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Edexcel Politics A-Level: Anarchism

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What is Anarchism?
Anarchism is an ideology which has at its heart the aim of liberating people from political domination and economic exploitation. Anarchism is defined by its rejection of the state and all forms of political authority.

There are three content areas on anarchism:
1. Anarchism: core ideas and principles
2. Different types of anarchism
3. Anarchist thinkers and their ideas.

Edexcel Politics A-Level: Anarchism

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25 Questions

1. Rejection of the state 4 - Strategies (4)

Classical liberalism pushed to its limits with individualist anarchism -> sees society as a collection of seperate individuals whose autonomy must not be restricted in any way (atomistic individualism) - State with in coercive powers of taxation and law is totally incompatable with autonomy - Provided there is no restrictions, individuals will create natural order and harmony through their rationale1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

2. 2 tensions between collectivists and individualists

3. Anarchy is order - How will order arise? 1. Collectivist (2) 2. Egoistic-anarchist (2) 3. Anarcho-capitalist

1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples actionClassical liberalism pushed to its limits with individualist anarchism -> sees society as a collection of seperate individuals whose autonomy must not be restricted in any way (atomistic individualism) - State with in coercive powers of taxation and law is totally incompatable with autonomy - Provided there is no restrictions, individuals will create natural order and harmony through their rationale

4. Individualist anarchism - Introduction What other ideology is linked Sees society as ___ What is the state incompatable with and why? How will natural order arise?

Classical liberalism pushed to its limits with individualist anarchism -> sees society as a collection of seperate individuals whose autonomy must not be restricted in any way (atomistic individualism) - State with in coercive powers of taxation and law is totally incompatable with autonomy - Provided there is no restrictions, individuals will create natural order and harmony through their rationaleAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary

5. Utopian What is utopianism Who defended this way of thinking ? What are 2 critiques and responses of anarchism

Utopianism is a form of political thinking that constructs a model of an idealised future society to develop a critical analysis of the current society - Some anarchists, including Kropotkin, have defended this way of thinking stating that it forces revolutionaries to question the existing order helping to create an idea of what they want to achieve Criticism: - Anarchism has been a historical failure as no anarchist society has been created, therefore it is unachievable Response: - No ideal socialist or liberal society has been achieved either - Anarchists may point to the Zapatista revolution which is still in place 20 years later Criticism: - Anarchism is unrealistic as its view of human nature is wrong, natural order will not happen -> if selfish and competative traits are indeed natural than society would be a free-for-all controlled by the rich Response: - Anarchism is based on human potential - Humans have demonstrated their altruism in forming organisations without authority eg in times of emergencies, strikes and disastersAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

6. Clashes between collectivist anarchists and individualist anarchists

1. Importance of the individual v the collective 2. Collectivists agree with individualists that an evolutionary process of education and building social alternatives is part of the solution but still believe a revolution is necessary in destroying authority 3. Economic systems, free market v collectivisation 4. Human nature differencesAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

7. Liberty - 2 disagreements Collectivists such as ___ emphasise __ Even the most radical ___

1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples actionCollectivists such as Bakunin emphasise the collective more, arguing the importance of individuality but saying it can only be achieved through the collective - Even the most radical of individualists would stress that personal interest is more important than the collective

8. Max Stirner In his book ___ he criticised Underlying view of human nature (3) The ego (3) - What is rejected Union of Egoists (2) - How will the union be achieved and what does it involve

In his book The Ego and His Own he develops a comprehensive criticism of the state and society - Based on the opinion that human nature is inherently autonomous, rational and self-interested The Ego - Stirner underlines the unique individuality of each person which should not be limited - The 'ego' must be placed above all else and social institutions must be eliminated as to stop them clouding one's thoughts - In economic terms, Stirner rejected existing work as 'limiting the ego' as people cannot keep the full fruits of their labour Union of Egoists - Stirner's vision of the future is of a free society living in the interests of all individuals, based on voluntary agreements made as they serve an individuals interests and not that of the collective - Union of Egoists will be achieved not by revolution but by insurrection -> involving the individual becoming an egoist and withdrawing from capitalist labour and the state, causing it to wither away1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action

9. Collectivist - Anarcho-communism What will communism release Strand most closely associated with what? Anarcho-comms view all forms ___ Ideas on private property Kropotkin's ideas on society

1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryTheory that communism will be the best way to release liberty, economic freedom and natural order - Strand most closely associated with Kropotkin and his positive view of the human capacity for reason and co-operation - Anarcho-communists view all forms of private property as theft - As well as land and the means of production being held in common ownership, they believe the product of an individuals labour should be held in common too - In terms of society, Kropotkin focuses on the commune, made up of the local population rather than the entire collective -> these communities would be small scale allowing for direct democracy and the wealth would be held in commonAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

10. Emma Goldman (1869-1940) short history 2 key ideas expanded

1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderOffers powerful contribution of anarchism based on her critique of the state - Goldman drew on ideas of Stirner in that she supported autonomy but also those of Kropotkin in her theory of social harmony The state and violence - Goldman argued that all forms of government rely on violence - Internally the state uses the law, the police and the threat of violence to control the masses -> it is immoral as it restricts autonomy and individuality - Externally, the state is seen as constantly looking to expand its power through the use of the military Opposition to parliamentary politics - Goldman critiqued parliamentary politics on the basis that she believed them to be corrupting - She did this through the example of the women's suffrage movement -> once women had won seats in the legislature, they themselves would become corrupted by authority just as men had - Even if reform could be achieved, working within the state will not dismantle its inherent oppressionAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action

11. Economic freedom 1 What do anarchists see as being built into the state? What does the state protect What was Proudhons analysis '__' -> meaning what? What do ___ think about private property What would they use as a replacement Alternately ___ The state must be ___ ___ seen as more effective ___ and will allow ___ -> creating ___

1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryAnarchists see inequality as built into the state which emerged when society began to produce a surplus that was taken by the few - The state is seen as protector of private property for the wealthy elite - Proudhon's analysis of the political economy is crucial -> he calls private property 'the right to own without the need to occupy' meaning the ability to earn without doing anything productive, exploiting the masses through rent and interest - Argument taken by collectivist anarchists who see private property, defended by the state, as the root cause of exploitation - Collectivists would see the replacement of private property with collective ownership or mutualism - Alternately, anarcho capitalists support the free and competitive market, including private property - The state must be removed from the market even with the provision of public goods - Market is seen as more effective than the state and will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests -> creating natural order1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action

12. Overview - Human nature - essentially __ view of human nature - universal qualities like a ___ - how is human nature moulded? - what will the removal of the state do? - key disagreement:

1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryAnarchists hold essentially +ve view of human nature - Humans have universal qualities like a potential for development but also selfishness and corruption - Human nature moulded by its enviroment -> explains why the existing state and society is responsible for the selfish, anti-social and competative nature of humanity seen today - Removal of state will allow humanity's true colours to show through Key disagreement: 1. collectivists see humans as altrustic, solidaristic and co-operative 2. individualists see humans as self-interested, rational and competativeAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

13. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-65) Key ideas What was his book called? 3 Key ideas further explained

Anarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryKey ideas: 1. Private property is exploitative and divisive 2. Mutualism is the economic basis of liberty 3. Change should be evolutionary and not revolutionary - In his book What is Property? he provided a bridge between individualism and collectivism in anarchism Opposition to private property: - Proudhon attacks private property and inparticular the ability to extract rent, interest and profits as divisive and exploitative - Proudhon endorses the right to possession and the right for an individual to keep the full fruits of their labour as a protection for the individual against the collective Mutualism: - Idea fits more closely with individualist anarchism - System would be the economic basis for liberty and the politial aspect based on decentralisation and federalism - Organised through many small local bodies and the least power in the largest bodies - All federations would join voluntarily and have the freedom to leave at any time Evolution > revolution: - Proudon rejects the state as entirely without morality but makes the case through constructing the new society within the shell of the existing state - Anarchists would establish mutualist organisations such as worker co-operatives and the People's Bank who would pave the way for the future society - State would eventually become obsolete and wither away

14. What does altruism mean

1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples actionConcern for the interest and welfare of others based on a belief that humans are social beings with a capacity for solidarity

15. Collectvist - Mutualism What is bridged? Emerges from what '__' -> Proudon targeting ___ However Proudon was also critical of ___ How does mutualism condradict collectivism? Economic organisation of mutualism is based on ___ Political structure:

Bridge between collectivist and individualist - Emerges from Proudhon's critique of property - 'Property is theft' -> Proudon targeting large property owners who were exploiting the masses with low wages and taking the money straight back in high rent - However Proudhon was also critical of collectivism stating that people deserve the right to possession -> the right to use their own land and labour to become self-sufficient and economically independant (contradiction to common ownership) - Economic organisation of mutualism is based on individuals and small associations who keep the fruits of their labour and then trade within the local community - These associations would form a vast federation with councils at the local and international level1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

16. Mikhail Bakunin (1814-76) History 3 key ideas extended

One of the most notorious radicals in history, his form of revolutionary anarchism was critical of capitalism, Marxism, the state and religion and is the foundation of collectivist anarchism Human nature as social: - Bakunin's view of human nature stressed rationality and individuality but argued that humans were social by nature who could not exist outside of society - Argued that humans shaped by the society they live in meaning they can only be liberalised through the removal of the state and the church Collectivisation: - Involving the abolition of private property and its replacement with common ownership over the means of production - Liberty without equality percieved as just privilege and injustice Propaganda by the deed: - Revolutionary strategy - Rejected all forms of parliamentary strategy and all Marxist calls for capturing the state - Argued instead that the masses needed to capture themselves through the destruction of the state - Led Bakunin to argue for 'propaganda by the deed' such an not paying tax, rents and debts, mass strike and refusal to conscript - Actions would act as catalyst for a spontaneous revolution from below which would free people through removing the state1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action

17. CS - The Zapatistas Which region of mexico and what problems are there what then happened what was the reaction what is the idea built upon

Anarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples actionIn the Chiapas region of Mexico, local communities live with high levels of poverty as well as a lack of education and health care - 1990s the gov ended its commitment to land reform based on community-owned land and signed up to NAFTA -> an agreement with US and Canada which forced millions of peasants to become cheap labour in the industrial workforce - The Zapatistas rose up on the same day and took control of major population centres - The project was built on the idea of autonomy and community, they believe decisions should be made at the local level - Still a relevant political force in the region today1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary

18. Collectivist anarchists What society do they desire? Roots in what / associated with whom What opinion of natural relationships How is human nature moulded Collectivism involves?

1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryArgue for stateless society where common ownership will nurture the altruistic, rational and co-operative nature of humans leading to a natural order - Roots in socialism and is associated with Bakunin - Belief that natural relationships between people are that of mutual aid, social solidarity and harmony -> however human nature is socially determined and therefore tainted by the state and private property which leads to greed and disharmony - Collectivism involves dismantling the state and abolishing private property which would lead to a voluntary network of producers and consumers who would organise the distribution of goodsAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action

19. Collectivist - Anarcho-syndicalism Ideas built on whose view? Trade union ideas These new institutions ___ After the ___ these institutions ___

Anarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryIdeas built on Bakunin's view of collectivism and his strategy of propaganda by the deed - Trade-union movement is seen as the revolutionary agent of change - Trade unions will continue to campaign for improved conditions and pay for workers - Trade unions can then build economic institutions that are horizontal and not hierarchical - These new institutions will prepare for a mass strike as the 'propaganda by the deed' to trigger a social revolution - After the revolution, these institutions will provide the basis for the new stateless society

20. C.S Reclaim the Streets - Where was it and what tactics were employed?

The Reclaim the Streets movement began in London as an effort to take back the streets from cars and businesses to make into public spaces to be enjoyed by all - Tactics: political protest, art and music eventsAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

21. Rejection of the state 1 - Introduction Quote What is opposed and why? What tricks does government use?

State is a 'cold monster' - Emma Goldman - Oppose gov, authority and political power -> immoral as they restrict liberty - In modern democracies anarchists believe the government rules by deciet and backed by threat of violence - People are said to be sovereign but they give this up at the ballot box - Vote seen as nothing more than trick used to secure authority of the gov, army and police1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action

22. Individualists - Egoism Argues what Individuals should __ State seen as what What should be rejected Most closely associated with who? Why would natural order arise?

1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples actionMost radical version of individualism - Argues individuals are only concerned with their 'ego' - The individual should act in any way they choose and there should be no restriction on autonomy or individuality - State seen as a controlling tyrannous entity and so must be abolished - Egoism argues the individual should reject society and live a free life - Most closely associated with Stirner and his economic philosophy - As individuals are seen as entirely rational it is thought that agreements would be made between individuals and a natural and peaceful order would arise

23. Economic freedom - mutualism

1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryMutualism -> a system of equitable exchange between self-governing producers, organised individually or in association, and with small-scale private property ownership

24. What is anarchism about? What is the target?

1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionary1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural orderAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples actionAnarchism is an ideology based on freeing people from the political domination and economic exploitation - The goal is anarchy, a state of statelessness in which people are supposed to be completely free and equal

25. Economic freedom 2 - Common ground All anarchists are opposed to what? Reflected in ___ Anarchists agree on the need for ___ This entails ____

All anarchists are opposed to all existing forms of capitalism that have existed in liberal democracies, including neo-liberalism - Reflected in the leading role anarchists took in the anti-globalisation movement - Anarchists agree on the need for a future economic sytem where free individuals can manage their own affairs -> this entails no state intervention in economic life as the rejection of the state is the core principle of anarchism however anarchists disagree on the different economic systems that best create that freedom1. Fear that individuality and autonomy will become subject to the collective - The individualist fears that being forced into a community and therefore losing their freedom 2. Strategies for overthrowing the state - Individualists argue that education, the use of non-violent forms of social protest and the creation of horizontal institutions when placed inside the shell of the state will eventually replace the state in an evolutionary process - Collectivists call for revolutionary tactics rather than evolutionaryAnarchists reject any democratic methods of capturing government as ultimately the exercise of authority is innately corrupting - Strategies employed: 1. Direct action or 'propaganda by the deed' - Bakuninist approach involves use of any direct action - not paying taxes, rents and debts - the mass strike - eg non-payment of the poll tax in UK under Thatcher 2. Acts of violence - acts of violence or terror 3. Emerging revolution - terrorism widely accepted as ineffective by anarchist thinkers such as Kropotkin and Goldman - revolution will emerge out of a process of direct action the exposes the true nature of the state - involves acting as if you were already free, when individuals experience full autonomy it will spur a revolution 4. Creating new institutions - Proudhon rejected any form of violence, he argued that a change would be won by evolutionary proccesses of creating new institutions in between the cracks of gov - could be done through education, instruction and peoples action1. Collectivist - altruism is undermined by the exploitative and competative capitalist state - common ownership and mutualist institutions will help grow altruistic and co-operative attitudes which will create a natural order 2. Egoistic-anarchist - individual should act in any way they see fit and must not be restrained by any laws, social or moral norms - removal of the state will nuture rationalism, autonomy and self-interest which will create social order 3. Anarcho-capitalist - free market will allow rational, autonomous and competative individuals to make judgements in their own best interests which will create natural order

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❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

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All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know?
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