Key Points - Human Settlements

Classification of settlements:

1. Rural settlements

2. Urban settlements

Patterns of settlements

1. Compact or nucleated settlements

2. Dispersed settlements

Rural Settlements

Factors Influencing Rural Settlements

1. Water supply

2. Land

3. Upland,

4. Building material

5. Defense

Planned Settlements

1. Constructed by government

2. Provide shelter, water and drainage facilities

3. Provide infrastructure facilities

4. Ex. villagisation in Ethiopia, Rajasthan canal in India

Rural Settlement Pattern
I. Based on setting

1. Plain village,

2. Plateau villages

3. Coastal villages

4. Forest villages

5. Desert villages

II. Based on Function

1. Farming

2. Fisherman villages

3. Lumber jack villages

4. Pastoral villages

III. Based on Shape

1. Linear

2. Rectangular

3. Circular

4. Star shaped

5. T-shaped

6. Double village

7. Cross shaped village

Problems of Rural Settlements

1. Lack of infrastructure

2. Supply of water

3. Road facility

4. Waterborne diseases

5. Drought and flood

6. Absence of toilet and garbage disposal

7. Lack of ventilation

8. Lack of health facilities and education

Urban Settlements:
- The first city reached one million was London by 1810.
- By 1982 there were 175 countries reached one million populations.
- 48 % of population lives in Urban settlements.

Classification of Urban Settlements
Population Size
Criteria for urban centers in various countries

1.00 in Columbia

2.00 in Argentina and Portugal

2.00 in USA and Thailand

5.00 in India

3.,000 in Japan
Density is more than 400 persons /sq km
More than 75% of people work in other than primary occupation

2.0 persons /sq km in Sweden and Denmark Finland

3.0 in Iceland 1000 in Canada and Venezuela

Administration: Municipality, cantonment board, notified area council in India is considered as urban centerLatin America all administrative centers are urban centers

Location

1. Military center,

2. Seaport

3. Strategic towns,

4. Mining towns,

5. Tourist towns

6. Recreational town,

7. Educational towns

8. Industrial towns

9. Administrative town

1.. Commercial towns

Classification of Towns on the basis of forms

1. Linear

2. Square

3. Square

4. Crescent

5. Planned cities
Ex. Addis Ababa(The New Flower)Canberra Basedon Size
Town: enlarged villages manufacturing, retail, wholesale, professional services
City: it is a leading town, greater number of functions, transport terminals, major financial institutions, regional administrative offices
Conurbation: coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915. Merging number of towns / cities ex. London, Manchester, Chicago, Tokyo

Megolopolis:
Used PY Jean Guttmann: super metropolitanregion it is a union of conurbation sex Boston to Washington
Million city: London is the first town to reach one million in 1800followed by Paris in 1850, New York 1860, 1950there were 80 cities438 in 2005
Distribution of Megacities
Pop. More than 10 million, New Yorkis the first to attain this status in 1950 with pop 12.5 million
There are 25 megacities at present.

Problems of human settlements in developing countries:

1. Unsustainable concentration of population

2. Congested housing and streets

3. Lack of drinking water

4. Lack of electricity, sewage disposal health and education facilities

5. Lack of transport facilities

6. Health and education facilities

7. Water and air pollution

Problems of urban settlements
I. Economic problems

1. Decreasing employment

2. Pool of semiskilled labour

3. Saturated employment opportunities

II. Socio cultural problems

1. Lack of health and educational facilities,

2. Transport facilities

3. Unbalanced sex ratio,

4. Social ills,

5. Insufficient financial Resources,

6. Lack of basic needs

III. Environmental problems
1. Lack of urban waste disposal,

2. Lack of potable water,

3. Improper sewerage facilities

4. Create heat islands,

5. Air pollution, water pollution, Noise pollution