Key Points - From the Beginning of Time

Evolution of the Early Humans
Phases of Evolution
Places of Evolution
Food
(i) Social Aspects
Economic Aspects
Shelter
Paintings
(ii)
Phases of Stone Age
Cultural Aspects
Farming Domestication Of animals

Stone
Tools
Trade
Sources
Fossiles
Stone Tools
Bones
Present Day Hunter
Gatherers
Both - men & women in present society

Phases of Evolution
Ape
– Australopithecus
– Homo - erectus
– Homo - Sapiens
–Primates – Sub group of a larger group of mammals – include – monkeys and humans [240 Million yrs. ago]
Huminids are further subdivided into branches, known as 'genus' of which Australopithecus and ' Homo' are important. [56 Million yrs. ago]
'Up - right man'- Upright walking was also restricted, over time, as tool making and long distance walking increased, many human characteristics also developed, [ 56m yrs. ago]
Literally – ' Thinking man' or 'Wise - man'
The remains of early humans have been classified into different species.
These are often distinguished from one another on the basis of differences in bone structure. For instance species of early humans are differentiated in terms of their skull size and distinctive jaws.
Tool – Making – Example – 

Comparison :

Modern Human :
The scholars who feel that ethnographic data can not be used for under standing past societies.
They have not applied directly the specific data from present day hunter - gather societies to interpret the archaeological remains of the post.

They have the ideas :
Present day hunter - gatherer societies pursues several other economic activities along with hunting and gathering.
These include engaging in exchange and trade in minor forest produce or working as paid labourers in the fields of neighbouring farmers .
More over, these societies are totally - marginalised to all senses geographically, politically and socially.
The conditions in which they live are very different from those of early humans.
There are tremendous variation amongst living hunter - gatherer societies.
There are conflicting data on many issues such as the 'relative, importance of hunting and gathering, group sizes or the movement from place to place.
Both women and men are contributing to the food supply.

The Hunter Human
Some archaeologists suggest that -
Hominids Sites -] dated to 2 mya
They directly applied specific data from Present day Societies to interpret the archaeological remains of the past

Places of Evolution
Europe
Regional Continuity Model
Replacement Model
Asia
Africa
Social Factors

Food Example - Hunting began in about 500,000 yrs. ago
'The Hadya' 
Shelter Date between 700,000
Tools acumulated in one place

Example 
Tree shape figure Pg. -19

Economic Factors
Hunding Gathering
Foraging
Domestication
Ofanimals
Agriculture and
Pastoralism
- began around 10,000 years ago
- Started - between - 10,000 and 4,500 years ago
Cultural Factors
Art Cave

Painting
PHASES OF STONE AGE
Stone
Tools
Communication
Skill & Language
Palaeolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic

Neolithic Revolution
- developed between - 30, 000 and 12,000 years ago

Sources
- and 500,000 yrs. ago
Stone
Tools
Bones
Posiitve
Feedback Mechanism
Fossils
Present - Hunters and Gatherers

Two - points of view
Directly applied
Specific data from
Present day hunter - gatherer
Societies to interpret the archaeological remains of the past.
Past societies are totally different from the present society

Key Words : Fossils, Species, Primates, Hominoids Artefacts, Anthropology, Ethnograph
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Model Questions

10 Marks Questions :

1. How do the anthropologists feel that the information about living hunters and gatherers can be used to under stand past society ? Discuss.

2. By givin g the appropriate example explain the similarities and dis-similarities between the Early human and Modern human.

Passage - based questions :

1. Cave - Paintings at Altamira ( Page - 22 - reference to the Text - book)

2. The Hodza (Reference to the page -24 - from Text book)

1. a) Where is Altamira ? What is its importance ?
b)Who discovered the cave Paintings of Altamira
c) Why did the European archaeologists dismiss his tidings for two decades ?

2. a) What do you mean by archaeology ? Who were Hadzas ? Where do they live in ?
b) Why do they depend on the wild foods ? How is their livelihood differ from the dry season ?
c) What are t he camps ? Where are the camps invariably sited ?

Map Qs. (5 marks)

1. On the given outline map of Africa, Locate and name the following places : a)Sudan  b) Somalia c) Morocco d) Ethopia  e) Lake Victoria

2. On the given outline map of Europe, Locate and name the following places : a) Boxgrove  b) Terra Amata c) Lazaret Cave d) Dolni Vestonice e) Sczoningen

Time Line : reference to the Text Book

2 Mark Questions :

1. Explain the meaning of the fossil and give the proper example.

2. Name the various places from where the fossils of species can be dated directly or indirectly.

3. Differentiate the term hominid and homenoid

4. Define ' Aust alopithecus' and 'Homoerectus'

5. Differentiate 'Homo heidelbergensis from Homo - neanderthalensis.

5 Marks questions :

1. Discuss the ways of obtaining food of early - human.

2. How did the tools accumulate in one place ? Explain.

3. When and how did spoken language develop ?

4. Discuss the development of the skull size and distinctive jaws where associated with the tool - making of early human.

5. 'The development of spoken language has been seen as closely connected with art, Since both are media for communication' Evaluate.