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Edexcel Politics A-Level: Socialism

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What is Socialism?
Socialism is defined by its opposition to capitalism. It aims to provide a clear alternative that is more humane and based on collectivism not individualism, co-operation not competition and social equality not inequality. There is a wide variety of traditions within socialism, with the goal of abolishing or minimising class division.

There are three content areas:
1. Socialism: core ideas and principles
2. Differing views and tensions within socialism
3. Socialist thinkers and their ideas.

Edexcel Politics A-Level: Socialism

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25 Questions

1. Key thinkers (5)

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismDisagreements over importance - Marxists tend to emphasise the fundamental role of class politics -> in their analysis a person's class position is determined by their relationship to the means of production -> those who own the means are the bourgeoisie and those selling their labour are proletariat -> due to the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgois state Marxist theory predicts an inevitable revolution will overthrow the bourgeoisie due to this class conflict -> the state will only wither away when the social class differences are replaced by a classless society - Social democrats define social class in more fluid and less extreme terms -> accept there will always be some differences in class -> emphasise the need to narrow (not remove) class differences through targeted state intervention -> see state as a tool to provide welfare and redistribute rather than an instrument of oppressive class ruleMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

2. Collectivism 1 Main idea ___ socialism -> also informing ___ What is the can be achieved through banding together? Is society fixed? Endorsements of collectivism: (moral/economic perspectives) What socialist view does this reflect?

Disagreements over importance - Marxists tend to emphasise the fundamental role of class politics -> in their analysis a person's class position is determined by their relationship to the means of production -> those who own the means are the bourgeoisie and those selling their labour are proletariat -> due to the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgois state Marxist theory predicts an inevitable revolution will overthrow the bourgeoisie due to this class conflict -> the state will only wither away when the social class differences are replaced by a classless society - Social democrats define social class in more fluid and less extreme terms -> accept there will always be some differences in class -> emphasise the need to narrow (not remove) class differences through targeted state intervention -> see state as a tool to provide welfare and redistribute rather than an instrument of oppressive class rule1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

3. Overview - The state Marxist view Social democratic view Neo-revisionist view

Disagreements over importance - Marxists tend to emphasise the fundamental role of class politics -> in their analysis a person's class position is determined by their relationship to the means of production -> those who own the means are the bourgeoisie and those selling their labour are proletariat -> due to the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgois state Marxist theory predicts an inevitable revolution will overthrow the bourgeoisie due to this class conflict -> the state will only wither away when the social class differences are replaced by a classless society - Social democrats define social class in more fluid and less extreme terms -> accept there will always be some differences in class -> emphasise the need to narrow (not remove) class differences through targeted state intervention -> see state as a tool to provide welfare and redistribute rather than an instrument of oppressive class ruleMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of Socialism

4. Social class 2 - Disagreements Marxist views - How is a persons class determined - Difference between bourgeoisie and proletariat - What is inevitable and when will state wither SD views - What do they accept - Emphasise the need to ___ through ___ -> see the state as ___

Marxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestDisagreements over importance - Marxists tend to emphasise the fundamental role of class politics -> in their analysis a person's class position is determined by their relationship to the means of production -> those who own the means are the bourgeoisie and those selling their labour are proletariat -> due to the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgois state Marxist theory predicts an inevitable revolution will overthrow the bourgeoisie due to this class conflict -> the state will only wither away when the social class differences are replaced by a classless society - Social democrats define social class in more fluid and less extreme terms -> accept there will always be some differences in class -> emphasise the need to narrow (not remove) class differences through targeted state intervention -> see state as a tool to provide welfare and redistribute rather than an instrument of oppressive class rule

5. Collectivism 4 What are the 2 basic criticisms? Why are socialists straying away from collectivism

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Two basic criticisms: 1. Because collectivism stresses group action and common interests, some degree of individuality and diversity is surpressed 2. As collectivist objectives can only be achieved through the agency of the state -> state inevitbaly expands and individual freedoms tend to erode - Socialists in recent decades have attached less importance to collectivism due to the dependancy culture it tends to create along with the uncompetative economiesMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

6. Third way 2 - Four key features

1. The primacy of the market over the state - 3rd way accepts primacy of the market and rejects 'top-down' state intervention - Endorse dynamic market economy and an enterprise culture to create maximise wealth creation (like neo-lib) - Eg under New Labour, the private sector became involved in the provision of public services through the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) schemes 2. The value of community and moral responsibility - Endorse value of community and moral responsibility - Believe that personal autonomy should operate within a communal context based on mutual dependence and benefit 3. Social inclusion - Third way has shifted from the socialist commitment to equality in order to endorse the concept of social inclusion -> individuals are free to participate in society so long as they bring the appropriate skills and compassion - Neo-revisionists emphasise equality of opportunity and benefits of a meritocratic society - Welfare should target those socially marginalised - 'a hand up, not a hand out' - Blair 4. Competition / market state - State's function should be to promote the nations workforce's skills through social investment (in education) - Education can improve an individuals job prospects and provide better economic growthMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

7. Overview - The economy Marxist Social democrat Neo-revisionist

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestMost socialists call for some form of intervention in economic affairs as they maintain capitalist free-market is incapable of fair distribution - Marxists advocate the abolishment of capitalism with a centrally planned economy with common ownership over the means of production - Social democrats accept a degree of free-market capitalism arguing for mixed economy with some nationalised industries and Keynesian style intervention to maintain full employment - Also support welfare policies to redistribute wealth - Neo-revisionists readily accept the free-market believing it to be the most efficient form of wealth creation - Reject intervention as inefficient causing discouraged investment and entrepreneurship - Call for state intervention in form of social investment in education to imporove productivity of labour force

8. Collectivism 2 / human nature Collectivism rooted in human nature: Humans are what type of animal? Humans have capacity for what? Tied by what kind of bonds How is human nature molded and how can true freedom be achieved

Marxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismEmphasis on collectivism rooted in socialist view of human nature: -> argues that humans are social animals who prefer to live within society than alone -> humans have capacity for collective action and can work together in order to achieve their goals -> Tied by bonds of fraternity -> also argue that human nature is moulded by social conditions and experiences of life which leads socialists to conclude that membership to a community is the gateway to true freedom and fufilment

9. Revolutionary socialism 2 - Socialism through revolution is based on what desire? - The capitalists were believed to be so ___ - Revolutionary socialists call for what transformation which inevitably causes __ - eg ___ and ___ - Finallly rev socialists maintain that capitalism cannot be ____

Marxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismSocialism through revolution is based on the desire to overthrow the bourgeois instrument of oppression which had accumulated alot of anger from the working class - It was believed that the capitalists were so entrenched in power through their vast wealth that evolutionary change was too weak - Revolutionary socialists call for a complete societal tranformation and with such a drastic change inevitably comes voilence -> ruling class unlikely to give up dominance without a fight - eg Russia 1918-21 and China 1946-49 - Finally revolutionary socialists maintain that capitalism cannot be 'humanised' and any attempts to do so simply undermine the socialist movementMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

10. Workers control 3 - Criticisms - Critics reject such schemes on what grounds - What would be effected and ineffective

Critics reject such schemes on the grounds that they are utopian and fail as business needs risk-takers and investors as well as workers -> this view indicates that workers would be unable to effectively manage bussinesses and would possibily effect the economic viability of their workplace1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

11. Disagreements among socialists - Equality of welfare Description Endorsed by who because Rejected by who because

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestEquality of welfare accepts that human society is inevitably unequal but also maintains that every individual is entitled to have an equal minimum standard of living guaranteed by state welfare - Endorsed by social democrats and Third Way as it provides vital safety net for most vunerable - Marxists reject because the provision of welfare does not seek to abolish capitalism and its structural inequalitiesMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)

12. Marx and Engels 3 - human nature - Like most socialists they view humans as __ - Humans are ___ who can lead what kind of lives - Such conditions are ____ - Only solution is __

Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Like most socialists they view humans as essentially social beings whose behaviour is influenced more by their surroundings than nature - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential - Only solution is a communist society that removes the exploitation and enables humans to achieve self-fufilment and achieve their passions1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of Socialism

13. Workers' control 1 - What is it? - Refers to what? - Wider sense ___ - Influences __ - Covers schemes which aim to

Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Refers to the complete or partial ownership of an economic enterprise by those working there - Wider sense means workers control of the state - Influences Marxism and syndicalism - Covers a range of schemes aim to place decision-making power in hands of workers in industries1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of Socialism

14. Social democracy 1 - intro and endorsements of capitalism When did it emerge? Why does it attempt to reconcile with capitalism 3 assumptions

Emerged after 1945 as western socialist parties embraced electoral politics and began to seek to reform capitalism rather than abolish it - Attempts to reconcile free-market capitalism with state intervention based on 3 assumptions: 1. Although capitalism produces inequality and poverty it is an efficient creator of wealth 2. State intervention in economic and social affairs can protect the public 3. Peaceful and constitutional methods are better ways of bringing change1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)

15. Common ownership 1 3 drawbacks of private property: ?

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismDrawbacks of private property: 1. As wealth is created by communal effort it should be owned collectively, not by a few 2. Private property encourages materialism and fosters the false belief that wealth brings self-fufilment 3. Private property generates social conflict between upper and lower classesMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)

16. Overview - Society Marxist view Social democratic view Third-way view

Traditionally seen as characterised by class inequalities and division -> Marxists argue capitalist society is dominated with class conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat - Social democrats have a more fluid view accepting class inequalities but maintaining these differences can be reduced through peaceful welfare and redistribution - Also recognise society as being more middle-class due to deindustrialisation - Neo-revisionists reject traditional emphasis on class differences and inequality and instead stress the need for social harmony, consensus and social inclusion1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

17. Social class 1 What does the existance of social class highlight? Socialists have used social class to reach what conclusion and what is it linked to? Socialism's focus is based on what ideological commitment What do the working class represent? What do the different factions aim for?

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)For socialists, existance of social class highlights the divide in society - Socialists have used social class to reach conclusion that people with a similar socio-economic position in society share a similair outlook and have common aims -> linked to endorsement of collectivism - Socialism's focus on social class is based on ideological commitment to change conditions of working class - Working class represents the means for which a socialist transformation of society can come about - Communists aim for a classless society whilst modern socialists tend to aim to reduce class differencesMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

18. Common humanity 1 - What is the view on human nature? what would they rather do? - Humans are naturally inclined to ___ - What does coop create? - Human motivation is based on?

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Belief based on view of human nature -> socialists see humans as social creatures with a tendancy towards co-operation and rationality in that humans prefer to co-operate with eachother rather than compete with eachother - Socialists advocate coop based on this +ve view arguing human are naturally inclined to work together for the common good and such coop efforts are most effective at progressing society - coop creates respect and mutual support between people and acts to channel the capabilities of the whole group over just an individual - Human motivation is not just materialistic and can be driven by attempting to create a society better for not just yourself but the less fortunate too

19. Social democracy - modern day - What was social democracy aiming to balance? - Feasable why? - What changed for social democracy and what options did they have? - What compounded their problems?

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interestIn short, social democracy was a balancing act attempting to deliver both economic efficiency and egalitarianism - In the post-war boom decades this was feasable as growth and living standards were rising fast along with tax revenues to cover welfare expenditure - However by the 1970s / 80s unemployment was quickly rising and tax revenues falling leaving social dems with 2 options -> prioritse economic efficiency and cut taxes ultimately at the expense of welfare or prioritse welfare to protect lower paid? - Other factors also increased difficulties for social democracy in the 80s eg transformation into service economy and contraction of working class

20. Marx and Engels - Social class Name of their work

Marxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)The Communist Manifesto (1848) - For Marx and Engels, social class is central to socialism and underpins three key elements of Marxism: 1. historical materialism - maintains that historical and social development can be explained in terms of economic and class factors -> economic system conditions all other aspects of society 2. dialectic change - the process of development that occurs through the conflict of two oppressing forces, Marx and Engels thought that at each stage of human history there was the struggle between the exploiters and the exploited -> process only ends with the establishment of the communist society 3. class consciousness - class consciousness is need for oppressed to overthrow oppressors, under capitalism the proletariat need to be fully aware of the extent of their exploitment to rally and overthrow bourgeoisieMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of Socialism

21. Socialist criticisms of competition

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismWasteful, promotes division and generates conflict / hostility - Socialists maintain that capitalism sets one person against another causing them to disregard their common humanityMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

22. Anthony Giddens (1938-) - 2 key ideas - What book did he publish and what did he call for - Themes (2) - What did giddens believe as the best driver for growth - How to offset free market negative effects - Argued what about state welfare - What could replace it?

Key ideas: 1. the 3rd way approach to social democracy 2. the rejection of state intervention - Giddens was a British sociologist and was arguably the most important contributor to the 'third way' - Giddens in his work The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy -> he called for a new approach based on neo-liberal free market traditions - 2 key themes: 1. rejection of state intervention and acceptence of free market with an emphasis on equality of opportunity rather than equality 2. the role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - Giddens believed that the market was the best driver of growth but it needed to be fair so everyone had an equal chance in bettering themselves through their ability - Also stressed the importance of community and responsibility in part to offset the negative effects of the free market - Argued that state welfare used by previous social democratic admins created a dependancy culture and the taxation simply discouraged investment and entrepreneurship - Instead the state should priortise social investment eg education to ensure the workforce was educated enoughMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of Socialism

23. Eduard Bernstein - social democracy - Chief concern of social democracy __ - Rests on what critique of capitalism - By late 19th century ___ - What did Bernstein publish - What did he argue as an example - What was his conclusion - What did he advocate

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Chief concern is the fair distribution of wealth -> defining value of social justice - Rests on moral critique -> socialism more moral than capitalism rather than full marxist rejection - By late 19th century some had realised capitalism could be reformed and marxist ideas were backward -> Eduard Bernstein published Evolutionary Socialism 1899 which argued just that - Berstein argued that joint stock companies had widened the ownership of wealth through shareholders -> rather than concenrated with capitalists - Bernstein concluded that capitalism was not brutally exploitative and had potential to be reformed peacefully - He advocated state ownership, legal safeguards and welfare measures to protect workersMain idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

24. C.S Syndicalism in France What was the movement and when? How was the order to be destroyed? what would future society look like?

Militant trade-union movement began in France in 1890s heavily influenced by George Sorel's thinking on direct action and the use of general strike to achieve working class objectives - Once a general strike had destroyed capitalist order, syndicalists envisaged a system where each industry was run by trade unions and the state would be replaced by a federation of trade union bodies providing full control to the workers'Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of SocialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)

25. Beatrice Webb (1858-1943) 1 - Key ideas

1. Rosa Luxemburg - Polish Marxist revolutionary - Believed capitalism would collapse once it ran out of new territories to exploit - A revolution was essential considering the extent to which capitalists were entrenched within their power - Given the capitalist system was still intact, workers would never be able to negotiate higher wages - Social Reform or Revolution 1899 2. Karl Marx - Humans sociable, rational and co-operative who can lead fufilling lives of work and creativity - Such conditions are seen as unable to exist under capitalism and humans cannot realise their true potential -> Only solution is the removal of capitalism - Dialectic change / class consciousness - The Communist Manifesto (1848) 3. Beatrice Webb - Daughter of an industrialist - Claimed the ever-expanding state would eventually lead to a mass wave of socialist policy and a command economy - Inevitability of gradualness 4. Anthony Giddens - Endorsement of the free market as the best driver of growth - Equality of opportunity rather than equality - The role of the state in social investment in infrastructure and education - The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy 5. Anthony Crosland - Capitalism no longer represented a system of explotation as it was when Marx concocted his theory - Leading figure in the creation of the Labour Party - Argued that keynesian economic management and nationalised industries could help ensure greater equality - The Future of Socialism1. The 'inevitability of gradualness' -> establishing socialism peacefully through established democratic process 2. The expansion of the state will deliver socialismMarxism regards state as agent of class oppression -> arguing state is used by bourgeoisie under capitalism to assert their dominance over proletariat -> state will wither away once communism establishes classless society - Social democracy argue that limited state intervention in social and economic affairs can humanise capitalism - Neo-revisionists adopt more skeptical view in that they claim state intervention in economy as inefficient and that they should focus on social investment (education)Main idea underpinning socialism -> also informing equality, welfare and common ownership - Maintains that humans can achieve their social, economic and political objectives more effectively by banding together through collective effort - Also implies that society can be transformed through collective endeavour -> can reach ideal society - Endorse collectivism because: 1. moral perspective -> interests of the group should weigh more than self-interest, collectivism encourages social responsibility 2. in economic terms -> collectivism utilises the capabilities of the whole society which is seen as more efficient - Reflects the socialist view that the collective is more important than individual self-interest

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All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | What Should We Know?
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Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
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