Key Points - Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

Pollution
It is the unwanted matter and energy in the environment which harms to the man

Types of pollution:

1. Air pollution

2. Water pollution

3. Land pollution

4. Noise pollution

Pollution
Causes
Pollutants
Effects
Solution
Air Pollution
Combustion of
Oxides of
Causes various

Plantation, use coal diesel, sulphur, diseases, of filters in industrial nitrogen, carbon respiratory , industries, use of processes solid monoxide, nervous and nonconventional waste disposal ammonia, lead, circulatory energy sewage disposal aldehydes systems cause resources use of asbestos smog in cities, public transport
&beryllium acid rain, in return cause damage to the buildings
Water
Sewage disposal, Odor, suspended Water borne
Controlled use of
Pollution urban runoff, solids, ammonia, diseases fertilizers, toxic effluents, urea, chloride, diarrhea, pesticides, treat runoff from Ag. grease, intestinal the waste before lands insecticide, worms, release to the heavy metals hepatitis, ¼ streams from diseases are industries caused by water pollution
Land
Improper
Human and
Exhaustion of
Educate the
Pollution human activities animal excreta , land land farmers about disposal of virus and pollution, heavy the importance untreated waste bacteria metals are of land utility garbage, vectors transferred to and therein, radio the Ag. Products consequences of active
Cause water pollution subsistence pollution
Noise
Air crafts,
High level of cause neural and Locate
Pollution automobiles noise heart disease industries away trains, industrial from living areas processing advertising
Sources of Pollution in the Ganga and Yamuna

Rivers
River and State
Ganga- UP, BI, WB
Yamuna – Delhi, UP

Polluted Stretches

1. Downstream of Kanpur

2. Downstream of Varanasi

3. Farrakka barrage

Nature of Pollution

1. Industries in Kanpur

2. Domestic and urban

3. waste Carcasses of man

1. Delhi to
Diverse of water to confluence with  HR,UP
Chambal
Ag. Runoff, industrial

2. Mathura and Agra waste
Pollutants
Kanpur,
Allahabad,
Varanasi, Patna ,
Kolkata
Urban waste from Delhi

Case Study- Dharvi the Asia’s Largest Slum

Features
- There is only one road about 90 feet
- Narrow streets, one toilet for every 1440 people
- Two/three stored buildings with rusty iron gates
- Single room for 12 people
- Tree less sunlight uncollected garbage
- Stagnant pools, fowl water,
- Zari work ,pottery, wood carving , scheduled caste people
- Poor Muslims, treatment of hides and tanning

Urban Waste Disposal
Overcrowding , congestion, inadequate facilities, poor sanitary conditions, significant quantity of solid waste Pieces of metals, polythene bags , broken glass ware plastic containers ashes garbage and CDs make solid waste

Sources of Urban Waste

1. House hold establishments: thrown in public lands, private contractors sites

2. Industrial establishments: thrown in low lying public grounds

Effects of Solid Waste

1. Health hazard due to obnoxious smell, flies and rodents

2. Disease like typhoid, diphtheria diarrhea malaria cholera

3. They are spitted through rain water

4. Industrial waste dumping in the rivers cause water pollution ex. Ganga , Yamuna

Case Study – Daurala

1. Meerut based NGO developed a model for ecological restoration

2. The ground water was contaminated with industrial waste

3. Ngo collected the data about the health conditions of the locality

Steps Taken

1. Overhead tank capacity was increased

2. Ponds were cleaned

3. Silt was removed

4. Rain water harvesting structures were made

5. 1000 trees have been planted

Rural –Urban Migration

Reasons

1. Demand for labour in urban areas

2. Low job opportunities in rural areas

3. Un-development of rural areas

4. People migrate to bigger cities

Problems of Slum Areas

1. Least choice

2. Dilapidated houses

3. Poor hygienic conditions

4. Poor ventilation

5. Lack of drinking water, light, toilet facilities

6. Overcrowded , narrow streets, low paid workers

7. Prone to diseases, alcoholism, vandalism, apathy, social exclusion

Land Degradation
Causes

1. Pressure on agriculture

2. Increase in population density

3. Faulty methods of agriculture

4. Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides

5. Indiscriminate cutting of trees

6. Heavy rains

7. Floods

Classification of Waste Land by NRSA using remote sensing

Techniques

1. Caused by Natural Agents
Gullies, ravenous land, deserted , coastal sands, barren rocky areas, steep sloping land, glacial areas

2. Caused by Natural as well as Human Factors
Waterlogged and marshy areas, land affected by salinity and alkalinity, land with or without scrub

3. Caused by Human Actions
Degraded shifting cultivated areas, degraded land under plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures, mining and industrial waste lands
Case Study- Ecological Balance

Reasons

1. Westernmost climatic zone in MP.

2. One of the five backward districts of the country

3. High concentration of Bhills

4. suffer from poverty

5. Most degraded land

Objectives

1. Start watershed development programme

2. Link of water, land, vegetation

3. Natural resource management

4. Increase common property resources

5. Each family should plant one tree at least

6. Planted fodder grass

7. Social fencing

8. Stop open grazing land

9. Stopping the common property resources by govt.

Classification of Wasteland by Process

1. Barren and uncultivated wasteland 2.18%

2. Natural degraded common waste land 2.4%

3. Natural man made common waste land 7.51%

4. Man made degraded common waste land 5.88%

5. Total degraded land 15.8%