English Grammar Study Guide

Name the 4 sentence Structures
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-Complex

Name the 4 purposes of a sentence
Declarative (.)
Exclamatory (!)
Interrogative (?)
Imperative (. !)

List the 7 Sentence patterns
S-Vi
S-Vt-DO
S-Vl-PN
S-Vl-PA
S-Vt-IO-DO
S-Vt-DO-OCN
S-Vt-DO-OCA

What are the 8 Parts of Speech?
Noun (N)
Pronoun (P)
Verb (V)
Adverb (AV)
Conjunction (C)
Interjection (I)
Preposition (Pr)
Adjective (AJ)

Name the 5 Parts of a sentence
Subject (S)
Verb (V)
Capital Letter
End Mark
Complete Sense

Name the 4 Verb types
Intransitive
Transitive
Linking
Helping

Intransitive Verb
An intransitive verb does not transfer the action from the subject to an object.

Transitive Verb
A transitive verb transfers the action from the subject to an object.

Linking Verb
A linking verb makes an assertion by joining two words.

Helping Verb
A helping verb helps another verb assert action, being, or existence.

Name 4 verb attributes
Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
Number (Singular, Plural)
Voice (Active, Passive)
Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive)

List 4 Verb Tense Forms
Simple
Perfect
Progressive
Perfect Progressive

List 3 Verb Tense Times
Present
Past
Future

What is a verb?
A verb is a word that asserts an action, shows a state of being, links two words together, or helps another verb.

5 Principal Parts of Verbs (and examples)
Infinitive ("to"+verb as in to play)
Present (present form as in play(s))
Past (verb+"-ed" as in played)
Present Participle (verb+"-ing" as in playing)
Past Participle (verb+"-ed" or "-en" or "-t" as in played)

Conjugate "to be"
to be
am, are, is
was, were
being
been

Conjugate "to do"
to do
do, does
did
doing
done

Conjugate "to lay"
to lay
lay(s)
laid
laying
lain

Conjugate "to sit"
to sit
sit(s)
sat
sitting
sat

Conjugate "to shake"
to shake
shake(s)
shook
shaking
shaken

Conjugate "to play"
to play
play(s)
played
playing
played

Noun
Names a person, place, thing, activity, or idea.

5 noun usages (SPIDO)
Subject Noun (SN)
Possessive Noun Adjective (PNA)
Indirect Object (IO)
Direct Object (DO)
Object of the Preposition (OP)

4 noun usages (PONA)
Predicate Nominative (PN)
Object Complement Noun (OCN)
Noun of Direct Address (NDA)
Appositive (AP)

Noun Attributes
Common or Proper
Singular or Plural
Concrete or Abstract
Collective
Compound

Common Noun
Non-specific (ex. dog, girl, state)

Proper Noun
Specific, requires a capital letter (ex. Rover, Sara, Texas)

Singular Noun
Names ONE person, place, thing, or idea (ex. dog, girl)

Plural Noun
Names MORE THAN ONE person, place, thing, or idea (ex. dogs, girls)

Concrete Noun
A thing that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted using the five senses. (ex. bark, sweet, soft)

Abstract Noun
A concept, quality, or condition that cannot be experienced with the five senses. (ex. loyalty, faith, love)

Collective Noun
A group composed of members (ex. pack (of dogs), herd (of sheep), bunch (of flowers))

Compound Noun
Two words joined together. (ex. doghouse, bookcase)

Subject (S)
Tells whom or what the sentence is about.

Verb-intransitive (Vi)
Does not transfer action from the subject to the object.

Verb-transitive (Vt)
Transfers the action from the subject to the direct object.

Direct Object (DO)
Noun or pronoun that receives the action from the verb.

Verb-linking (Vl)
Makes an assertion by joining two words. Renames the subject with a predicate nominative/noun PN or describes the subject with a predicate adjective (PA).

Predicate Nominative (PN)
A noun or pronoun and follows linking verb and renames subject.

Predicate Adjective (PA)
An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.

Indirect Object (IO)
The object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb

Object Compliment Noun (OCN)
A noun/pronoun which follows a direct object and renames it or tells what the direct object has become.

Object Compliment Adjective (OCA)
An adjective which follows a direct object and renames it or tells what the direct object has become.

Noun (N)
Names a person, place, thing, activity or idea.

Pronoun (P)
A word used to replace a noun or noun phrase in order to avoid repetition.

Verb (V)
Asserts an action, shows a state of being, links two words together, or help another verb.

Adverb (AV)
Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb and tells how, when, where, why, how often, how much, to what extent, or under what condition.

Conjunction (C)
Word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses together.

Interjection (I)
Word or phrase used as a strong expression of feeling or emotion.

Preposition (Pr)
Relates a noun or pronoun to another word.

Prepositional Phrase
Consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers that may exist between them and functions as an adverb or an adjective in a sentence.

Adjective (Aj)
Modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, qualifying, or limiting.

Verb-helping (Vh)
Helps another verb give assert action, being or existence.

Verbal
A word formed from a verb, but does not do the work of a verb in a sentence.

Infinitive Verbal
A verbal consisting of the word "to" plus a verb form AND functions as a noun, adjective or adverb.

Participle Verbal
A verbal verb form that is used ONLY as an adjective.

Gerund Verbal
A verbal verb form ending in "-ing" that is used as a noun

Simple Sentence
Contains only one independent clause. It expresses one main idea.

Predicate
Part of sentence which says something about the subject.

Independent Clause
A group of words (with a subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought.

Complete Sentence
Has a subject and a predicate, sometimes single words or phrases.

Declarative Sentence
Makes a statement and ends with a period

Exclamatory Sentence
Expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point.

Interrogative Sentence
Asks a question and ends with a question mark.

Imperative Sentence
Expresses a command and ends with a period or an exclamation point.

Purpose of a Sentence
The intent or function of a sentence

Structure of a Sentence
How a sentence is built.

Compound Sentence
2 or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Complex Sentence
1 independent clause and 1 or more subordinate clause.

Compound-Complex Sentence
2 or more independent clauses, joined by a coordinating conjunction, and 1 or more subordinate clause.

What is a conjunction?
A word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses together.

Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS)

Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions
When, While, Where
As, Since, If, Although
Whereas, Unless, Because (www.asia.wub)

More examples: after, as if, as though, as long as, as soon as, how, lest, than, that, in order that, so that, why, though, until, whenever, wherever

Examples of Correlative Conjunctions
either/or
neither/nor
both/and
whether/or
not only/but also
not/but

Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs
accordingly, although, besides, consequently, furthermore, hence, however, indeed, moreover, meanwhile, nevertheless, similarly, still, therefore, thus

Examples of Relative Pronouns
that, who, whose, whom, which

Coordinating Conjunctions
Connect grammatically equal words or groups of words such as compound subjects/verbs/sentences.

Subordinating Conjunctions
Introduce adverbial subordinate clauses and relate them to the word they modify. They are used in complex sentences.

Correlative Conjunctions
Always come in pairs and connect words of equal importance.

Relative Pronouns
Introduce adjectival subordinate clauses and relate them to the word they modify. They are used in complex sentences.

Adverb (AV)
Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

Adverbs answer these questions...
How? When? Where? Why?
How often? How much?
To what extent?
Under what condition?

Types of One-Word Adverbs
Simple: one-word adverb, no suffix
Flexional: adjective + -ly
Affirmative: yes, certainly
Negative: no, not, never

Degrees of Adverbs
Positive: swiftly
Comparative: more swiftly
Superlative: most swiftly

Types of Multi-Word Adverbs
Phrase: The boy ran in the field. Where? In the field.
Clause: The boy ran when his friend called him. When? When his friend called him.

What is an Adjective (AJ)?
An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by describing, qualifying, or limiting. (AJ)

Adjectives answer the questions:
What kind?
How many?
Which?
Whose?

What are the types of one-word adjectives
descriptive
possessive
limiting

What do descriptive adjectives do?
tell what kind?

What do possessive adjectives do?
tell whose?

What do limiting adjectives do?
tell how many? or which?

What are the types of multi-word adjectives?
phrase - 'in the field'
clause - 'who played baseball'

What are the degrees of descriptive adjectives?
positive
comparative
superlative

What are the types of possessive adjectives?
possessive noun adjectives
possessive proper noun adjectives
possessive pronoun adjectives

What are the types of limiting adjectives?
article adjectives
number
demonstrative
indefinite
interrogative

What is a Pronoun?
A pronoun replaces a noun in order to avoid repetition.

What is the pronoun order?
1st person singular
2nd person singular
3rd person singular
1st person plural
2nd person plural
3rd person plural

List the Plural Pronoun "persons"
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person

What are the Subject (Nominative) Pronouns?
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

What are the Objective Pronouns?
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

What are the Possessive Pronouns?
mine
yours
his
hers
ours
yours
theirs

Possessive Pronoun Adjectives
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their

What are the Reflexive Pronouns?
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

What are the Demonstrative Pronouns?
this, that, these, those

What are the Interrogative Pronouns?
who, whom, whose, which, what

What are the Indefinite Pronouns?
all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, neither, nobody, none, one, other, several, some, somebody, someone, such

What are the Relative Pronouns?
who, whom, whose, whoever, whomever, that, which, what, whatever

What is the Pronoun test
Subjective (Nominative) Pronouns: _______will go.
Objective Pronouns: Tom saw _______.
Possessive Pronouns: The car is _______. He drove _______.
Possessive Pronoun Adjectives: That is _______ car.
Reflexive Pronouns: (Subject) saw _______.

What are the Personal Pronouns usages
Subjective (Nominative) Pronouns
Objective Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Pronoun Adjectives
Reflexive Pronouns

What are Subjective (Nominative) Pronouns are used for?
Subject
Predicate Nominative

What are Objective Pronouns used for?
Direct Objects
Object of Preposition
Indirect Objects

What are Possessive Pronouns used for?
Independent:
Subject
Predicate Adjective
Direct Object
Object of Preposition

What are Possessive Pronoun Adjectives used for?
Modifiers:
Show possession and function as Adjectives

What are Reflexive Pronouns used for?
Indirect Object
Direct Object
Object of Preposition
Predicate Nominative

What are the Other Pronoun types?
Demonstrative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Relative Pronouns