Eight Important Psychological Movements

Here are some major nineteenth- and twentieth-century movements and facts you should know about each.

Movement - Characteristic -  Some Key Followers
 

1. behaviorism investigation of external behavior  rather than internal processes - John B.Watson,  B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov
2. cognitive psychology scientific study of mental processes Jerome Bruner, Alfred Binet, Jean Piaget
3. functionalism focus on the purpose of behavior William James, John Dewey, Edward Thorndike
4. gestalt notion that perception is structured according to natural patterns; focus on the whole rather than separate elements Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler
5. humanistic qualitative research on subjective psychology experience Fritz Perls, Carl Rodgers
6. phenomenology study of experience as it reveals itself to the consciousness Edmund Husserl
7. psychoanalysis study of the subconscious and sense of self through free association  Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Carl Jung, Erich Fromm, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson
8. structuralism search for the components of the consciousness through controlled introspection Wilhelm Wundt