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I. Rise of Islam Three Phases Faith Community - The Arabs divided into qabilas - Polytheistic Arabs - Before Prophet Muhammad - Before - 612 AD - After Muhammad a community was founded-namedumma-bound by a religious belief
612 AD
II. Polity - After Muhammad's death in 632 AD - Political authority was transferred to t h e U m mCaliphate became the deputy of prophet Camparision Modern Islam Early Islam - By 21st century there are over 1 billion Muslims living in all parts of the world - They are the citizens of different nations with different languages and dresses.
III. - United in its observance of the sharia in ritual and personal matters - It was defining its religious identity. Social Factor Before Prophet Muhammad (Before 612 AD) After Prophet Muhammad (After 612 AD) Jahilia age of the tribes Life of Prophet Hizrat Muhammad
Religious Factors
IV. Crusades-Three Phases 1st : 1098-99 AD 2nd : 1145-49 AD 3rd : In 1189 AD
Political Factors V. The Caliphates - After death of Muhammad in 632 AD. - The biggest innovation creation of the institution of caliphate The Abbasid Revolution
The Umayyads and Polity - First caliph Muawiyas - Retained power for 90 years - Movement Dawa Break-up of the Caliphate and the Rise of Sultanate - In 810 - a civil war broke out-between Amin and Mamun - From 11th to 12th Century a series of conflict between Christians and Arab states took place.
Leader of the Arab world
Economic Factors VI. Agriculture - Wa s t h e p r i n c i p a l occupation. - of the settled populations in the newly conquered territories - Easy to levy the tax - We n t w i t h p o l i t i c a l stability Urbanization - Islamic civilisation flourished in a number of cities. - Garrison - cities-misr - Urban network developed - Cotton, Sugar Manufacturers developed - Linking one town to the other formed a circuit Commerce - Political unification and urban demand for foodstuff
Luxuries - enlarged the circuit of exchange. - 10th century Red sea route gained greater importance.
VII. Religious Factor Islamic lands brought three aspects of human civilisation Religion - appeared in 7th century - Islam
VIII. Community - Seen one separate circle
Politics - Influence of Islam over state and government - Involved in many things - without sanction e.g. - King ship civil war
Sources Chronicles - Historical The Holy Quran (as a source of early Islam) Khabar Paper - Commercial Geniyz records
IX The Legend of Learning and Culture Adab Bayt-al-Hikma Mutazila Sufis Sharia Quran
I II The Catalogue - Kitab-al-Fihrist Book of moral-lessons and amusement III Arab - expanded - Akhlaq and Tarikh developed in 9th century IV In 10th Century 'Rihla' developed V Desert - Palaces developed VI Art Forms - Calligraphy(beautiful hand writing) Arabesque (building design developed)
VII Three aspects of human civilisation develop Religion Community Politics
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2 Marks Questions :1. Who were the Bedouins ? Mention their two-characteristic features.2. Muhammad declared himself to be the messenger why ?3. Why was the civil war broke out after Muhammad's death ?4. What did the Umayyads do to consolidate their leadership within the Umma ?5. Mention two reasons responsible for the Abbasid's Revolutions.
5 Marks Questions:1. Mention the reason behind the break-up of the Caliphate and the rise of sultanate.2. Discuss the messages and doctrines of prophet Muhammad.3. What were the reasons behind the Abbasids' Revolution ?4. Discuss the major causes responsible for the crusade.5. Mention five major contributions of the Arabs to the world.
10 Marks Questions :1. What was the conflict named crecsade ? Explain the reasons, events and consequences of the series of the crusade.2. 'The Muslims deepened through contact with other people as the religious and social experiences' Examine. Passage - based Questions1.2.1. a) b) c) d)2. a) b) c) d) The Quran - Refer the book Text - page - 96 Islamic Calnder Refer the Text - book - Page - 80 What do you Understand by Quran ? According to Muslim tradition, what do you mean by messages ? What kind of problem was posed in the history of early Islam ? What do the theologians generally believe ? Islamic Calender Mention the importance of 622AD in Islamic calendar. What is the total number of days in Hijari year ? Why do Islamic religious festivals not correspond in any way to the seasons ? What is the meaning of Haj ?
Map Work 5 Marks Questions :1. On the given outline map of world, locate the following places : a) Palestine b) Mecca c) Medina d) Syria e) Constantinople 302. a) c) e)1. On the given outline map of world. Locate the following places : Arab sea b) Caspian sea Black sea d) Transoxiana Bukhara and Samarkand. Questions with Model Answer Who were the Bedouins ? Mention their two features. Ans. Before the Prophet Muhammad the Arabs were divided into tribes (Qabila) A Chief was chosen on the basis of family as well as his own courage wisdom and generosity. Many tribes were Nomadic or bedouins, moving from dry to green (oases) of the desert in search of food. Some Settled in the cities and practised trade or agriculture. 5 Marks Questions : Mention the principles and messages of Prophet - Muhammad. Ans. Prophet Muhammad declared : Himself to be the messenger (rasul) of God - who had been commanded to preach that Allah alone Should be worshiped. The worship involved simple rituals, Such as a) Salat - daily prayer b) Alms - distribution among the helpless. Muhammad was to found a community of believers - Umma - bound by a common set of religious beliefs. The community would bear witness (shahada) to the existence of the religion before God as well as before members of other religious communities. Muhammad's message particularly appealed to those Macanese who felt deprived of the gains from trade and religion and were looking for the new community identity. Those who accepted the doctrine were called ' Muslims'. - Day of Judgement - Journey from Mecca to Medina - Beginning of the Muslim calender ( 5 relevant points must - P -10)
10 Marks Questions : 1. 'The Muslims deepened social and religious contact with other people as the religious and social experiences ' Examine. Ans. The Muslim community was obliged to reflect on its and confront issues pertaining to God and the world. The ideal conduct of a Muslim became a legend of learning and culture. They were the following : Quran Sharia Sufis Mutayila Bayt-al-Hikma Adab New Persian group The catalogue Akhlaq and Tarikh (th Century) Rihla - 10th Century Desert palaces developed Art forms as - Calligraphy, and Arabesque Religion - community - Polity developed (10 relevant points) Map - work done all to gather. Islamic - World Aral Sea Caspian Sea Black Sea Transoxian Bukhara and Samarkand
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