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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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GRE Psychology: Physiological/behavioral Neuroscience 2
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1. The study of animal behaviors - especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat

2. Structural differences between sexes - arisen through both natural and sexual selections

3. Chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ - acts as messengers between animals - primitive form of communication - can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness

4. Form of natural selection - not the fittest that win but those with greatest chance of being chosen as a mate (best fighters - most attractive - etc)

5. Atmospheric pressure - infrasound - magnetic sense - sun compass - star compass - polarized light

6. Made up of external characteristics (eye color - size - etc)

7. Closely related to ethology - different species are compared in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Draw from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning

8. Scouting bees look for food and nesting sites; can use landmarks as simple location cues - also sun - polarized light - and magnetic fields as aids

9. Only the fit survive - at the heart of evolution- it explains the evolution or genetic development of various species over time and explains the concept of genetic drift - favors inclusive fitness over individual fitness

10. Tinbergen - artificial stimuli that exaggerate naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser - more effective than natural

11. Von Frisch - once a scouting bee locates a promising food source - returns to hive and conveys the location through movements; round or waggle dance - the longer the dance the farther the food - the more vigorous display the better food; performed on

12. Experiments that attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment - sibling mice separated at birth and placed with different parents or situations; later differences in aggression attributed to experience rather than genetics

13. Pigeons and bees can compensate for daily solar movements for navigational cue

14. Tinbergen - males develop red coloration on belly - which is the releasing stimulus for attacks; males attacked red-bellied crude models rather than the detailed but non-red models

15. Internal rhythms that keep animal in sync with environment; circadian - circannual - lunar - tidal rhythms

16. Pigeons and bees have magnetic sensitivity - allows them to use earth`s magnetic forces as navigational cue

17. The pair up of possible dominant and recessive gene variations for each characteristic

18. Aka releasers or sign stimuli - Lorenz - continued by Tinbergen - elicits fixed action patterns from another individual in the same species

19. Harlow - monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences - eventually learned after only one trial

20. Ability to reproduce and pass on genes

21. Instrumental learning in animals -- led to law of effect that successful behaviours are likelier to be repeated; cats in puzzle boxes: eventually accidentally press escape door lever and be free - later the cat activates lever right away

22. Learning happens through trial - error and accidental success - animals then act based on previous successes

23. Breeding within same family - evolutionary controls prevent this (e.g. swan facial markings of same family)

24. Worked with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving - chimps could perceive the whole situation to create new solutions rather than by trial and error; chimps had to use tools or create props to retrieve rewards

25. Reproductive isolating mechanism - potentially compatible species mate during different seasons

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