Edexcel Politics A-Level: US Politics | Practice Test / Quiz / MCQs

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Edexcel Politics A-Level: US Politics

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Avg score: 90% • Most missed: “Pramaries and caucuses What are the primaries?”

A-level US politics topics are:

1. The US Constitution and federalism
2. US Congress
3. US presidency
4. US Supreme Court and US civil rights
5. US democracy and participation
6. Comparative theories.

Edexcel Politics A-Level: US Politics

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25 Questions

1. 5 problems with the constitution

President is more accountable as it is harder for them to pass bills - Parliament can step aside for executive dominance however in the US the SOP means the president is more accountable - US constitution gives Congress more scrutiny over the president eg ratification - Extent of accountability dependent upon the respective majoritiesEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win

2. How democratic is the constitution? Elections Why are there loads of elections? Although what is criticised?

S.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winPresident is more accountable as it is harder for them to pass bills - Parliament can step aside for executive dominance however in the US the SOP means the president is more accountable - US constitution gives Congress more scrutiny over the president eg ratification - Extent of accountability dependent upon the respective majorities16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

3. State power erosion - Fiscal powers 16th amendment does what? Federal gov provides what resulting x cost? Conditions?

President is more accountable as it is harder for them to pass bills - Parliament can step aside for executive dominance however in the US the SOP means the president is more accountable - US constitution gives Congress more scrutiny over the president eg ratification - Extent of accountability dependent upon the respective majoritiesS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

4. CP President and PM - accountability to legislatures

5. Relationship: federal gov - states How is power changing Policy areas Financial relationship and example?

Power of the states slowly eroding, turning point was the 1929 Wall st crash. Roosevelt introduced his 'New deal policies' which meant federal gov had more control - Interconnected as they both govern US, even share some policy areas such as the provision of basic infastructure eg roads - Federal gov distributes funds to states through grants to carry out policy that it wants to see. Eg 2009 Obama Race to the Top initiative: states compete for $4.3bn in grants based on educational targets16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

6. Amend process - Disadvantages (4)

EC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win1. Difficult to remove outdates aspects, document 200+ years old and society has changed. Right to bear arms, electoral college loser winning 2. Difficult to incorporate new ideas as so entrenched and parties so divided atm 3. Undemocratic process: against majoritarianism as only 13/50 states need to oppose 4. Sup court has excessive power as the rulings of 9 unelected judges almost impossible to overturn16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money

7. Advantages of primary / cacuses process (4)

Raises key issues - Political education - Allows for greater voter choice and thus enhances democracy -> especially true for open primary states - Competition between candidates scrutinises key policiesS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

8. Factions in the Republican party (3)

16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money1. Social Conservatives - Support traditional values as part of the religious right, focus on morality based on religious beliefs (Christianity) - They do not support illegal immigration, gay and abortion rights - Grown into a dominant force in Congress, massive majority of Republicans supported a ban on late term abortion 2. Fiscal conservatives - Conservative economic agenda eg small government, abolition of the inheritence tax and general taxation reductions - Many fiscal conservatives are also abort of the Freedom Caucus who agressively push a conservative economic agenda 3. Moderates - Advocate for a traditional conservative economic agenda eg low tax, small government - More centrist as they support gay/abortion rights - Willing to accept higher taxes/government in the name of social harmony - Bush Jnr horrified conservatives with his big expenditure increases and more liberal immigrationEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win

9. What is bipartisanship and why is it important?

10. The Clinton presidency Main reforms (4)

16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyHe was viewed as a moderate democrat, appealed to some Republicans with centrist policy 1. Reducing budget deficit - Seen as a major success, gained favour among some of the centrist republicans 2. Health Care reform - Passed a bill similar to Obama Care, he failed to get priority features passed however despite a clear mandate and a democratic majority in both chambers 3. Gun control - Clinton was in favour of greater gun control and supported it during his 1992 campaign - He supported the Brady Bill which he signed, this was the law that required background checks when purchasing a gun 4. Foreign policy - Became president at the end of the Cold War, he emphasised morals - Clinton was involved in Bosnia and Somalia to prevent civil war and genocide - He struggled to acheive these aims and had to use executive orders to sanction Bosnia airstrikes -> Congress eventually withdrew funding and thus the military withdrew from SomaliaEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win

11. Party ideas - provision of social welfare General tendencies Example for reps

Democrats have long favoured social welfare, they argue the economic system provides an unjust degree of inequality and that it is their duty to interfere -> tend to adopt increased benefits and more social programs - Republicans emphasise personal responsibilty and accept the need for social welfare although tend to restrict it -> for example the ACA passed in 2010 under Obama and aimed to grant / subsidise healthcare insurance for 46m Americans who were on low income -> all republicans in the House and Senate opposed the bill and helped to repeal major aspects of it when Trump gained officeS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money

12. State power erosion - 3 reasons

13. CP Location of sovereignty

S.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersUK - Parliamentary sovereignty -> Parliament has absolute power -> Parliament can easily amend constitution with 50% vote US - Constitutional sovereignty -> Constitution is sovereign, upheld by the Supreme Court -> Constitution is entrenched, protected from change due to hard amendment process - Has a major impact on the power of the courts, UK is much less powerful as Parliament and the gov can easily change the consitution or law - US on the other hand can deem acts of Congress unconstitutional

14. CP Argument that rights are better protected in the US (2)

EC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersSovereign constitution allows US courts to overturn the actions of any institution, even Congress -> whereas in the UK Parliament an overturn any judicial ruling with relative ease - Because the US constitution is entrenched court rulings are not easily overturned by political bodies -> in the UK politicians can easily pass new acts overturning the courts - It depends on the willingness of judges to enforce such liberties on the basis of their own interpretationsS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money

15. CP Pressure groups - differences in methods used

Use similar approaches considering the differences in structural frame works -> tend to be more successful in the US - Eg legal methods are far more attractive in the US due to constitutional sovereignty and the dominance of the Supreme Court - Struggling groups are likely to use demonstrations so opposing politicians are pressured - Wealthy groups eg corporations are likely to use political donations16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

16. Interest group tactics (5)

S.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyPublicity - Grass roots activity - Litigation - Lobbying - ElectioneeringEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

17. Types of democracy

S.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winMajoritarian: - Majority get what majority want - People elect reps through FPTP, typically a party has over 50% of seats meaning majority of voters get what they voted forPluralist: - Majoritarianism seen as over-simplistic -> attempts to create policy based on the compromise of different groups to enable the broadest range of interests to be considered - Associated with P.R multi-party coalitionsEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money

18. Limited success of 3rd parties (candidates) (3)

1. The spoiler effect - When a 3rd party candidate prevents a republican or democrat from winning - Eg in 2000 Green Party's Ralph Nader won Florida and took enough ECV votes from Al Gore (democrat) to allow Bush to win 2. Influencing the dem/rep policy agenda - Last 3rd candidate with credience was Ross Perot who in 1996 ran with the idea of a balanced budget which was later embraced by President Clinton 3. Infiltrating the main 2 parties - Trump arguably a successful 3rd candidate who used the republican primaries to run under their banner whilst the most senior members of the party opposed his bidEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money

19. CS President Obama and Trump vs Congress

Republicans took the House in 2010 midterms and changed the agenda to fiscal austerity and budget cuts - Rival agendas of congress and the president caused clashes which resulted in gridlock and the federal government shutting in 2013 -> Obama eventually was forced to compromise - In 2012 Trump struggled to pass the American Health Care Act through the republican led House -> he had to change the bill to please conservative republicans and even still barely passed it -> it is not easy to have legislative success as a president even if they hold a majority in the chambers16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

20. Functions / powers given to Congress by Constitution 4 main functions

16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winLegislate: - Article 1 section 1 states all legislative powers shall be vested in Congress - Article 2 outlines pres veto can be overturned by 2/3 Representation: - Article 1 outlines the need for congressional elections Amend the Constitution: - Article v allows Congress to share this role with the states Declare war: - Article 1 gives Congress the right to initiate military action (pres also claims this power)EC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

21. CP Party systems similarities (2) differences (3)

Similarities - 2 dominant parties who generally head exec/legislature - 3rd parties have some power at a regional level Differences - UK has a stronger 3rd party presence and arguably a multi-party system whereas in the US democrats and republicans hold near to 100% of the seats - The UK 2 party system is characterised by the pendulum effect, power typically being with 1 party or the other, in the US usually power is fairly evenly distributed due to SOP leading to divided government - Stronger regional variation in the UK where 3rd parties can be a dominant force eg SNPEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win

22. Oversight - Congressional committees Which is the one relating to oversight?

S.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersMost committees are policy based and investigate departments, they can hold hearings for executive members - The House Committee on Oversight and Reform has the sole role of scrutinising the executive - Congress can create temporary committees in times of need eg when US ambassador to Libya was killed in 201416th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money

23. Why is Congress not repesentative? (3)

EC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can win16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money1. FPTP and gerrymadering - Both heavily undermine the representative nature of congress - Determination by parties and politicians to maimise their own power has led to major distortion where power distribution does not accurately represent the will of the people 2. Social representation - Composition of congress does not match that of society, particularily race and gender - Importance is debated, non-whites makeup 38% of the population and only 10% of the Senate - Can undermine the interests of social groups - On the other hand, the most recent congressional session is the most racially diverse ever 3. Influence of pressure groups - Congress is influenced by pressure groups in a manner that arguably distorts the public wishes - Politicians responding to the will of pressure groups gives them a disproportionate amount of representation - The significance of money means richer groups tend to dominate -> providing further sway in the direction of elitist groups

24. House - exclusive powers 3 and all fairly irrelevant Examples given

16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal money1. Impeach - House wanting to bring formal charges against a public official can do on account of 'treason, bribery or other high crimes' - 2 presidents Bill Clinton 1998 and Andrew Johnson 1868, 1 S court justice Samuel Chase 1804 2. Elect president if no candidate has 50%+ ecv - Rare -> only used twice in 1800/1824 3. Begin consideration of all money bills - Most legislation can enter either or simultaneously but not tax or revenue raising bills due to their sensitive nature and Senate previously being unelected - Insignificant todayS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec orders

25. CS Trump - first independent president 3 different policies and who they pleased

16th amendment allowed federal income tax to be levied and ever since states have been growing more dependant financially - Federal gov provides 1/4 states expenditure (grants) which can mean states are recieving extra funding but at cost of independence - States have to achieve policy requirements to maintain the flow of federal moneyEC can produce pres who lost popular vote - Policy making difficult -> ineffective gov due to SOP, partisanship -> gridlock - Broad power of sup court means elected gov may be undermined - Amend process -> prevents necessary changes - Vaguesness leads to loopholes eg exec ordersS.o.p and federalism enables voters to vote more than any other country as so many posts to fill - 2 year (short) terms for house and 1/3 senate elected every 2 years too with pres every 4 -> representation and accountability - Although, electoral college criticised as outdated based on reluctance to give people power -> members can vote against public decision legally and loser can winTrump's policies have been met with horror and delight with the conservative right - Attacks on racial minorities and abortion rights have pleased the social conservatives - His tax cuts and desire to loosen financial regulation welcomed by fiscal conservatives - Opposition to trade deals (TPP) and $1 trillion dollar infrastructure plan are what would be expected from radical and progressive liberals

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All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know?
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