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Phobias

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Phobias

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1. Little albert

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingA behavioural therapy in which a patient is exposed to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety triggered by that stimulus.This involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.

2. Psychological treatment for phobias

•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingWatson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningA behavioural therapy in which a patient is exposed to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety triggered by that stimulus.This involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.

3. Flooding process

•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingA behavioural therapy in which a patient is exposed to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety triggered by that stimulus.Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.

4. Flooding definition

5. Evolutionary explanation for phobias

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.Some stimuli are more likely to be feared than others such as snakes and darkness. Ancient fears posed a real danger to ancestors and modern fears are an exaggeration of these.

6. Flooding limitation

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.- ineffective on social phobias - Although flooding is highly effective for simple phobias - is it less effective with social phobias. this may be because social phobias have cognitive aspects. these types of phobias may benefit more from cognitive therapies. - patients drop out Flooding is highly traumatic and patients are often unwilling to see it though - so they drop out. this sometimes causes loss of time and money.

7. Systematic desensitisation strength - suitable for a diverse range of patients

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningAlternatives to sd are not suitable for all patients such as young children or people with learning difficulties - because the alternatives are traumatic or involve reflection on thoughts.This involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - flooding

8. Agoraphobia

•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningHaving anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult.

9. Watson and raynor

Conducted an experiment on little albert. Presented him with white rat and he showed no fear - when reached to touch the rat researchers made a loud noise behind him. Noise upset albert who soon became fearful of the rat because he had associated the rat with the loud noise•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning

10. Systematic desensitisation strength - patients prefer it

•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.This is largely due to that this does not cause the same degree of trauma and involves relaxation techniques. So there are low refusal rates and low attrition (drop out) rates.Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning

11. Operant conditioning

12. Experience

13. Behavioural explanation for phobias

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingTwo process theory (mowrer) - classical conditioning + operant conditioning

14. Systematic desensitisation

This involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.1. gradual process 2)patient taught stress management techniques 3)patient creates hierarchy - Muscular relaxation is induced and patient works through the hierarchy gradually applying relaxation. Systematic desensitisation strength - supporting research evidence - Mcgrath et al reported 75% patients with phobias responded to systematic desensitisation - Contradictory research evidence against systematic desensitisation - Oman et al suggested systematic desensitisation may not be effective on phobias with underlying evolutionary cause.Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - flooding

15. Bounton (2007)

Pointed out that evolutionary factors are not considered in the two-process model but likely have a significant role in phobias.This involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - flooding

16. Flooding strength

- it is cost-effective Studies have found that flooding is quicker and more cost-effective than alternatives.•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning

17. Preparedness

•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingWatson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningSeligman suggested that animals are biologically prepared to rapidly learn and associate between particular stimuli and fear.This involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.

18. Seligman (1971)

Suggested we have innate biological preparedness which causes us to fear certain stimuli more - as fear helped our ancestors to survive. This would explain why fears of animals (especially snakes or spiders) are common and why fears of modern threats are less common (e.g. guns or cars).Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - flooding

19. Reciprocal inhibition

•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingWatson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.I. is impossible to be afraid and relaxed at the same time - one emotion prevents the other. This is used in systematic desensitisation.

20. Social learning theory

Extreme fears may be acquired through modelling the extreme behaviours of others. Fearful response from the model often results in a positive reward such as attention.Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - flooding

21. Classical conditioning

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningBehaviourists believe this is what causes phobias; an association between an unpleasant experience and a neutral stimulus occurs - which results in the development of a conditioned fear response.This involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - flooding

22. Innate biological preparedness

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingSeligman suggested we have __________ _____________ ____________________ which causes us to fear certain stimuli more as fear helped our ancestors to survive - this would explain why fears of animals (especially snakes or spiders) are common and why fears of modern threats are less common (e.g. guns or cars).This involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.

23. Supporting research evidence for systematic desensitisation

24. Cognitive

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioning•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.The behaviourist approach is accused of failing to address the ____________ aspects of phobias - the distortions in perception people have of stimuli or the opinions of them

25. Systematic desensitisation

Watson and rayner were able to cause this subject to fear white rats and similar stimuli through classical conditioningA behavioural therapy deigned to reduce an unwanted response - such as anxiety - to a phobic stimulus and associate it with relaxation rather than anxiety. this is called counterconditioning.•behavioural - systematic desensitisation •behavioural - floodingThis involves exposing the patient to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus. this stops the phobic responses very quickly because without the chance to avoid the phobic stimulus - the patient learns that it is harmless. The learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus.

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❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

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All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know?
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Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
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