TEFL Grammar Review

definite article (da)
the

indefinite article (ia)
a, an

noun (n)
person, place, thing or idea

verb (v)
express action, event or state of being

auxiliary verb (aux)
helping verbs that we use to form passive, negative questions and compound tenses<br>
ex: have, had, done, do, be

adjective (adj)
gives extra info about a noun

adverb (adv)
describes or changes a verb, adj, or another adv

adverb particle (adv. p.)
a little adv that is added to a verb to change its meaning and form a phrasal verb
ex: turn on, turn in, turn up

prepositional particle (prep. p)
a little adv added to a verb to form a prepositional verb. ex: check on, wait for

preposition (prep)
introduce the description of the location/ position, time something takes place or the way it is done
ex: to, at, of , in , from

conjunction (conj)
connects 2 words, phrases, clauses together

determiner (det)
gives information on quantity and time
ex: many, much, some and all #s

demonstrative pronouns (dp)
used to refer to to something close or far
ex: that, those, these, this

object pronoun (op)
replaces the object and answers what
ex: her, him, them, us
She (sp) gave it to her.(op)

subject pronoun
the subject of a verb
ex: she, he, we, they, it
She (sp) gave it to her.(op)

possessive determiner
goes before a noun
ex: my, his, her
My car broke.

possessive pronoun
ends the sentence
mine, yours, his, hers,
The car is mine.

reflexive pronoun
used when people refer to themselves
ex: herself, yourself, myself

Sentence Elements
S- subject: doer
O- object: receiver
V- verb: action
A- adverbial: describes why, when, how, where
CV- copular verb
C- compliment

copular verbs and compliments
CV: verbs of feeling, sense or verb 'to be' when followed by adjective.
C: the adj after the CV

ex: I feel sad.
The soup tasted good.
I am very tired.

simple
contains a verb (making it a clause), usually a subject, makes sense on it's own, ends with a full stop
ex: I like potatoes.

independent clause
contains a verb, usually a subject, and makes sense on its own.

compound
2+ independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction

complex
Independent and dependent clause joined together by a subordinating conjunction

ex: I couldn't sleep because I had to study.

* you can't switch the order of clauses without moving the sub conj. too

ex: I had to study because I couldn't sleep.

dependent
contains a verb, usually a subject but does not make sense on its own and must be joined to an independent clause with a sub. conj.

coordinating conjunction
joins 2+ IC to form a compound sent.

For But
And Or
Nor Yet
So

subordinating conjunction
joins IC + DC to form a complex
ex: that, which, because, so , yet

Dependent Clause Types
1. Reported speech
ex: (She told me that)...she was going to the store.
2. Noun - clause which occupies the space of either the S or O of the sentence
ex: (What he did)...was unacceptable.
3. Relative- defining and non-defining
4. Adverbial- many types, adds more info

Relative- Defining
Give essential info about a noun
ex: The film which stars Johnny Depp begins at 9pm.

Relative- Nondefining
Gives extra info, non-essential
ex: The children, who were sleeping, went to sleep.

Adverbial- time, place, manner, condition, reason, purpose
Time- 'When?', I'll be home once.

Place- 'Where?', We go on holiday where it is warm.

Manner-'How?', He dances like he took lessons.

Condition- 'If?', I will cook if you clean.

Reason- 'Why?', I went to the supermarket because I ran out of milk.

Purpose- 'To what aim?' I went to the store to buy milk.

Tense
past, present, future

Aspect
simple, perfect (have) , continuous (be) , perfect continuous (have + be)

Tense x Aspect =
Compound Tense

Auxillary
to have- perfect, perfect continuous
to do- questions, negatives, affirmation
to be- continuous, perfect continuous
will- future

Tense does not equal.....
time!

Express Futurity
will + v = future tense: predictions, general certainty, quite forma ex: You will study.

going to + v = less formal, predictions based on current ex: You're going to win!

shall + v = formal future, requests or orders ex: You shall not pass.

present continuous- already organized events, ex: I am getting my haircut tomorrow.

present simple- scheduled events, ex: the plane takes off at midnight (NOT FUTURE, look at verb)

Ways to express Voice
Imperatives
Active
Passive

Active & Passive
Active: 'The cat ate the mouse.'
Passive: 'The mouse was eaten by the cat.'

Steps to form Passive1. Label sentence elements
2. Make sure there is an object
3. Make O of active the S of passive (the mouse)
4. Add aux 'to be' in tense/aspect of active verb (was)
5. Add original active V in past participle (eaten)
6. *optional- Make S of active the agent of passive, introduced with preposition 'by' (by the cat)

Uses of Passive:
1. Doer is unknown
2. Emphasis on reciever
3. The doer is obvious, implied
4. To avoid Blame

Simple Past
b.v. + (e)d *if regular

ex: I walked.

Simple Present
b.v. + 's' in 3rd person singular

ex: They walk, She walks

Simple Future
Will + b.v.

ex: You will walk

Past Perfect
aux 'have' in past + v in past participle

ex: I had eaten.

Present Perfect
aux 'have' in present + V in past participle (p.p)

ex: We have eaten., He has eaten.

Future Perfect
aux 'have' in future + verb in p.p.

ex: You will have eaten.

Past Continous
aux 'be' in past + V in 'ing'

ex: I was running. You were running.

Present Continous
Aux 'be' in present + V in 'ing'

ex: I am running. They are running.

Future Continuous
Aux 'be' in future + V in 'ing'

ex: She will be running.

Past Perfect Continuous
aux 'have' in past + be in p.p. + V in 'ing'

ex: I had been eating.

Present Perfect Continuous
aux 'have' in present + be in p.p. + V in 'ing'

ex: I have been dancing. He/she has been....

Future Perfect Continuous
aux 'have' in future (will have) + be in p.p. + V in 'ing'

ex: They will have been running.

Modal Verbs
Auxiliary verbs which express specific things

Pure Modal & Rules
shall = formal future
will = future
should= suggestion
could= conditional ability
would= conditional, repeated activity in the past
might= possibility
can= ability
may= permission
must= command, obligation

Rules:
1. No infinitive after PM, only follow with base verb
2. No S in 3rd person 'He cans study'
3. No infinitive form of PM 'I to should go.'
4. No PM used next together 'You will must go.'
5. No gerund/continuous 'I am musting to study.'
6. No past tense or participle 'I coulded gone.
7. No auxiliary 'do' to form questions just use PM 'Do you could study?'
8. No auxiliary to form negatives, use negative form of PM. 'No I didn't could study.

Marginal Modals
Express specific things without following all PM rules.

going to
used to (in the past)
ought to
be able to
be able to
be allowed to
have to, need to

Phrasal Verbs
- 2 parts verbs = V + adv. particle (changes meaning of verb) ex: turn on, turn up, turn around

Intransitive
No object = ex: The plane takes off. <Inseparable> - Intransitive is always inseparable because there is no object!

Transitive
There is an object ex: Turn on the oven <separable> - Transitive can sometimes be inseparable.

Prepositional Verbs
2 part verbs, V+ prep particle. (No change in meaning)

ex: I will check on him. He's waiting for the bus.

* Always transitive and inseperable

Phrasal Prepositional
Verbs which express specific things

3 part verb= V + adv particle + prep particle

* Always transitive and inseparable

ex: run out of milk
catch up with you

Conditional Types
T0- 100% certainty
- If + present simple, present simple.
ex: If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.

T1- 90% likely
-If + present simple, will + b.v. (future simple)
ex: If you leave without and umbrella, you will get wet.

T2- Hypothetical
-If + past simple, would + b.v. (simple present)
ex: If I won the lottery, I would buy a boat.

T3- Too late to change outcome
-If + past perfect, would + have (bv) + V in past participle
ex: If you had studied, you would have passed.

T Mixed- cause in past, effect in present
-If + past perfect, would + b.v.
ex: If you had studied medicine, you would be a doctor