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Vocabulary for comparing & contrasting: - use a good number of comparative adjectives (e.g. more productive, higher, hotter, etc.) - use structures to compare and contrast like: more… than…, far less… than…, as… as…, twice as much… as…, three times more… than…, slightly more … than…, the same… as… - a considerable/significant/notable/slight/marginal difference between… and… - strikingly/broadly/fairly similar to… - A similar trend can be observed in… - The results for…, however, reveal a markedly different trend. - to compare: both, same, also, like, analogous to, similar, similarly, alike, whereas, each, likewise, just as, in the same way, akin to, as well as, on a similar note - comparative phrases: - …and…both have… - Both…and…are… - …and…are the same because… - …also has… - …is like… because… - Similarly, …is… - …is similar to… in many ways because…and… - Whereas…is…, …is…and… - …and…are alike because… - …is just as difficult as…because… - to contrast: different, but, although, different from, however, one difference, on the other hand, in comparison, by contrast, by comparison, instead of, in contrast to, conversely, even though, unlike, on the contrary, yet, despite, differ, variation, otherwise - contrasting phrases - …is…different than…because… - …is…, but…is… - Although…has…, …has… - …is… However, …is… - …is… On the other hand, …is… - Even though…has…, …has… - …and…differ because… - …is unlike…because… - …has…, yet…has… - …is… On the contrary, …is… - Despite having…, …is different because… - One variation between…and… is that …has… Example Reports: (All reports provided here would achieve Band 8&9) 1. The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The first diagram compares changes in the number of British tourists who travelled abroad with that of foreign visitors to the United Kingdom over the last 20 years of the previous century. According to the graph, the former initially stood at more than 12 million and grew six-fold at the end of the survey. In comparison, the latter number was slightly less than that of the British tourists at the beginning of this period and experienced similar yet less intensive trends, reaching approximately half as high by the end of the century. The bar chart reveals the top 5 countries visited by the British in the last year of the above survey. It can be observed that while France and Spain absorbed the largest numbers of British tourists with about 11 and 9 million visits respectively, Turkey was the least popular among the five, visited by only about 30% as many British travellers as France. Overall, tourism from and to the United Kingdom boomed in the 1980s and 90s. Moreover, most of the trips made by the British abroad were to 5 countries only. 2. The charts show the percentage of the food budget the average family spent on restaurant meals in different years. The graph shows the number of meals eaten in fast food restaurants and sit-down restaurants. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Over the past 30 years, the average family has dramatically increased the number of meals that they eat at restaurants. The percentage of the family’s food budget spent on restaurant meals steadily climbed. Just 10 per cent of the food budget was spent on restaurant meals in 1970, and 15 per cent in 1980. That percentage more than doubled in 1990, to 35 %, and rose again in 2000 to 50%. Where families eat their restaurant meals also changed during that 30-year period. In 1970, families ate the same number of meals at fast food and sit-down restaurants. In 1980, families ate slightly more frequently at sit-down restaurants. However, since 1990, fast food restaurants serve more meals to the families than the sit-down restaurants do. Most of the restaurant meals from 2000 were eaten at fast food restaurants. If this pattern continues, eventually the number of meals that families eat at fast food restaurants could double the number of meals they eat at sit-down restaurants. 3. The table below shows CO2 emissions for different forms of transport in the European Union. The pie chart shows the percentage of European Union funds being spent on different forms of transport. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. The chart shows CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre for various methods of transport in the European Union while the pie chart shows European Union spending on transport. Flying by air produces by far the greatest CO2 emissions, approximately three times as much as passenger cars which are the next largest producers. Very little is spent by the EU on air travel while roads make up more than half of the EU transport budget. Trains produce about three times less CO2 emissions per passenger kilometre than passenger cars and eight times less than air travel. Nearly a third of EU transport funds are spent on railways. Ships are a clean form of transport and produce about the same amount of CO2 per passenger kilometre as trains do. However, only 2 per cent of EU funds are spent on ports. A further one per cent is spent on inland waterways. Coaches are the cleanest form of transport. Emissions of CO2 per passenger kilometre from coaches are half those of buses. Buses emit less than half as much CO2 per passenger kilometre as cars. The European Union spends 10 per cent of its transport budget on public transport, such as buses and coaches.
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