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GRE Psychology: Learning
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GRE Psychology: Learning
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25 Questions

1. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience

2. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.

3. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state

4. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+

5. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning

6. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)

7. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)

8. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour

9. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi

10. Learning curve

11. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed

12. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)

13. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues

14. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)

15. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing

16. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus

17. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted

18. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented

19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory

20. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform

21. School of behaviourism

22. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)

23. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)

24. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction

25. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)

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