News Literacy Review Notes

Which kinds of information is likely to have been verified by an editor or expert before being published?
A straight news report from a mainstream news organization, an article in a peer-reviewed academic journal. Basically anything that is official or has been reviewed.

What are the six PURPOSES of information? KEYWORD: PURPOSES
to entertain, to sell, to persuade, to provoke, to document, to inform

Which statement best defines the differences between information designed to persuade you and information designed to provoke you?
Information designed to persuade you uses sound logic and credible evidence, while information designed to provoke you uses inflammatory tactics to get you to react emotionally.

What are the 6 ZONES of information? KEYWORD: ZONES
news, advertising, propaganda, entertainment, opinion, raw information

What is news and what purpose of information does it correspond with?
It is unbiased, meaning no opinion, it tells of the most relevant information at that time, it is verified, and it is fact based. It corresponds with TO INFORM.

What is advertising and what purpose of information does it correspond with?
It is promoting something, usually for political reasons, e.g. to vote for a political candidate, and it is the most common type of information received. It corresponds with TO SELL.

What is entertainment and what purpose of information does it correspond with?
It creates and emotional response (usually) and there are many forms of entertainment, e.g. movies, T.V. shows, etc. It corresponds with TO ENTERTAIN.

What is opinion and what purpose of information does it correspond with?
It persuades you with reasoned facts, usually biased, and tries to get you to agree with the creators/writers. It corresponds with TO PERSUADE.

What is propaganda and what purpose of information does it correspond with?
It is "disinformation", it deceives the audience, it may influence people's actions, and it may sway opinions. It corresponds with TO PROVOKE.

What is raw information and what purpose of information does it correspond with?
It provides a record and it often doesn't tell the whole story. It corresponds with TO DOCUMENT.

What is/are Multiple Credible Sources?
Eyewitness (sometimes not), official, and expert

What is Verification?
The process of checking, confirming, and supporting information and facts.

What is Avoidance of Bias?
Presenting the facts and context in a neutral manner

What is Balance?
Representing multiple sides of the issue, event or controversy without giving unfair weight to one side or point of view

What is Documentation?
Documents, data, reports, videos, photos, or audio

What is Context?
Presenting the facts in a way that makes their meaning clear, fair, and accurate.

What is Fairness?
Treating sources and subjects with appropriate respect, and giving subjects a chance to share their points of view or respond to any assertions (facts or beliefs) or allegations (claims) about them.

Why are multiple sources important?
To make sure sources don't contradict each other and to verify information.

How can some sources be misleading?
A source might not be telling the whole story to protect themselves or others.

Why is documentation important?
Because it is sometimes more accurate than eyewitness accounts.

How can documentation be misleading?
Because the person who is documenting the information may be biased or have an agenda on a specific thing/person.

Why do journalists have to take in the context of the documentation when using it in their news story?
To make sure their information is clear and relevant to the topic.

Why is fairness important?
Because you need to let people explain their side of the story and not just make false accusations against them.

Before the term "fake news" began to be widely used during and after the 2016 presidential campaign, it referred to a specific type of misinformation. Which of these describes it?
A made-up story deliberately designed to look like an article by a legitimate news outlet.

What are the types of MISINFORMATION? KEYWORD: MISINFORMATION
satire, false context, imposter content, manipulated content, and fabricated content

What is satire?
It is the use of humor or exaggeration to critique or mock a person, organization, or policy

What is false context?
It is misinformation that takes an image, quote or other piece of content and puts it into a new, false, context to change its meaning.

What is imposter content?
It uses a well-known name, brand, or logo to fool people into believing that it is authentic content.

What is manipulated content?
It is misinformation in which something is altered from the original such as images that have had context added or removed using photo editing tools.

What is fabricated content?
It is misinformation that is entirely made up and designed to deceive you into thinking that it's real.

What is disinformation?
Information that is calculated that targets a group of people for (a) specific purpose(s). It confuses people on whom they should trust.

Why do people do disinformation?
To gain followers, to be funny, to get people talking (to gain attention).

What are the consequences of disinformation?
People are confused and don't know what who or what to trust.

How does misinformation affect the people around you?
It influences their decisions, actions, and thinking.

How can you fight back against misinformation?
Learn about it and you will check it's legitimacy and how accurate it is. Speak up and alert others to stay away. Be skeptical, evaluate the red flags of misinformation.

Who is a news consumer?
Us; anyone who consumes/watches/keeps up with the news

What is media?
Any way we can get this news.

What is Journalism?
It is news that is credible, unbiased, and has qualities of good journalism.

What is targeted advertising?
Advertising that meets your interests. Could be said that it is a stalkerish type of advertising.

Name three of the elements of good journalism. Reworded to name the elements of good journalism.
Multiple Credible Sources, Verification, Avoidance of Bias, Balance, Documentation, Context, and Fairness

Tell why it is important to have multiples of sources and documentation.
To make sure that sources don't contradict each other and to verify information information. Documentation - make sure multiple eyewitness reports are accurate. Make sure they don't contradict each other and you get the whole story without any lies.

Tell how sources and documentation can be misleading.
Some sources can be misleading because a source may not be telling the truth or the whole truth to a story to protect themselves or others. It (documentation) can also be biased and have an agenda on a specific thing/idea/person.

What is news literacy?
Using information to help you become a better citizen or voter

Who sponsors/takes authority over the information?
A major question to ask yourself when using a source for its information

What is Lateral Reading?
When you ask yourself questions about the news source to determine if you want trust it

How do I know a source is credible?
Look for who funds the source, do legitimate sources see it as believable?, who takes responsibility for its content

How can I tell exactly what a person said?
Quotation Marks should be a direct word for word quote of the news source

What is a blogger?
A person who regularly writes content online for free in hopes they attract readers

What is a non-profit organization?
A nongovernmental organization that serves its customers but does not have profit which can create a conflict of interest

What does non-partisan mean?
Not supported by the Republican or Democrat Party

What does liberal mean?
More of a Democratic Party term, they would want you to believe they solve problems by trying something never tried before

What is a conservative viewpoint?
More of a Republican Party idea, they often look to tradition to solve problems.