1. 1. Stress can affect natural killer cell cytotoxicity - which is of major importance in the defence against various infections and cancer. 2. Reduced levels of natural killer cell cytotoxicity have been found in people who are highly stressed - including students facing important examinations - bereaved persons - and those who are severely depressed.(c)Lifestyle is the overall pattern of decisions and behaviours that determine a person's health and quality of life. 4. Studies reveal that immune functioning is better in individuals receiving social support. 5. Also - changes in the immune system will have more effect on health among those whose immune systems are already weakened.

2. 1. The mobile telecoms infrastructure is today probablythe most reliable and always available infrastructure inIndia. 2. In Section 79 - there is no need to worry as by reading down by making a court order mandatory - the court has injected much needed safeguards. 3. Now - only after application of a judicial mind can content be taken down. 4. This is great relief to those who were being constantly harassed by corrupt real estate developers - crooks running educational institutions who wanted all negative content about them taken down. 5. The legal process will filter out the non-serious complainants

3. 1. The first issue is lack of sufficient spectrum. 2. Compared to most other countries - India has made only about half the spectrum available for commercial use. 3. And that needs to be shared by more than double the number of operators. 4. Most countries have maximum 3 to 4 operators;India has gone up to 12 a few years ago and seems to be settling for 9 now. 5. The mobile telecoms infrastructure is today probablythe most reliable and always available infrastructure inIndia.

4. 1. No individual living in society can hope to enjoy total absence of any kind of constraints or restrictions. 2. It becomes necessary then to determine which social constraints are justified and which are not - which are acceptable and which should be removed.(c)There are numerous reasons why disagreements may develop in a society which may express themselvesthrough open conflict. 4. To understand which social constraints are necessary - discussions on freedom need to look at the core relationship between the individual and the society (or group - community - or state) within which she/he is placed. 5. That is - we need to examine the relationship between individual and society.

5. 1. It seems that one way or another - sooner or later - theInsurance Laws (Amendment) Bill - 2008 will become a law. 2. This Bill is often described as critical whose passage is necessary for the whole economic reforms process to move forward.(c)This means that industry and the regulator measure success by how much money insurers have taken from customers - rather than how much insurance they have delivered and to how many people. 4. In fact - for many years now - this Bill has been referred to as a litmus test of whether the government ofthe day was serious about economic reforms. 5. On the flip side - opposition the insurance Bill has been a given among those against economic reforms.

6. 1. Nations - unlike other social groups - seek the right to govern themselves and determine their future development. 2. They seek - in other words - the right to selfdetermination. 3. Humanity paid a heavy price for re-organising boundaries in a way that culturally distinct communities could form separate nation-states. 4. In making this claim a nation seeks recognition and acceptance by the international community of its status as a distinct political entity or state. 5. Most often these claims come from people who have lived together on a given land for a long period of time and who have a sense of common identity.

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8. ding issues before rushing into the auction will be the much needed restoration of trust and policy proactiveness that as country and as a sector we need to demonstrate to both internal and external investors.

9. 1. Overhaul the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) - and the state public service commissions - from selection to retirement without hurting their independence or neutrality. 2. The apex of the bureaucracy is the Indian Administrative Service - the successor of the Imperial Civil Service with many vestiges of the British Raj. 3. Look at the way these 'service members' have inveigled their way into colonial clubs and you'll know. 4. This is not to say that all officers are corrupt or incompetent - or both. But it is a fact that there is a serious deficit of technical expertise in the civil service. 5. Too many generalists - too little exposure to the real world and too much pride are the undoing of the bulk ofIndia's bureaucracy.

10. 1. Spectrum is finite - which does not mean that spectrum is short. 2. When India opened telephony to the private sector inthe mid-1990s - spectrum shortage was not a factor influencing policy.(c)If a country first invites investments with the implicit promise of spectrum for the life of the business - and when such businesses become large - it yanks away their spectrum and places it on 'auction' 4. The reason was simple. Twenty years ago - no one could imagine that a sector considered a natural monopoly could ever attract more than two - at a stretch - three - operators. 5. So - policy consideration was not spectrum shortage - it was spectrum squatting -” how to avoid locking longterm rights with an operator who may squat on spectrum but not roll out.

11. 1. Never since India became an independent nation 60 years ago has national security been more under threat. 2. Until we realise that clerks cannot be put in charge of national security - this is the kind of security we will get.(c)The enemy may only be a bunch of religious fanatics but they are highly motivated and - as we saw in Mumbai - highly trained. 4. To fight them we need to strengthen our defenses. Our soldiers and policemen need better weapons andthey need better training. 5. This will not happen if we carry on in our usual fashion.

12. 1. Generally Indian branch of the foreign bank borrow funds from its head office on which it pays interest. 2. Certain amendments have also been proposed underthe withholding tax provisions such as the banks that have adopted core banking solutions are now requiredto withhold tax on interest at the entity level as againstthe branch level 3. Whether interest paid by a branch in India to its head office abroad should be included while calculating the profits of the branch for tax purposes has long been a subject matter of controversy. 4. Likewise - it is also debatable as to whether interest paid by an Indian branch to its head office is taxable inIndia or not. 5. The Special Bench of the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal in case of Sumotomo Mitsui Banking Corporation had held that interest payable by branch to head office is payment to self and the same therefore does not give rise to income in India.

13. 1. The court clearly explained why Section 66A cannot continue as law in a democracy in which the freedom of expression is a cardinal value. 2. Nongovernmental actors will now have to obtain court orders to remove content - and won't be able to force intermediaries to remove content by sending them legal notices. 3. Its reasoning is logical and well-constructed. 4. But its real value lies in making clear that the right to free expression under Article 19(1)(a) applies to the internet just as it does to speech that is conveyedthrough other media. 5. While there was its affirmation of freedom of speech online in equal terms to offline - the court importantly acknowledged that the nature of the digital environment could justify the application of laws specific to the internet.

14. 1. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) - although food-borne illnesses cause many deaths - their disease burden is not known. 2. Consider the soaring cases of cancer. Carcinogenic pesticides that are omnipresent in food are estimated to cause up to 20 deaths a day in Punjab. 3. The incidence of cancer is so widespread that a train emanating out of Bhatinda is tragically spoken of as the'Cancer Express'. 4. Food safety systems offer an economic opportunitythrough increased export earnings and higher domestic prices for farmers and manufacturers. 5. From the same fields - the food reaches our plate and feeds all - including children and pregnant women.

15. 1. The individual to develop his or her capability must get the benefit of enabling positive conditions in material - political and social domains. 2. That is - the person must not be constrained by poverty or unemployment; they must have adequate material resources to pursue their wants and needs. 3. They must also have the opportunity to participate inthe decision making process so that the laws made reflect their choices - or at least take those preferences into account. 4. Above all - to develop their mind and intellect - individuals must have access to education and other associated opportunities necessary to lead a reasonably good life 5. Hate campaigns cause serious harm to the freedom of others and actions that cause 'serious harm' are actions on which constraints can be imposed.

16. 1. In the modern west - secularisation has usually meant a process of decline in the influence of religion. 2. It has been an assumption of all theorists of modernisation that modern societies become increasingly secular. 3. Indicators of secularisation have referred to levels of involvement with religious organisations (such as rates of church attendance) - the social and material influence of religious organisations - and the degree to which people hold religious beliefs. 4. Recent years have - however - seen an unprecedented growth of religious consciousness and conflict world over. 5. It would be simplistic - however - to term the complex combinations just as a mix of tradition and modernity asthough tradition and modernity themselves are fixed entities.

17. 1. Freedom is said to exist when external constraints onthe individual are absent. 2. Some form of government may be inevitable but if the government is a democratic one - the members of a state could retain some control over their rulers. 3. In terms of this definition an individual could be considered free if he/she is not subject to external controls or coercion and is able to make independent decisions and act in an autonomous way. 4. However - absence of constraints is only one dimension of freedom. Freedom is also about expandingthe ability of people to freely express themselves and develop their potential. 5. Freedom in this sense is the condition in which people can develop their creativity and capabilities.

18. 1. The most important distinction between the Indian and the Western views is the way the boundary is drawn between the self and the other. 2. In the Western view - this boundary appears to be relatively fixed.(c)For a layperson - personality generally refers to the physical or external appearance of an individual. 4. The Indian view of self - on the other hand - is characterised by the shifting nature of this boundary. 5. Thus - our self at one moment of time expands to fuse with the cosmos or include the others.

19. 1. A large number of studies confirm a consistently positive relationship between physical fitness and health. 2. A balanced diet can lift one's mood - give more energy - feed muscles - improve circulation - prevent illness - strengthen the immune system and make one feel betterto cope with stresses of life. 3. The key to healthy living is to eat three main meals a day - and eat a varied well-balanced diet. 4. How much nutrition one needs depends on one's activity level - genetic make-up - climate - and health history. 5. What people eat - and how much do they weigh involve behavioural processes

20. 1. A team of economists from the World Bank has estimated that providing sanitation for 3 billion more people will cost about $31 billion annually. 2. This is the cost of providing such low-cost solutions as pour-flush and dry pit latrines in rural areas and flushtoilets to a septic tank in urban areas - shared by less than 30 people.(c)One stop on the way to better sanitation is simply avoiding open defecation in rural areas with shared latrine or communal toilets. 4. Yet - the benefits will amount to $92 billion annually - about three-quarters of which are time benefits - and the remaining one-quarter is health benefits (it omits environmental benefits). 5. This means that every dollar spent on sanitation will help the world's most vulnerable about $3 - measured in better health and less time wasted.

21. 1. Assessing the growth opportunities of the internet warrants more detailed analysis of the mechanisms for itto affect growth. 2. Against this background - it is instructive to draw insights from the economics of the internet as well as from the past industrial revolutions . 3. The internet reduces transaction costs - allowing firms to enter new markets - enhance their efficiency - and exploit economies of scale - leading to innovation. 4. Digital technologies accounted for a higher share of aggregate growth in high-income countries - pointing to greater digital use. 5. It does this by reducing information frictions - search costs - and the costs to communicate.

22. 1. The Jallikattu protest began in a fashion similar to the anti-Hindi protest. 2. It was self-led and had no affiliation with any political party. 3. What's different now is that the protest is even larger in terms of participation from the people of Tamil Nadu. 4. Moves were made to make it appear like some of the protesters were self-proclaimed leaders and they were painted as traitors who left the protest halfway. 5. Their slogans echoed loudly and clearly as peoplethronged to Marina beach - deciding to stay put until the gates were opened for the bulls.

23. 1. The rise of online marketplaces can accelerate the integration of developing countries into world markets - opening substantial opportunities for trade and future growth. 2. In China - Alibaba already enables smaller and younger fi rms to sell more products and reach more new consumers or businesses in foreign countries. 3. Online marketplaces also emerged in other developing regions - but so far only on a (much) smaller scale or for market niches. 4. For example - the Moroccan online platform Anou enables artisans in rural areas to directly export their products online - cutting out traditional middlemen. 5. A 10-percent increase in the internet use of a country pair increases the average bilateral trade value per product by 0.6 percent.

24. 1. Sanskritisation as a concept has been critiqued at different levels. One - it has been criticised for exaggerating social mobility or the scope of 'lower castes' to move up the social ladder. 2. For it leads to no structural change but only positional change of some individuals. 3. In other words inequality continues to persist though some individuals may be able to improve their positions within the unequal structure. Two - it has been pointed out that the ideology of sanskritisation accepts the ways of the 'upper caste' as superior and that of the 'lower caste' as inferior. 4. Reformers argued that for a society to progress women have to be educated. 5. Therefore - the desire to imitate the 'upper caste' is seen as natural and desirable.

25. 1. Negative liberty' seeks to define and defend an area in which the individual would be inviolable - in which he or she could 'do - be or become' whatever he or she wishedto 'do - be or become'. 2. This is an area in which no external authority can interfere. It is a minimum area that is sacred and in which whatever the individual does - is not to be interfered with. 3. The existence of the 'minimum area of noninterference' is the recognition that human nature and human dignity need an area where the person can act unobstructed by others. 4. In the constitutional discussions in India - the term used for such justifiable constraints is 'reasonable restrictions'. 5. How big should this area be - or what should it contain - are matters of discussion - and will continue to be matters of debate since the bigger the area of noninterferencethe more the freedom.