1. Ideal HDL level?

2. One of these factors leads to turbulent blood flow which causes damage to the heart valves. The damage exposes the endothelial basement membrane which attracts platelets which form a thrombus and triggers the inflammatory process. A bacteria or other organism (which enters the blood stream from trauma, IVs, surgery, other infections, GI translocation) adheres to the endothelium and infiltrates the thrombus. This action activates the clotting cascade which accelerates fibrin formation to form the vegetation which is associated with _______________. The vegetation may form on any part of the endothelium but usually does so on the heart valves. The vegetation may break off and form an embolus and cause the formation of an abscess and is responsible for the characteristic skin changes.

3. Does digitalis increase or decrease contraction?

4. The right coronary artery branches off into the:

5. High aortic pressures or high systemic vascular resistance (such as that which is seen in hypertensive patients) results in a _______ afterload.

6. Clinical manifestations of stable angina?

7. The major causes of _______________ include hypertension induced myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial ischemia with resultant ventricular remodeling. Hypertrophy in ischemia cause a decreased ability of the myocytes to actively pump calcium from the site is all, resulting in impaired relaxation. Other causes include aortic valvular disease, mitral valve disease, pericardial disease, and cardiomyopathies. Diabetes also increases the risk for _________________.

8. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterium to cause infection; however, the cause may be streptococci, enterococci, viruses, fungi, rickettsia or parasites.

9. Effects of aging on afterload

10. Is defined as an abnormal level of lipoproteins. This results from genetics or poor diet. Genetic issues which cause ___________ result in an abnormal lipid metabolism and elevated levels. Secondary causes of ______________ include diabetes, hypothyroidism, pancreatitis, renal nephrosis, the use of thiazide diuretics, beta blockers, glucocorticoids, interferons, and antiretroviral agents. Increased levels of LDL are associated with an increased risk of the development of CAD. HDLs are responsible for returning fat to the liver. Low levels are an indicator of increased coronary events.

11. The age-related __________________ leads to an increase in afterload and ultimately causes the work of the left ventricle to increase; therefore, it undergoes the cellular adaptation pattern of hypertrophy

12. Baroreceptors in the left ventricle, aortic arch and carotid sinus detect the low cardiac output (low blood pressure) and notify the medulla which in turns stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. The SNS stimulates the release of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, which causes vasoconstriction and leads to increased afterload, increased blood pressure and increased heart rate. This increases the work load of the heart and causes hypertrophy and dilation of the left ventricle and further impairs contractility. Also, the catecholamines cause direct toxic effects to the myocytes and induce myocyte apoptosis, thus causing more damage to the heart.

13. ________________ causes endothelial damage, thickening of blood vessel walls, increased inflammation and leukocyte adhesion to the vessel walls, increased thrombosis and decreased production of nitric acid, a vasodilating agent.

14. ___________ and ____________ can contribute to the dysfunction of the SNS, RAAS & natriuretic hormones and they also cause vasoconstriction.

15. leads to the further pathological deterioration of the myocytes

16. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System is activated by __________ renal blood flow. The end result is a release of angiotensin II and aldosterone.

17. Congenital AV stenosis occurs in persons _____________________.

18. ___________________ is most commonly caused by aortic root dilation. Other causes include infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortic dissection, coarctation of the aorta, aortitis from syphilis, connective tissue disease, appetite suppressant medications, trauma or ankylosing spondylitis.

19. _____________ indicate necrosis, dead cells which cannot depolarize.

20. When administered at low doses it predominantly stimulates the ________________ 1 receptors and causes vasodilation. When moderate doses are administered it stimulates the beta 1 receptors and improves myocardial contractility and cardiac output. At high doses, has alpha 1 activity and causes vasoconstriction.

21. The heart is divided into four chambers, two ______ and two ______.

22. A decrease in the heart rate or stroke volume will ___________ cardiac output and vice versa.

23. Effects of aging on contraction

24. Supplies blood to the posterior 1/3 of the inter ventricular septum, the posterior wall of both ventricles, the posteromedial papillary muscles.

25. A change in the heart rate or stroke volume will alter _____________.