Key Points - India: Mineral and Energy Resources

A mineral is a natural substance of organic /inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.

Types of minerals

Metallic minerals
A. Ferrous: iron manganese
B. Non-ferrous; copper bauxite
Nonmetallic mineral
A. Fuel mineral: coal, petroleum,
B. Other non-metallic: lime stone

Agencies involved in the exploration of minerals

1. Geological survey of India

2. Oil and natural gas commission

3. Mineral exploration corporation ltd

4. National mineral development corporation

5. Indian bureau of mines

6. Bharat gold mines

7. Hindustan copper ltd

8. National aluminum ltd

9. Dept. Of mining and geology

Distribution of minerals

1. Metallic minerals occur in peninsular region

2. Coal reserves are found in valleys of Mahanadi, Godavari, Sone, Damodar

3. Petroleum occur in sedimentary deposits of Assam and Gujarat

4. New reserves are discovered in Krishna Godavari Cauvery basins

5. Most of the minerals occur in east of line linking Mangalore a Kanpur

6. There are located in three broad belts

North eastern plateau region

1.cover WB, ORI, CHH

2. Minerals are iron coal manganese, bauxite, mica

South western plateau region

1. Covers KK, Goa, KER and TN

2. Minerals are ferrous metals, lime stone, bauxite iron ore, manganese coal deposits monazite in Kerala iron ore in Goa

North Western Region

1. Covers RAJ, GUJ

2. Minerals are copper zinc, sandstone granite marble, gypsum fullers earth dolomite and lime stone. Petroleum in GUJ.

Himalayan belt
Minerals are copper lead, zinc, cobalt tungsten
Ferrous minerals: Iron Manganese, Chromite

1. Iron ore: largest iron ore in Asia, Haematite and Magnetite are the two types of iron ores, it has great demand in the international market

2. The total reserve is about 20 bi. Tones

9.5 is located in ORI JHAR, CHH KA, AP TN

Orissa: Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj Jhar mining centers; Gurumahishani, Sulaipet
Badampahar Kiruburu Bonai
Jharkhand; Noamundi and Gua Located Inwest and East Singhbhum
Chh; Durg Danteware Bailadila Dalli Rajhara
Kk: Sundur, Hospet, Bababudn hills, Tumkur Chitradurg
Ms. Chandrapur, Bhandara Ratnagiri
Ap: Kurnool, Karinagar Cudapah Anantapur
Manganese: Used in steel making, Orissa is the leading producer, Bonai, Kendujhar,
Suddergarh, Gangpur, Koraput Kalahandi Bolangir are important producers
KAR: Darwar, Bellary Belgaum N. Canara Chikmagalur
MS: Nagpur, Bahandara Ratnagiri
Non Ferrous Minerals
Bauxite: It is the ore of aluminum
Aluminum is used to make construction, aircraft, utensils, electrical items
Orissa: Kalahindi, Sampalpur are leading producers
Lohardhaga in Jharkhand,
Kolaba Thane Ratnagiri of MS
Bhavnagar, Jamnagar of Guj.
Copper: Used in electrical industry
Distribution: Singhbhum in Jharkhand, Balaghat of MP, Jhunjhunu Alwar of raj.
Minor producers are Hassan of Karnataka, Agnigundale of AP
Non-metallic minerals
Mica: used in electrical industry and furnace. Found in Hazaribagh of Bihar Nellore of ap.
Jaipur Bhilwara of RAJ
Energy resources
Coal, petroleum natural gas, nuclear minerals

Coal: there are three types of coal

1. Anthracite: found in Himalayan region

2. Bituminus: located in Gondwana field DVC, Godavari Valley Sone Valley Jharia, Raniganj,
Mahanadi Valley Chanda Wardha Valley

3. Nyvely lignites: found in TN

4. Tertiary coal is found in Assam. ARP, MEG. NAG. J&K

Petroleum: Used to make energy resource, petrochemical industries fertilizer, synthetic rubber, wax lubricants, soap cosmetics
It is also called as liquid gold
It is found in Digboi, Naharkatia Moran in Assam, Ankaleshwar, Kalol Mehasena Nawagam In
Gujarat. Mumbai High
Krishna Godavari Basin
Oil refineries
There are two types of oil refineries (i) field based (ii) market based
There are 18 oil refineries
Natural gas: Found in Guj, Raj, Tri. Krishna Godavari and Cauvery Basin
Nuclear energy resources
Uranium and thorium re important minerals
Uranium is found in Dharwad rocks
Found in Singhbhum in Bihar, Udipur Alwar, Jhunujhun of Raj. Durg of Chh. Bhandara of Ms
Monazite sands of Kerala
Atomic energy commission was established in 1948
Nuclear power stations
Tarapur of MS, Rawatbhata of RAJ, Kalpakkam of TN, Narora of UP Kaiga of KK Kakarapara of
GUJ
Non-conventional resources

Advantages of non-conventional resources

1. no pollution

2. abundant

3. cheapest

4. easy to tap

5. eternal

Solar energy

Advantages

1. Abundant

2. Huge potential used for two purposes

3. Photovoltaic’s, solar thermal technology

4. Cist competitive,

5. Environmental friendly

6. Easy to construct

7. 7% more efficient than coal

8. 10% more efficient than coal

9. More applications heater, crop dryer’s cooker

1.. Western part has more potential

Wind energy

1. Pollution free

2. Inexhaustible

3. Simple machinery

4. Wind rotate turbines to produce electricity

5. Permanent wind systems are used to rotate turbines

6. India planned to establish 250 wind driven turbines with 45 mw potential

7. There are 12 suitable locations

8. India is able to produce 3000 mw, it can produce 50000 mw

9. Lamba and Kutch in GUJ are suitable places

Tidal wave energy: Energy produced with the help of tides and waves of sea west coast is more suitable

Geothermal energy

1. Hot water is used to rotate turbines

2. Ground water is heated and gushed out and can be used for generating electricity

3. Hot springs and geysers are used to generate electricity

Bio energy:

1. Energy generated from agricultural, animal waste, urban waste, it can be converted in to electrical energy

2. Develop rural areas

3. Clean the environment

4. Cheap and easily available in rural areas

Conservation of mineral resources

1. Use non-conventional resources

2. Recycling of metals

3. Reuse of energy resources

4. Use alternative resources

5. Use scrap metals

6. Export of strategic mineral to be reduced