A patient who has lost one liter of blood is conscious with a patent airway, but her extremities are pale and cold to the touch. Vital signs are as follows: pulse is 130, respirations are 22 breaths/min and adequate, blood pressure is 74/56 mmHg, and SpO2 is 95% on room air. What is most needed by this patient to increase perfusion to the cells?

Pathophysiology is a medical science that studies how diseases affect the body's systems. It combines the study of pathology (the causes and effects of disease) and physiology (how the body's systems function).

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