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Edexcel Politics A-Level: Anarchism

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What is Anarchism?
Anarchism is an ideology which has at its heart the aim of liberating people from political domination and economic exploitation. Anarchism is defined by its rejection of the state and all forms of political authority.

There are three content areas on anarchism:
1. Anarchism: core ideas and principles
2. Different types of anarchism
3. Anarchist thinkers and their ideas.

Edexcel Politics A-Level: Anarchism

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25 Questions

1. Anarcho-capitalism 2 problems with the state In anarcho-capitalism all ___ Public goods ___ Critique

Bridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelOffers powerful contribution of anarchism based on her critique of the state - Goldman drew on ideas of Stirner in that she supported autonomy but also those of Kropotkin in her theory of social harmony The state and violence - Goldman argued that all forms of government rely on violence - Internally the state uses the law, the police and the threat of violence to control the masses -> it is immoral as it restricts autonomy and individuality - Externally, the state is seen as constantly looking to expand its power through the use of the military Opposition to parliamentary politics - Goldman critiqued parliamentary politics on the basis that she believed them to be corrupting - She did this through the example of the women's suffrage movement -> once women had won seats in the legislature, they themselves would become corrupted by authority just as men had - Even if reform could be achieved, working within the state will not dismantle its inherent oppressionAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be free

2. Anarchy is order 1 - Main Anarchist views on human nature removal of the state ___ anarchists believe order will __

Supporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsOffers powerful contribution of anarchism based on her critique of the state - Goldman drew on ideas of Stirner in that she supported autonomy but also those of Kropotkin in her theory of social harmony The state and violence - Goldman argued that all forms of government rely on violence - Internally the state uses the law, the police and the threat of violence to control the masses -> it is immoral as it restricts autonomy and individuality - Externally, the state is seen as constantly looking to expand its power through the use of the military Opposition to parliamentary politics - Goldman critiqued parliamentary politics on the basis that she believed them to be corrupting - She did this through the example of the women's suffrage movement -> once women had won seats in the legislature, they themselves would become corrupted by authority just as men had - Even if reform could be achieved, working within the state will not dismantle its inherent oppressionBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international level

3. Collectvist - Mutualism What is bridged? Emerges from what '__' -> Proudon targeting ___ However Proudon was also critical of ___ How does mutualism condradict collectivism? Economic organisation of mutualism is based on ___ Political structure:

Offers powerful contribution of anarchism based on her critique of the state - Goldman drew on ideas of Stirner in that she supported autonomy but also those of Kropotkin in her theory of social harmony The state and violence - Goldman argued that all forms of government rely on violence - Internally the state uses the law, the police and the threat of violence to control the masses -> it is immoral as it restricts autonomy and individuality - Externally, the state is seen as constantly looking to expand its power through the use of the military Opposition to parliamentary politics - Goldman critiqued parliamentary politics on the basis that she believed them to be corrupting - She did this through the example of the women's suffrage movement -> once women had won seats in the legislature, they themselves would become corrupted by authority just as men had - Even if reform could be achieved, working within the state will not dismantle its inherent oppressionBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be free

4. Emma Goldman (1869-1940) short history 2 key ideas expanded

Supporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeOffers powerful contribution of anarchism based on her critique of the state - Goldman drew on ideas of Stirner in that she supported autonomy but also those of Kropotkin in her theory of social harmony The state and violence - Goldman argued that all forms of government rely on violence - Internally the state uses the law, the police and the threat of violence to control the masses -> it is immoral as it restricts autonomy and individuality - Externally, the state is seen as constantly looking to expand its power through the use of the military Opposition to parliamentary politics - Goldman critiqued parliamentary politics on the basis that she believed them to be corrupting - She did this through the example of the women's suffrage movement -> once women had won seats in the legislature, they themselves would become corrupted by authority just as men had - Even if reform could be achieved, working within the state will not dismantle its inherent oppressionAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international level

5. Liberty 1 - Core Intro Individualist views on human nature because authority is ___ because authority is ___ Liberty is ___

6. Liberty and human nature - collectivists Collectivist views on human nature When can an individual be free? Liberty under what is impossible?

Collectivists see humans as rational, but emphasise that human nature is altruistic and co-operative -> an individual can only be free when all are free to realise their potential -> liberty under capitalism is seen as impossible, liberty can only be achieved when individuals are treat each other equally and have an equal economic positionSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive laws

7. Clashes between collectivist anarchists and individualist anarchists

8. Overview - The state - rejection of what - state seen as? - rejection necessary for what - collectivist/individualist views on liberty

Ideology defined by its rejection of the state - Rejects all form of gov power, aswell as authority based on hierarchy like the church and capitalism - State seen as unjust, immoral, controlling and corrupting - Rejection necessary to create liberty -> for individualists this means ability to be autonomous -> whilst collectivists see that liberty must include equality to allow people to be altruistic and let solidarity flourishAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be free

9. Rejection of the state - Differing opinions on the state (2)

10. Rejection of the state 1 - Introduction Quote What is opposed and why? What tricks does government use?

State is a 'cold monster' - Emma Goldman - Oppose gov, authority and political power -> immoral as they restrict liberty - In modern democracies anarchists believe the government rules by deciet and backed by threat of violence - People are said to be sovereign but they give this up at the ballot box - Vote seen as nothing more than trick used to secure authority of the gov, army and policeBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive laws

11. C.S Reclaim the Streets - Where was it and what tactics were employed?

The Reclaim the Streets movement began in London as an effort to take back the streets from cars and businesses to make into public spaces to be enjoyed by all - Tactics: political protest, art and music eventsAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be free

12. Individualist anarchism - Introduction What other ideology is linked Sees society as ___ What is the state incompatable with and why? How will natural order arise?

Anarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelClassical liberalism pushed to its limits with individualist anarchism -> sees society as a collection of seperate individuals whose autonomy must not be restricted in any way (atomistic individualism) - State with in coercive powers of taxation and law is totally incompatable with autonomy - Provided there is no restrictions, individuals will create natural order and harmony through their rationaleSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be free

13. Collectivist anarchists What society do they desire? Roots in what / associated with whom What opinion of natural relationships How is human nature moulded Collectivism involves?

Bridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive laws

14. Rejection of the state 4 - Strategies (4)

Anarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples actionBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive laws

15. 2 tensions between collectivists and individualists

Bridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive laws1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionarySupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be free

16. Collectivist - Anarcho-communism What will communism release Strand most closely associated with what? Anarcho-comms view all forms ___ Ideas on private property Kropotkin's ideas on society

Theory that communism will be the best way to release liberty, economic freedom and natural order - Strand most closely associated with Kropotkin and his positive view of the human capacity for reason and co-operation - Anarcho-communists view all forms of private property as theft - As well as land and the means of production being held in common ownership, they believe the product of an individuals labour should be held in common too - In terms of society, Kropotkin focuses on the commune, made up of the local population rather than the entire collective -> these communities would be small scale allowing for direct democracy and the wealth would be held in commonAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be free

17. Collectivist - Anarcho-syndicalism Ideas built on whose view? Trade union ideas These new institutions ___ After the ___ these institutions ___

Bridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeIdeas built on Bakunin's view of collectivism and his strategy of propaganda by the deed - Trade-union movement is seen as the revolutionary agent of change - Trade unions will continue to campaign for improved conditions and pay for workers - Trade unions can then build economic institutions that are horizontal and not hierarchical - These new institutions will prepare for a mass strike as the 'propaganda by the deed' to trigger a social revolution - After the revolution, these institutions will provide the basis for the new stateless society

18. Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) Short history 3 key ideas developed Societal description

Bridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeKropotkin adopted a scientific approach to his study of human nature and society - Key influence in the anarcho-communism strand Mutual aid: - In his book Mutual Aid he argues that by nature survival of the fittest is a race between species and mutual aid is a key factor in success - Where members of the same species are sociable and work together they tend to evolve faster - Kropotkin applies this to human nature arguing that humans are co-operative and altruistic - The logical outcome is the emergance of anarchism where without the state humans can embrace their true co-operative nature and progress faster as a species Education then revolution: - Kropotkin endorsed a strategy based on education -> he realised that any revolution to end oppression of the capitalist state would inevitably be violent but it would be necessary when taking the means of production and the land - Once the revolution has occured society would be peaceful and without war Utopia: - Future society had to be utopian in order to develop the criticisms of the current society - Would be based on communism where the means of production would be owned in common - Each would work according to their ability and to their need - The communes would be voluntary and connected in federations based on direct democracy - This would nurture altruism, and combined with the end of private property and poverty would create a peaceful and harmonious society

19. Key anarchist thinkers (5)

Supporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international level1. Emma Goldman - Revolutionary collectivist anarchist - State is immoral as it restricts autonomy and individuality - Claimed anarchism could only be achieved through revolution as the capitalists were seen as too entrenched in their power - She argued that the state was fundamentally reliant on violence, therefore the only way it could be removed was through equally violent means - Critiqued parliamentary politics on the basis that all forms of political authority are seen as ultimately corrupting, use of enfranchisement of women as an example 2. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - What is Property? - Proudhon attacks private property and inparticular the ability to extract rent, interest and profits as divisive and exploitative - Mutualism - Makes the case for constructing the new society in the shell of the state through the establishment of mutualist institutions like the People's Bank and the Co-operative - State would eventually wither away 3. Max Stirner - The Ego and His Own - Rejected existing forms of capitalist labour as restrictive on the ego given workers are unable to keep the full fruits of their labour - Called for workers to withdraw their labour from the state, not pay taxes or rent causing the state to wither away - Believed natural order would arise as an embodiment of human rationality 4. Peter Kropotkin - Mutual Aid - Took a scientific approach to anarchism stating that creatures who cooperate together are able to evolve at a faster rate meaning that given humans were able to follow suit, they would too - Called for revolutionaries to envision a utopian world so they could develop a comprehensive criticism of the world they currently live in - Believed that the state could be removed only if anarchists were educated enough and were aware of the extent of their exploitation, upon which revolutionaries would find themselves with a greater thirst for revolutionAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive laws

20. Key disagreement: human nature

21. Individualists - Egoism Argues what Individuals should __ State seen as what What should be rejected Most closely associated with who? Why would natural order arise?

Bridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelMost radical version of individualism - Argues individuals are only concerned with their 'ego' - The individual should act in any way they choose and there should be no restriction on autonomy or individuality - State seen as a controlling tyrannous entity and so must be abolished - Egoism argues the individual should reject society and live a free life - Most closely associated with Stirner and his economic philosophy - As individuals are seen as entirely rational it is thought that agreements would be made between individuals and a natural and peaceful order would ariseSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive laws

22. Anarchy is order - How will order arise? 1. Collectivist (2) 2. Egoistic-anarchist (2) 3. Anarcho-capitalist

1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive laws

23. What is anarchism about? What is the target?

24. Utopian What is utopianism Who defended this way of thinking ? What are 2 critiques and responses of anarchism

Bridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelUtopianism is a form of political thinking that constructs a model of an idealised future society to develop a critical analysis of the current society - Some anarchists, including Kropotkin, have defended this way of thinking stating that it forces revolutionaries to question the existing order helping to create an idea of what they want to achieve Criticism: - Anarchism has been a historical failure as no anarchist society has been created, therefore it is unachievable Response: - No ideal socialist or liberal society has been achieved either - Anarchists may point to the Zapatista revolution which is still in place 20 years later Criticism: - Anarchism is unrealistic as its view of human nature is wrong, natural order will not happen -> if selfish and competative traits are indeed natural than society would be a free-for-all controlled by the rich Response: - Anarchism is based on human potential - Humans have demonstrated their altruism in forming organisations without authority eg in times of emergencies, strikes and disastersAnarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsSupporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be free

25. Liberty - 2 disagreements Collectivists such as ___ emphasise __ Even the most radical ___

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