Negative peace resulted in a treaty that forced the Germans (after WWI) to pay for the entire cost of the war, in the Soviets establishing dictatorships throughout eastern Europe, and in the U. S. (since WWII) establishing ___ in countries around the world. The textbook states that there are 207 of them in 130 countries, and 6000 in the U.S. Others report over 1000 in foreign lands.

Peace studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that draws on political science, sociology, history, anthropology, theology, psychology, philosophy, and other fields to:

understand the causes of armed conflict;
develop ways to prevent and resolve war, genocide, terrorism, gross violations of human rights; and
build peaceful and just systems and societies.