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Edexcel Politics A-Level: Anarchism

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What is Anarchism?
Anarchism is an ideology which has at its heart the aim of liberating people from political domination and economic exploitation. Anarchism is defined by its rejection of the state and all forms of political authority.

There are three content areas on anarchism:
1. Anarchism: core ideas and principles
2. Different types of anarchism
3. Anarchist thinkers and their ideas.

Edexcel Politics A-Level: Anarchism

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25 Questions

1. Collectivist anarchists What society do they desire? Roots in what / associated with whom What opinion of natural relationships How is human nature moulded Collectivism involves?

Argue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsBlends socialist and liberal ideas on freedom informing anarchists on the best way to realise freedom - Individual anarchists see human nature as rational, individualist and autonomous -> because authority is commanding, the individual cannot be autonomous in making decisions based on reason and conscience -> because authority is controlling, the individual cannot fully explore their individuality -> Liberty is the freedom to be autonomous and discover one's individuality to the full, it is freedom from the control of the state and social institutions like the churchIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

2. CS - The Zapatistas Which region of mexico and what problems are there what then happened what was the reaction what is the idea built upon

Argue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveBlends socialist and liberal ideas on freedom informing anarchists on the best way to realise freedom - Individual anarchists see human nature as rational, individualist and autonomous -> because authority is commanding, the individual cannot be autonomous in making decisions based on reason and conscience -> because authority is controlling, the individual cannot fully explore their individuality -> Liberty is the freedom to be autonomous and discover one's individuality to the full, it is freedom from the control of the state and social institutions like the church

3. Liberty - 2 disagreements Collectivists such as ___ emphasise __ Even the most radical ___

4. Liberty 1 - Core Intro Individualist views on human nature because authority is ___ because authority is ___ Liberty is ___

Collectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsBlends socialist and liberal ideas on freedom informing anarchists on the best way to realise freedom - Individual anarchists see human nature as rational, individualist and autonomous -> because authority is commanding, the individual cannot be autonomous in making decisions based on reason and conscience -> because authority is controlling, the individual cannot fully explore their individuality -> Liberty is the freedom to be autonomous and discover one's individuality to the full, it is freedom from the control of the state and social institutions like the churchIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region today

5. Different types of anarchism

Argue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayCollectivists: - Anarcho-communist - Anarcho-syndicalist Individualists: - Anarcho-capitalism - Egoism - MutualismCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

6. Overview - The state - rejection of what - state seen as? - rejection necessary for what - collectivist/individualist views on liberty

Argue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveIdeology defined by its rejection of the state - Rejects all form of gov power, aswell as authority based on hierarchy like the church and capitalism - State seen as unjust, immoral, controlling and corrupting - Rejection necessary to create liberty -> for individualists this means ability to be autonomous -> whilst collectivists see that liberty must include equality to allow people to be altruistic and let solidarity flourishIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region today

7. Anarcho-capitalism 2 problems with the state In anarcho-capitalism all ___ Public goods ___ Critique

Supporters wish to dismantle the government which they see as exploitative through its use of taxation which violates the property rights of the individual - State seen as intervening in the market and creating private and public monopolies which restrict freedom - In anarcho-capitalism all contracts entered would be of free will and regulated by the market - Public goods like policing, courts and defence would be handed over to the free market - Competition would then reduce the cost of such services - Some criticise anarcho-capitalism as violating the idea of equality due to its endorsement of the free market and the profit motive -> only the rich and powerful would truly be freeIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goods

8. 2 tensions between collectivists and individualists

1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

9. Overview - the economy - In agreement over what - Opposed to what - Differences in opinions (3)

Anarchists in agreement that the economy should be a space where free individuals can manage their own affairs without state ownership or regulation - Opposed to all existing economic systems as they are seen as restrictions on liberty - Difference in opinions over economic organisation: -> collectivist anarchists support collective ownership and mutual co-operation -> anarco-capitalists have endorsed private property and the competitive free market -> mutualism is a blend of bothIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

10. Rejection of the state - Differing opinions on the state (2)

11. Collectvist - Mutualism What is bridged? Emerges from what '__' -> Proudon targeting ___ However Proudon was also critical of ___ How does mutualism condradict collectivism? Economic organisation of mutualism is based on ___ Political structure:

Collectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayBridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international levelArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goods

12. What does altruism mean

Argue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayConcern for the interest and welfare of others based on a belief that humans are social beings with a capacity for solidarityCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

13. Economic freedom - mutualism

Argue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayMutualism -> a system of equitable exchange between self-governing producers, organised individually or in association, and with small-scale private property ownershipCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

14. Overview - Society - What do anarchists believe the future society will be like - Based on ___ - Collectivist / individualist views on how order will be acheived - No clear ___

Collectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsAnarchists believe that the future society is peaceful, stable and stateless - Based on liberty and economic freedom - Collectivists see humans' universal qualities of altruism and solidarity as the basis of a natural order - Individualists argue that the self-interested, rational and competative nature of humans are key - No clear blueprint for anarchist society but likely to involve direct democracy and decentralisation

15. C.S Reclaim the Streets - Where was it and what tactics were employed?

16. Economic freedom 2 - Common ground All anarchists are opposed to what? Reflected in ___ Anarchists agree on the need for ___ This entails ____

17. Collectivist - Anarcho-communism What will communism release Strand most closely associated with what? Anarcho-comms view all forms ___ Ideas on private property Kropotkin's ideas on society

18. Rejection of the state 4 - Strategies (4)

Anarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples actionArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region today

19. Collectivist - Anarcho-syndicalism Ideas built on whose view? Trade union ideas These new institutions ___ After the ___ these institutions ___

Collectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayIdeas built on Bakunin's view of collectivism and his strategy of propaganda by the deed - Trade-union movement is seen as the revolutionary agent of change - Trade unions will continue to campaign for improved conditions and pay for workers - Trade unions can then build economic institutions that are horizontal and not hierarchical - These new institutions will prepare for a mass strike as the 'propaganda by the deed' to trigger a social revolution - After the revolution, these institutions will provide the basis for the new stateless society

20. Key disagreement: human nature

Collectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region today1. collectivists see humans as altrustic, solidaristic and co-operative 2. individualists see humans as self-interested, rational and competativeArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goods

21. Individualist anarchism - Introduction What other ideology is linked Sees society as ___ What is the state incompatable with and why? How will natural order arise?

Argue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveClassical liberalism pushed to its limits with individualist anarchism -> sees society as a collection of seperate individuals whose autonomy must not be restricted in any way (atomistic individualism) - State with in coercive powers of taxation and law is totally incompatable with autonomy - Provided there is no restrictions, individuals will create natural order and harmony through their rationale

22. Anarchy is order 1 - Main Anarchist views on human nature removal of the state ___ anarchists believe order will __

Anarchists have an optimistic view of human nature believing in the unlimited potential for human development - The removal of the state and social institutions will enable conflict to be resolved by reason, not violence - Anarchists believe order will arise naturally and peacefully once there is no centralised and hierarchical body to impose restrictive lawsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

23. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-65) Key ideas What was his book called? 3 Key ideas further explained

Key ideas: 1. Private property is exploitative and divisive 2. Mutualism is the economic basis of liberty 3. Change should be evolutionary and not revolutionary - In his book What is Property? he provided a bridge between individualism and collectivism in anarchism Opposition to private property: - Proudhon attacks private property and inparticular the ability to extract rent, interest and profits as divisive and exploitative - Proudhon endorses the right to possession and the right for an individual to keep the full fruits of their labour as a protection for the individual against the collective Mutualism: - Idea fits more closely with individualist anarchism - System would be the economic basis for liberty and the politial aspect based on decentralisation and federalism - Organised through many small local bodies and the least power in the largest bodies - All federations would join voluntarily and have the freedom to leave at any time Evolution > revolution: - Proudon rejects the state as entirely without morality but makes the case through constructing the new society within the shell of the existing state - Anarchists would establish mutualist organisations such as worker co-operatives and the People's Bank who would pave the way for the future society - State would eventually become obsolete and wither awayCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collectiveArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region today

24. Key anarchist thinkers (5)

In the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region today1. Emma Goldman - Revolutionary collectivist anarchist - State is immoral as it restricts autonomy and individuality - Claimed anarchism could only be achieved through revolution as the capitalists were seen as too entrenched in their power - She argued that the state was fundamentally reliant on violence, therefore the only way it could be removed was through equally violent means - Critiqued parliamentary politics on the basis that all forms of political authority are seen as ultimately corrupting, use of enfranchisement of women as an example 2. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - What is Property? - Proudhon attacks private property and inparticular the ability to extract rent, interest and profits as divisive and exploitative - Mutualism - Makes the case for constructing the new society in the shell of the state through the establishment of mutualist institutions like the People's Bank and the Co-operative - State would eventually wither away 3. Max Stirner - The Ego and His Own - Rejected existing forms of capitalist labour as restrictive on the ego given workers are unable to keep the full fruits of their labour - Called for workers to withdraw their labour from the state, not pay taxes or rent causing the state to wither away - Believed natural order would arise as an embodiment of human rationality 4. Peter Kropotkin - Mutual Aid - Took a scientific approach to anarchism stating that creatures who cooperate together are able to evolve at a faster rate meaning that given humans were able to follow suit, they would too - Called for revolutionaries to envision a utopian world so they could develop a comprehensive criticism of the world they currently live in - Believed that the state could be removed only if anarchists were educated enough and were aware of the extent of their exploitation, upon which revolutionaries would find themselves with a greater thirst for revolutionArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

25. Anarchy is order - How will order arise? 1. Collectivist (2) 2. Egoistic-anarchist (2) 3. Anarcho-capitalist

Argue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region todayCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

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