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Western Governors University Online College | WGU

Statistics / WGU

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1. Observational studies it is difficult to establish convincing evidence of a causal relationship, because of lack of control over outside variables (called lurking variables).

Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its populationThis type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)

2. Complicated Question

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population

3. For symmetric distributions with no outliers:

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its populationThis type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

4. Bias

This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its populationOther pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.

5. Number of children in a family

x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.QuantitativeThis type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

6. Random Sample

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.Every individual has equal probability of being selected.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)

7. A(n) ________ allows individuals in the sample to answer anonymously, while the researcher still gains information about the population.

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)randomized responseThis type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

8. 5 Number Summary

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)Numerical version of a boxplot. Consists of minimum, Q1, median, Q3, and maximum.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

9. Mode

This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.The number that occurs most oftenOther pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)

10. Explanatory Variable

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.A variable in a study which is being proposed as (part of) the cause, and it is manipulated to observe a response in other variables.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)

11. Positive slope

A positive slope of 1.0 for the regression line means that every change of 1 unit in the explanatory variable leads us to expect a change of 1 unit in the response variable. The slope of this line is negative, since b = -2.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.

12. Hair color

x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)CategoricalOther pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

13. Closed Question

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.This type of question allows for only a few responses. While it allows for easier analysis of the study, it may influence how a person answers a question, introducing bias.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)

14. BOXPLOTS are most useful

when presented side-by-side for comparing and contrasting distributions from two or more groups.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

15. The mean of a set of data is 14, and the standard deviation is 2. Suppose the distribution is normal, what percent of the data is greater than 10?

16. The range covered by the middle 50%

17. Control group

x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)Those individuals on whom no specific treatment was imposed. Used to rule out lurking variables.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.

18. If there are too many nonrespondents, and they are different from respondents in an important way, the sample may have _____.

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)biasThis type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

19. More than two modals

x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.multimodal.

20. Computer skill level (novice, intermediate, expert)

CategoricalOther pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)

21. A sample survey is a type of observational study in

This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)which respondents assess variables' values (often by giving an opinion). - Open questions are less restrictive, but responses are more difficult to summarize. - Closed questions may be biased by the options provided. - Closed questions should permit options such as 'other:______' and/or 'not sure' if those options may apply. - Questions should be worded neutrally. - Earlier questions should not deliberately influence responses to later questions. - Questions shouldn't be confusing or complicated. - Survey method and questions should be carefully designed to elicit honest responses if there are sensitive issues involved.

22. _______ sampling makes the sampling process more manageable by working down from a large population to successively smaller groups within the population, taking advantage of stratifying or clustering along the way, and often finishes up with either a cluster sample or a simple random sample.

Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)multistageThis type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

23. The use of IQR = Q3 - Q1 as a measure of spread is therefore particularly appropriate when the MEDIAN M is used as a measure of center.

x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.Note that when n is odd (as in n = 7 above), the median is not included in either the bottom or top half of the data;This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.

24. The mean of a set of data is 14, and the standard deviation is 2. Suppose the distribution is normal, what percent of the data is between 12 and 16?

68%Other pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)

25. Conditional percentages are calculated for each value of the explanatory variable separately.

x¯(MEAN) is approximately equal to M(MEDIAN)This type of question is worded in such a way that it may confuse or frustrate a participant, introducing bias.They can be row percents, if the explanatory variable 'sits' in the rows, or column percents, if the explanatory variable 'sits' in the columns. - C>AOther pitfalls that may arise are that individuals' behaviors may be affected if they know they are participating in an observational study, and that individuals' memories may be faulty if they are asked to recall information from the past. - - Another reason that observational studies are utilized rather than experiments is that certain explanatory variablessuch as income or alcohol intakeeither cannot or should not be controlled by researchers.

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25 Questions

❤ If you liked Fatskills, consider supporting us by checking out The Life Manuals You Never Got.

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All trademarks, logos and brand names are the property of their respective owners. All company, product and service names used in this website are for identification purposes only. Use of these names, trademarks and brands does not imply endorsement.

About | Explore | User Guide | Topics | Subjects | Doubt Solver | Career Aptitude Test | Answers | Free Tools | OSHA Basics Quiz | What Should We Know?
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Without work one finishes nothing. - Ralph Waldo Emerson
© 2026 Fatskills.com