and Forsyth- negative consequences that inhibited a dancers ability to create an authentic self
 negative impact of fun being a job- don't know how to have fun off of work
 acting sexual hindered their ability to create an authentic, sexual self- acting and feeling sexual was blurred

three leading mental disorders
anxiety, depression, ADD

labeling theory (mental illness)
 from an essentialistic standpoint
 mental disorders are concretely real
 there really is a thing is mental disorders but that the label creates the condition and the condition becomes concretely real
 focuses on causality of illness, not just social construction
 Thomas Scheff is the primary proponent of this theory

Thomas Sheff
 believed that individuals labeled as crazy for mild behaviors results in the individual actually going crazy (self-fulfilling prophecy)
 individuals learn to act out the symptoms of mental illness - either because the individual has been exposed to the label or exposed to the definitions of mental illness
 different from Becker's original theory as it focuses on the causality of illness, not just social construction

mental illness careers
 focuses on depression and schizophrenia
 focuses on the deviant careers of these two illnesses allows us to look at social context and the experiences of those who are labeled mentally ill

career model of mental illness
 place
 alienation from place
 definitive outburst
 help seeking
 medication experience
 hospitalization
 community care
 criminalization
 stigma management

place (career model)
 context within which we live our lives - families, workplaces, schools
 know expected roles/position within place
 know what constitutes acceptable behavior

alienation from place (career model)
 initial step in becoming mentally ill
 occurs when the individual feels a psychological barrier between themselves and the place they're located
 feelings are often accompanied by undesired emotional effects
 are able to regain their sense of place if they undergo remedial action
 may be able to regain their place if they wait until alienating feelings go away
 individuals will often normalize their behaviors or explain them away
 those who are unable to cope will experience a definitive outburst

definitive outburst (career model)
 when the psychologically/emotionally troubled person engages in behaviors so unusual or bizarre it's no longer possible to believe that things are normal
 creates unmanageable emergencies for those who are around them

help seeking (career model)
 Scheff argued that behaviors that become labeled as 'mental illness' involve residual rule breaking (he primarily focused on individuals who were forced into psychiatric hospitals by family or friends)
 now most people labeled as mentally ill aren't coerced into hospitals
 those in hospitals are given a plan for the problems they're experiencing - usually involves prescription medication and can pose numerous challenges

four stages of the depression medication experience (career model)
 desperation and resistance - experience ambivalent feelings about desperation for help and are resistant to the idea of taking anti-depressant medication (often comes as a result of their doctors unwillingness to talk about the reluctance of taking medication)
 trial commitment and experimentation - those who are reluctant to take their medication become more receptive when they're told 'just try it and see if it works'
 engagement - depressed person no longer questions whether or not they should take medication, focused on how they can make their medication work for them
 marriage to medication - committed to their medication, believe their medication is essential to their day-to-day functioning

schizophrenia medication experience (career model)
 very similar to those with depression
 Sue Estroff 'Making It Crazy' looked at experiences of schizophrenics
 lots of side effects with the medicine
 since study there's been a new wave of drugs marketed at a higher price and are said to have fewer side effects

Sue Estroff 'Making It Crazy'
 looked at experiences of schizophrenics
 many patients found the effects of their medication difficult to live with
 side effects range from minor problems (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness) to more serious (akasthisia- causes restlessness; tardive dyskinesia- irreversible neurological disorder)
 often embarrassed and depressed about side effects

hospitalization (career model)
 most only hospitalized when symptoms are highly visible and intrusive
 most occur at a time of crisis when family/friends feel it requires it
 can also come about if individual comes in contact with the CJ system
 gives some patients immediate relief but more often than not they view their stay as devastating
 average stay is seven days
 short hospital stays are aimed at reducing the patients symptoms with medication and treatment and then releasing them back out into the community
 can be troublesome for families because they realize their loved one has limitations and are now straddled with the task of being their caregiver
 for those with no family support they must navigate community care with case workers/social workers

community care (career model)
 recognizing that the chronically ill lack basic social/material resources
 once they've been hospitalized/released they feel like they don't have a place and feel little sense of personal agency (lost jobs, relationships)
 have few activities that provide them structure

criminalization
 policies put mentally ill in jeopardy of arrest and incarceration
 by cutting funding to mental hospitals more are coming into the CJ system
 criminalization of mental illness refers to how our current social policies toward the chronically, mentally ill puts them in jeopardy of arrest and incarceration
 in 2006 57% of jail/prison inmates were mentally ill
 reasons for coming into contact with CJ system (Virginia Hiday): committing a crime as a result of their mental illness and are put in jail rather than a hospital and by living in impoverished conditions and have engaged in survival-related behaviors

stigma management (career model)
 in group
 out group
 political activism

in group stigma management
 when peers are providing each other with company, social acceptance, positive self images, self-justifying ideologies for their illness/behaviors
 Jennifer Huff study on mental health drop-in centers: provide company for each other, listen to each others stories of mistreatment out in the community and they accepted one another, provided a way to pass the time

out group stigma management
 involve the deviance negotiating social interactions with non-deviance
 how mentally ill individuals are handling their interactions with those that aren't mentally ill
 most widespread strategy: concealment of their illness

selective disclosure
 selectively disclose to a few people what their illness is
 gives them a sense of emotional relief

preventative disclosure
 reveal their illness to people they're just forming a relationship with
 can this person handle it?

normalization
 do their best to present themselves as normal
 are only able to be partially successful
 primary place it doesn't work is within romantic relationships

political activism stigma management
 multitude of organizations that combat the stigma of mental illness like NAMI
 try to fight the inaccurate portrayal and perceptions the public has about mental illness

tertiary deviation
 Spector Kitsuse
 the individual who has been labeled as deviant transforms their negative identity into a positive self-conception
 enabling the mentally ill individual to reject standards of normalcy and to reject the deviant labels that have been placed on them
 providing the mentally ill with positive, non-deviant identities
 offering ways to promote those positive images more broadly

etiology
the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

epidemiology
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

'Tattoos Are Like Potato Chips' D. Angus Vail
 looked at process to be a tattoo collector
 a transformative experience - physical, sub-culturally, psychologically
 changing the way others view your skin and the person in it
 lifestyle is marginal - you have to want to become a collection
 three steps: affinity, affiliation, signification

affinity (tattoos)
 the natural, biographical tendency that is born of social and personal circumstances that suggests but hardly compels a form of movement
 not everyone who gets a tattoo will become a collector
 to make the jump from having a tattoo to become a collector the person has to have affinity

affiliation (tattoos)
 what makes the collector realize their change from having a tattoo to being tattooed
 when the person learns to feel guilt about their collection
 learning how to place their tattoos
 for conversion to occur, the individual must want to be converted

signification (tattoos)
 artists and collectors teach others about the appropriate use of their canvas
 collector is internalizing their deviant label
 learn to take into advantage their body shape and what areas are appropriate for specific designs
 strong relationship with artists
 for some it's being about able to pass in a lifestyle and hide tattoos
 for others it's about filling up their canvas

Which of the following statements would a constructionist agree with?
What takes place sexually, what excites us sexually, how frequently we engage in sex and the sexual activities we engage in are all largely...

What makes a sexual act illegal and that which we can infer as deviant is an inappropriateness along one or more of what four factors?
degree of consent, nature of the sex act/object, setting, how often, when

Sexuality shapes our social conduct, social meanings have no effect on our sexuality
false

According to the video, A New State of Mind, who can be affected by post-traumatic stress disorder
all of the above (military, children... ANYBODY!!)

What is gender disparity?
heterosexual deviance (how male sexual behavior isn't subject to strict social guidelines like female sexual activity)

What theoretical perspective argues that prostitution is another way for the elite to exploit the working class?
conflict perspective

sociologists of deviance argue that sexual behavior that is deviant is only socially disapproved behavior and characteristics. There is no pathology, disorder or implication of harm.
true

The relationship between education and condemnation of homosexuality is:
negative- the greater the education, the lower the likelihood that someone condemns homosexuality

According to Deshotels and Forsyth, what is one of the negative consequences that inhibits exotic dancers from creating an authentic self?
negative impact of fun being a job and the division between acting and feeling sexual is blurred

disability is socially constructed or created, physical conditions exist but judgments of disabilities are socially created
true

video clip...
hard swingers, soft swingers

'gender disparity' appears in sociological research...
false

Berscheid and Walster summarized an experiment in which teachers were shown photographs of children who were attractive and unattractive and told that these children engaged in naughty or 'deviant' behavior...
related to attractiveness unattractive children more likely to be judged

those who are stigmatized may go down one of two paths. What are these paths?
resist or reject stigma by creating subculture; internalization

in class we discussed that ____ is often used as a cheaper substitute for oxycontin
heroin

what procedure was widely used at first for schizophrenia and later for long-term depression for which it remains a major form of treatment today?
shock therapy

women who are exotic dancers do not identify with their deviant identities
true

according to the categorization in this chapter, a student taking an amphetamine to stay alert while studying all night is an example of...
illegal instrumental drug use

of all illegal drugs, which one is stuck with the longest?
weed

those who have been stigmatized according to Goffman are...
blemished

the number one reason why we are concerned with illegal drug use is that it has a death rate thirty times that of legal drugs
false

the most notorious failed lobotomy performed by Freeman was on JFK's sister
true

of all legal and illegal drugs which one has the highest user loyalty?
alcohol

one negative trait or stigma can become a _____ for the individual guilty of sin
master status

many drugs have created ______ in our society or an intense widespread upsurging feeling...
moral panic

it is estimated that half of all heroin consumed in the world is in what country?
USA

public awareness of what kept many middle class drug users away from heroin?
AIDS

according to Waldorf, what are the six stages of the heroin addiction career?
experimentation/initiation, escalation, maintaining/'taking care of business', dysfunction/'going through changes', recovery/'getting out of the life', ex-addict

the stigma of paying for sex is more severe than getting paid for sex
false

give one example of a voluntary or involuntary acquired deviant physical characteristic
tattoos, piercings, scarification, STD's, risky behavior, congenital imperfections

in 1952 the first antipsychotic drug was produced and became an immediate success. What is it?
thorazine (chemical lobotomy)

one average how long is the delay between onset and the diagnosis of a mental illness?
six years

according to 'American Drug War' what does it mean to have your 'bell rung?'
holding a pipe until something in your head rings

what are the 3 D's that show the transformation in contemporary mental health in America?
diagnoses, deinstitutionalization, drugs

the criminalization of weed in the US was primarily the result of racism against blacks
false