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Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
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Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
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1. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.

2. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed

3. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population

4. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.

5. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated

6. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur

7. Are verbal description of attributes of events

8. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha

9. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment

10. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable

11. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables

12. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.

13. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study

14. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts

15. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment

16. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity

17. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.

18. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r

19. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships

20. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y

21. 1.00 and -1.00

22. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!

23. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the

24. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.

25. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.

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