A Quick Review of the Montessori Exam

Montessori Exam
Any education for the child should help the child achieve independence.

Complete the following Montessori quote:
'We do not stop to think that the child who does not do,______________________.'
does not know how to do

Why  are the Practical Life Exercises considered the foundation of the Montessori Classroom?
The child begins to form:
- control of movement
- hand & eye coordination
- physical independence
- mental independence
- order

What are the 4 CHARACTERISTICS of INDIVIDUAL LESSONS?
1) Brief
2) simple in words
3) concise in movement
4) centered upon the object

What are the 10 REASONS for the PRACTICAL LIFE EXERCISES in the classroom?
1. aide in adaptation & orientation to environment
2. to develop coordination
3. to provide mental & physical independence
4. to satisfy the need for order
5. to satisfy the need for movement
6. to lead to silence
7. to allow for points of interest
8. to allow for isolation of difficulty
9. to give an environment proportional to his size
10. to develop concentration

What is considered the most important PERIOD OF LIFE?
Birth to age 6

What are the 4 FUNDAMENTAL BELIEFS of Maria Montessori?
1) self-discipline is acquired through absorption in MEANINGFUL WORK
2) mixed age groups
3) non-competitive atmosphere—NO GRADES
4) INDIVIDUALIZED-each child works at their own pace

Name the 4 AREAS that PRACTICAL LIFE EXERCISES are divided into:
1) Care of persons and others
2) Care of environment
3) Exercises of grace & movement
4) Control of movement

What should be the GOAL OF THE GUIDE in the Montessori classroom?
to lead the child to independence

How  does a child 'build himself?'
1. The child trains himself to OBSERVE & MAKE COMPARISONS
2. He chooses an ACTIVITY OF INTEREST & REPEATS EXERCISE
3. He builds the ability to DISCRIMINATE
4. He develops the skills to ORGANIZE, SORT and REASON when working

The majority of the lessons should be presented in ___________________ because this __________________helps the child to build ___________________or_____________________in the activity 
The majority of the lessons should be presented in SILENCE because this SILENCE helps the child to build INDEPENDENCE or CONCENTRATION in the activity.

What is the order of the FIRST FIVE POURING EXERCISES in PRACTICAL LIFE?
1) Pouring rice
2) How to Use a Sponge
3) Pouring Pitcher to Pitcher
4) Pouring to Levels
5) How to Use a Funnel

What are 6 BASIC PRESENTATIONS (HOW TO'S) that should be presented to the child when he arrives in the PREPARED ENVIRONMENT?
HOW TO:
1) roll and unroll a rug
2) walk around rugs
3) pull out a chair
4) open & close a door quietly
5) watch without disturbing
6) ask for help from the teacher, etc.

What are 4 DIFFERENCES between Montessori and Traditional Education?
MONTESSORI VS. TRADITIONAL EDUCATION
(M)Individuality of Student
(T)Pressure to conform to groups
(M)Mixed age groups
(T) Age-grouped classes
(M)Children work at their own pace
(T)Scheduled time for each subject
(M)Guide/Teachers is there to help when needed
(T)Homework is assigned-no teacher assistance
Every child has different needs and Montessori classrooms have to respond to the variety and unevenness of individual children's developmental needs.

What is the age-span classes are typically grouped?
3 YEAR AGE SPAN
In the book, 'How to Talk So Kids Will Listen,' there are 6 SKILLS to GOOD COMMUNICATION WITH CHILDREN. What are they?
1) Describe the Problem
2) Give information
3) Offer a choice
4) Say it with a word
5) Describe what you feel
6) Write a note!

Give an example of the verbalization that you might use when a child or the class is abusing or misusing a particular work such as shoe polishing.
Provide Example

What are the GUIDE'S 4 ROLES in the PREPARED RESPONSIBILITIES and what is her responsibility?
1) Environmental Designer
2) Organizer & Preparer of materials
3) Model
4) Observer

To respectfully engage learner with the environment

Define DIDACTIC MATERIALS
concrete materials (anything you can see touch, hear, taste or smell) designed or intended for educational purposes

Define DIRECT AIM
the reason for the exercise or what the child is to master or build within himself while working a particular exercise

Define PREPARED ENVIRONMENT
an environment that has been 'prepared' for the building of a child where materials and furniture are all CHILD-SIZE and contain activities that are at

DIFFERENT ABILITY LEVELS
 

Define RE-DIRECT
the act of distracting the child's attention to something more positive

Define SENSITIVE PERIOD
the time span during a child's growth when he has an 'urge' to develop a particular skill

Define ISOLATION OF DIFFICULTY
focusing on only one skill or concept to be introduced or practiced
Example: Pink Tower-size-small & large

Define DRAMATIZATION
the display of GREAT INTEREST, INFLECTION OF VOICE and EXCITEMENT by the guide to help the child to develop an interest in the work

Define DIRECTRESS
the adult in the prepared environment that 'directs' the child towards purposeful and meaningful 'work' of interest to the child
How  did Montessori believe we could 'set an example of good education?' (See 'The Montessori Handbook' p. 132)

Share in the joys and difficulties the child experiences
Have endless patience with his slow progress, and show enthusiasm and gladness at his successes Be respectful and courteous in our dealings with children and treat them as we should like to be treated ourselves

Describe the FURNITURE, SHELVING, FLOORING, PLANTS, BLACKBOARDS, PLATES AND DISHWARE in the Prepared Environment. 
FURNITURE
- light in weight
- light color
- washable
- low tables, various sizes (rectangular is most common so 2+ children can work together)
- small wooden chairs

SHELVING - very low so that a child can set on the top of it small objects such as mats & flowers
FLOORING - large part of the floor must be free for the children to work
PLANTS - Each child should have a little flower pot, to tend and cultivate it as it grows.
BLACKBOARDS - fixed blackboards at a low level
PLATES AND DISHWARE - plates are always of china, and the water bottles of glass.'

What is the PRINCIPAL FACTOR in producing an OUTWARD APPEARANCE OF 'DISCIPLINE' to be found in the Children's House? (The Montessori Handbook p. 52)
Don't try to keep the child from moving around, but teach him how to move.
What kind of movements does muscular education refer to?

The primary movements of everyday life: walking, rising, sitting, handling objects)
What type of verbalizations & actions are used in the teaching of the practical life exercises?
Very FEW or NO WORDS at all and VERY PRECISE ACTIONS

What is the purpose of the exercise of walking on the line or ellipse? 
The purpose of this exercise is to master their balance, composure and graceful carriage of the body.
How  should the teacher's movements be when presenting the dressing frames? (The Montessori Handbook p. 63-64)
Movements when presenting should be performed VERY SLOWLY and DELIBERATELY, separating the movements themselves into their different parts, to let them be seen clearly and minutely.
How  should a guide present BRASS POLISHING?
(Worth 6 points)

What are the MATERIALS?
Describe how materials should be laid out?
Describe the PROCEDURE?
Describe the CLEAN-UP.
Provide detailed description of Brass Polishing Presentation

What is 'Sensory Education?'
An education of the senses taught through various exercises with didactic materials in which the child begins to build and sharpen his five senses that give him the skills to educate himself
The education of the _____________is an education for______________.
The education of the SENSES is an education for LIFE.

What is the 'inner aim' of the sensorial exercises?
- to train himself to observe
- to make comparisons between objects
- to form judgments
- to reason and decide
- The child develops intelligence in the repetition of these exercises.

How  is a child's vocabulary increased through the presentation of the sensorial exercises?
The children begin building vocabulary with the descriptive terms: long, longer, longest, small, smallest, large, larger, largest, wide, broad, etc. With the use of the constructive triangles the child is introduced to: rhombus, trapezoid, the equilateral triangle; the names of the geometrical solids, etc.

Some of the exercises use a BLINDFOLD as a follow-up exercise. Why would a guide allow a child to work with an exercise blindfolded?
A guide uses this technique to build interest in a work, to help the child to further develop the sense of 'feeling' and to build concentration and silence in the child.

What terminology is introduced to the child in the following exercises:
PINK TOWER
RED RODS
BROAD STAIRS
PINK TOWER
large, larger, largest, cube
RED RODS
rod, long, longer, longest, shorter, shortest
BROAD STAIRS
prism, wide, wider, broad, broader, thick, thin

Why  are many of the Sensorial Exercises are based on the number 10?
Ten is the base number of our Mathematical System.

What is the 'isolation of stimulus?' 
The focusing on one particular quality.
Ex: Red rods teach length, pink tower teaches size, broad stairs teach width.
The purpose of the sensorial exercises is not to primarily provide new sensations, but to bring _______________and _______________ to the sensations the child has already acquired from their environment. (Standing p. 376)
The purpose of the sensorial exercises is not to primarily provide new sensations, but to bring ORDER and SYSTEM to the sensations the child has already acquired from their
environment. 

The following is a quote from Maria Montessori in her book, THE MONTESSORI METHOD.

Complete the quote:
'A man is not what he is because of the teachers that he has but because ________________________' WHAT HE HAS DONE HIMSELF. (172)
Many times you may observe that a child will make errors in grading the sensorial materials after you have presented the materials correctly to the child.

Why  is it important that we DO NOT INTERVENE when the child makes a mistake while working with these self-correcting (P. 173)
It is through the repetition of the exercises, the child perfects himself through his own efforts.

Why  is it difficult for an adult to begin the education of his senses? (Method p.221)
It is necessary to begin the education of the senses in the formative period (1 to 6 years) if we wish to perfect this sense development with the education which is to follow.
Maria Montessori truly believed in Aristotle's statement, 'Nothing is in the mind__________________.' that has not first been introduced to the senses

Who were first two men to realize the importance of the education of the senses in children?
Jean Itard and Edward Sequin
The child through repetition of the exercises develops the skills to ___________________________.
BUILD HIMSELF

Describe a THREE-PERIOD NAME LESSON with a child using Color Box 1.

Don't forget to use the prompts:
THIS IS...
SHOW ME...
WHAT IS THIS?

Describe a THREE-PERIOD NAME LESSON

Define ACUTE ANGLE.
An angle less than 90 degrees

Define EQUILATERAL SCALENE triangle.
A triangle with all sides of equal length.

Define ISOSCELES triangle.
A triangle with two sides of equal length.

Define SCALENE triangle.
A triangle with no sides of equal length.

Define OBTUSE ANGLE.
An angle between 90 and 180 degrees

Draw the following forms:
- Equilateral Triangle
- Isosceles Triangle
- Scalene Triangle
- Parallelogram
- Rhombus
- Hexagon
- Trapezoid
- Ovoid
- Ellipsoid

How  many layers of blocks are in the BINOMIAL CUBE?
2 layers of blocks

How  many layers of blocks are in the TRINOMIAL CUBE?
3 layers of blocks

The baric tablets measure ____________________.
Weight

The thermal tablets distinguish various degrees of _____________.
Heat

What is the purpose of an evaluation or testing of a pre-primary child?
To estimate the general developmental level of the child so that teachers may adapt materials and lessons to meet the students' needs. Also, to monitor the child's growth and note any learning disabilities.

Describe the steps of the CELEBRATION of LIFE.
1.Invite the children to the ellipse.
2.Place a candle(for safety you may use a flashlight) in the middle of the group.
3. Discuss how the flame is hot like the Sun.
4. Tell the group the candle represents the Sun.
5. Show the children the globe.
6. Explain that it is a 'model' of our Earth.
7. Take the child's hand; walk around the candle.
8. Explain that it takes one year (365 days) for the Earth to rotate around the Sun.
9. Ask: 'What are some things you could do when you were one? (Photo of the child at one.)
10. Continue rotating and showing photos for each year of life.
11. Conclude by asking the child what they would like to learn this year.
12.Sing, 'Happy Birthday!'

Describe the characteristics of child development during Stage 1: Birth to 18 months
(Class notes from Montessori Learn and Play)
In this stage, the child has little obedience, is learning to communicate, and absorbs everything in the environment.
Describe the characteristics of child development during

Stage 2: 18 months to 4 years
(Class notes from Montessori Learn and Play)
In this stage, the child is sensitive to order and has a need for routine. It is a transition period.

Describe the characteristics of child development during
Stage 3 Four to Six years.
(Class notes from Montessori Learn and Play)
In this stage, the child is more obedient, his concentration has expanded, and he needs to be accepted by peers.

Describe the method of 'walking on the line.' What is the purpose of this exercise? (p. 63-64)
During this method, the children are taught to walk upon these lines like tight-rope walkers, placing their feet one in front of the other.
The purpose of the exercise is to master their balance, composure and graceful carriage of the body. (music may also be played)

List at least 4 items from the 'Do' List for guides in the book Montessori for the New Millennium, by Dr. Roland A. Lubienski Wentworth.
1. Do pay attention to the environment. You should be constantly trying to improve it, make it more attractive and neat, and encourage the children to keep it in good condition.
2. Do watch your attitude to children. Keep your voice low, avoid noisy activities in the classroom, show friendly and smiling face.
3. Do keep an eye on the children. Try to find ways to fire their imagination and inspire them to work.
4. Do be creative and help the children to be so.

What is the age of the child that Montessori uses in her description of the work with the cylinder blocks?
two and a half to three years old

In the book, The Montessori Method, what did Montessori require of the mothers of her students?
To send their children clean ,to cooperate with the directress , and the regulations also stated that the mother must go at least once a week to confer with the directress.

What is the meaning of cultural studies as it is applied to the young pre-primary child?
It is the study by man as he understands his environment, world and life around him. It includes the study of social studies, geography and history, botany and zoology.

Why  does the study of geography begin with the presentation of the globes?
The earth is the beginning of the young child's study, because the whole is given first and then the smaller parts that make up the whole.

How  does the Montessori materials introduce the study of history?
The study of history is presented to the child through the use of a timeline. This timeline represents the activities of mankind through the ages.

How  should a child be introduced to time as a whole?
First the child should be introduced to the twelve months that make up a year, the days of the week and then telling time as in hours and then half hours.

Give an overview of the presentations of the globes:
#1 land and water
#2 continents and oceans
#3 the names of the continents

What is the order of presentations of maps:
1. World or Planisphere
2. North America
3. United States
4. South America
5. Europe
6. Asia

Why  are the globes presented before the World/Planisphere map?
The globes give the child a sensorial approach to the world because of it's round shape, whereas the maps are a 'flat presentation' of the divisions of our world.

What is a Muted Map?
A chart that is simply the outline of the continents or divisions of any map and it contains no printed names

What is a Control Map or Unmuted Map?
A chart containing the outlines along with the names of the divisions printed on it.

What are the three maps primarily presented to the pre-primary classroom?
- World Planisphere
- North America
- United States

What are the four basic steps in presenting maps?
1. The tracing or feeling of the puzzle placement onto the muted chart.
2. Introduction of the names of the areas and three-period name lesson over the names presented.
3. Matching of the labels to their corresponding position on the muted chart.
4. Pencil tracing of the puzzle pieces or the chart and writing of the labels, coloring the reproduction of the map.

When presenting the United States Map which state should be presented first?
The child's home state and then the surrounding neighbor states, work outward from the child's own city and state.

A Montessori teacher is:
- Authoritative
- An Observer
- Resource/Consultant
- a Model

What does the Montessori teacher do?
The Montessori teacher/directress respectfully engages the learner with the materials. She is able to match the learner with the knowledge to be presented; she is an environmental designer and preparer.

Define Botany.
the study of the structure and growth of plants

Define Zoology.
the science and study of animal structure and growth

What are the 5 characteristics of living objects?
- living objects have movement
- they grow
- they reproduce
- they feed
- they excrete

What is the sequence of zoology nomenclature?
- Fish
- Amphibian
- Reptile
- Bird
- Mammal

What is considered one of the first lessons in zoology and botany and why?
One of the first lessons in the study of zoology and botany is the separation of objects into living and non-living categories because the studies of zoology and botany are thought of as the study of living things in our environment. The child needs to be able to identify non-living and living objects in the environment before a serious study may begin.

What are the parts of a flower?
Be able label the parts of a flower.

What are the continents?
Be able to label the continents on the world map.

What is the difference in a nomenclature card presentation and a classified nomenclature card presentation?
- Classified nomenclature cards usually have a definition or description of the part introduced.
- Simple nomenclature cards only present the name of the object on the picture card.

What are the 5 steps in a classified nomenclature card presentation?
Be able to write down the steps.
1) Divide the cards into four separate stacks: Control Cards, picture cards, labels and definition card or booklet
2) Lay out the controls cards in a left to right progression at the top of the mat, have the child repeat the name of each.
3) Match the corresponding picture card, have the child name each.
4) Match the label cards to the picture cards. Again have the child repeat the name.
5) Match the definition card- if using a definition booklet, read as you lay out the control cards.

What is the difference in self-correcting nomenclature cards and regular nomenclature cards?
Self-correcting nomenclature cards vary in size. They introduce sequencing to the child. Each card is made the same height, but each card will have a different width. A good example for the use of this type card is the growth of a seedling to a plant.

Describe at least one game that maybe used in the Montessori Environment for a rainy day activity. (See classroom notes)
- The Creating of Silence (book)
- The Walk of Silence
- The Object Game (or Noun Game)
- Mystery Bag Game (Sensorial Exercises)

Using the drawing of the tree, be able to identify and label the parts of a tree.

Parts of a tree

When is the child first introduced to a time line?

THE CELEBRATION OF LIFE

What is a timeline?
A timeline is a simple narrow sheet or roll of paper that represents a specific time. The pre-primary classroom (3 to 6) may begin a timeline of their activities throughout the year. The guide may take photos during the year and display them in order of their occurence. There are also many timelines created by commerical companies. These are generally introduced to the children on the elementary level.

Language is considered...
the doorway to all course of studies

Describe the Sandpaper Letter presentation. The letters to be worked with are carried to a table and placed face down.
- The first letter should be 's.' The teacher turns the letter over and demonstrates to the child the left hand 'L' position used to hold the letter.
- The index and middle finger of the dominant hand traces the letter 's' approximately five times.
- After each tracing of the letter the teacher produces the correct sound and has the child reproduce the sound.
- Then conclude with a three-period name lesson.
'This is...Show me...What is this?'
- The child may then proceed with trying to reproduce the 's' in a salt or sand tray. The child may also make a crayon rubbing of the sandpaper letter, but only with the adult's assistance.

Why  is the grouping of letters for teaching writing different than the grouping of letters for teaching sounds?
Also list the first letters in each group for teaching reading & for teaching writing
The reason for various groupings of letters when teaching the sounds is to separate similar sounds such as 'e & i,' 'b &d,' then 'p & b.'
We try to group contrasting sounds so that the child is not confused.
First group of letters to teach sounds: s,m,a,t
After learning these sounds the child may be able to read at, mat, & sat.
The grouping of letters for teaching writing is completely different and is based upon grouping similar letters beginning with the same initial stroke. Example: a,c,d,g,o

What is the purpose of nomenclature cards in helping the child to develop language skills?
The nomenclature cards are used to increase the child's vocabulary by presenting new words with pictures. The cards are also set up in a left to right order as in the reading progression which is a preparation for reading and writing.

What is the difference between a classified set of nomenclature cards and a simple set of nomenclature cards? Give an example of each.

Simple Nomenclature Cards
Two sets of picture cards: one set contains the picture and the word; the second set is simply the pictures with a separate set of small word labels.

Classified Nomenclature Cards
The classified nomenclature cards are exactly the same as the simple nomenclature cards, but they also have a booklet or cards listing the definitions of the words.

What are 3 group games or activities that may be played to assist in preparing a child to develop language skills?
1) I Spy Game
2) Show & Tell
3) Story Telling

What are 4 pre-writing activities used with the MONTESSORI materials in the classroom?
1) Metal Inset Books
2) Tracing of Nomenclature Cards
3) Chalkboard Work
4) Tracing of the Sandpaper Letters
- There are more that are considered pre-writing in the various areas of the classroom.

Examples: the tracing of the Geometrical insets in the Geometrical Cabinet.

Describe the VERB GAME.

Small Group Game
1)The guide gives 'action' commands to each child.
2)After each child performs their action, they are asked to 'give' their action to the directress or guide.
3)The guide then explains that the action is something that you do. It is an action or doing word. Actions words are called VERBS.

All remaining letters of the alphabet which are not vowels are called____________________.

Consonants
A,E,I,O,U and sometimes 'Y' (when it has the long i and e sound) are called__________________.

Vowels
When two or more consonants sounded together so they can be heard such as bl, tr, sw, sp, or st, they are called_________________.

Consonant Blend
Two vowels blended together to form a compound speech sound such as ou, oy, oi, ow, or ew is called a ___________________.

Diphthong
When two or more words are put together to form one word such as basket + ball = basketball, it is called a ___________________________.

Compound Word
Words that are opposite in meaning such as up/down are called___________________.

Antonyms
Words that have the same or almost the same meaning such as happy/glad, ill/sick or cold/cool are called ___________________.

Synonyms
Words that sound alike but have different meanings such as plane/plain are called ____________________.

Homonyms
Two consonants that represent one sound such as wh, th, ch, sh, ck, or kn is called a _____________________.

Consonant Digraph
This is the period in child development when the child uses cognitive thought processes and becomes aware that language refers to his surroundings.

Conscious Period
This is the period in child development when the child begins assembling the sounds of the alphabet and syllables. This is then followed by simple syllables and continues to simple words, no meaning is yet placed on the sounds or words.

Unconscious Period
Describe how the child 'teaches himself' the language heard in his environment.
A child begins at birth to 'absorb' the sounds around him through the auditory sense.
He hears the sounds around him and tries to reproduce them and also learns to associate the sounds with objects and movements in his environment. As teachers in the young child's environment, we need to surround the child with correct usage of language.

What is the short vowel rule?
(Be able to write it IN YOUR OWN WORDS.)
When there is one vowel in a word, that vowel usually says its short sound.

Describe the verbalization used to present the long
vowel rule during the moveable alphabet presentation:
(Be able to write it IN YOUR OWN WORDS.)
The teacher lays out the moveable alphabet blue vowels.
'These letters are very special; they are called vowels. Vowels can make two sounds, a short sound: a,e,i,o,u, and a long vowel sound. Their long sound is their name, A,E,I,O,U. They make their long sound when there are two vowels in a word. The first one says its name and the second one is silent.'
Describe the symbols for the parts of speech and elaborate on why particular symbols were used to represent the noun & verb.

NOUN
A large black equilateral triangle; black represents the coal within the earth. It represents inertia.

VERB
A red circle ( a red ball to represent BLOOD because it gives life); this was chosen because the ball shows energy and movement. The red is to represent the heat of the sun which is a life-giving source.

ADJECTIVE (small dark blue triangle),

ARTICLE (smaller light blue triangle)

PRONOUN (large purple triangle)
-  A part of The Noun Family and so use the triangular shape with different colors.

ADVERB
a smaller circle and is often pictured orbiting the verb like a planet; it depends on the verb for existence.

CONJUNCTION
a small pink bar which represents a link in a chain;

PREPOSITION
a green crescent to symbolize a bridge. There's no known significance in the color of either.

INTERJECTION
a gold triangle with a circle on top; it combines the symbols of the noun and the verb together. Interjections function as both noun and verb in a sentence; it may have been the first word spoken by humans (ow!). It is gold because they are the 'king of all words'.

What is Anticipation?
The act of thinking ahead of what a child's reaction maybe to a certain command, statement or situation in the classroom; many difficult situations can be avoided if the teacher 'anticipates' the child's responses.

What is Re-directing?
The act of distracting the child's attention to something more positive

What is Sitting Aside?
This technique should not be thought of as a form of punishment, rather as a time of 'rest' to compose oneself, or to remove a child from a problem situation.

What is Subjective Praising? (Give definition & example)
Praising that stresses flattery and the desire to please such as 'I like your work'

What is Objective Praising (Give definition & example)
Praising that is factual and self-esteem oriented such as 'You worked very hard on this, didn't you?'

What is Dramatization?
This technique stimulates a child's interest. It is the adult's excitement and 'acting' ability, and the use of voice inflections. Example: Showing excitement when showing the Pink Tower, ever after you have presented it for the 100th time!

What is Stating Expectations?
Clearly stating what is required from the children. We must be precise in what we request of the child and describe or demonstrate the desired behavior. Example: Demonstrate how to stand in line or how to sit aside.

Describe the verbalization of the method of giving 'choices.' Give an example.
The method of 'giving choices' allows the child to feel the power that they have some control over what they do. It's a step in the maturing process.
Making good choices is a skill that all children need to experience and practice. It is a skill they will use for the rest of their lives! The adult's decision is to first decide what safe choices are allowed in the environment.

Be able to write an example of the verbalization of the method of giving 'choices.'

Ex. 'Would you like to paint with watercolors or tempera paint?'
Ex. 'Would you like to serve the snack or pour the juice?'

Give a brief description of the steps that an infant/toddler passes through to obtain language skills. Include what we as teachers can do to help the young child acquire the skills needed to communicate effectively. (Words in ALL CAPS are the answer.)
- The infant comes into the world without the ability to communicate. HE WATCHES AND HEARS THE SOUNDS AROUND HIM AND MIMICS THOSE SOUNDS...UNCONSCIOUSLY. He begins to understand that particular sounds relate to objects and movements in the environment.
- During the CONSCIOUS PERIOD OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT THE CHILD BEGINS TO FORM WORDS that allow him/her to obtain what they want. This PERIOD IS EXTENDED TO THE USE OF SENTENCES.
- The adult in the Montessori environment is to supply the young child with activities that offer the child a world of new vocabulary such as PICTURE NOMENCLATURE CARDS, GOOD LITERATURE, LEARNING SONGS, RHYMES & CHANTS AND LANGUAGE THAT IS SPOKEN CLEARLY AND PRECISELY IN HIS NATIVE LANGUAGE.

What are the 18 Techniques Albanesi uses for Classroom Management? 
1) Anticipation
2) Preparation of Environment
3) Isolation of Difficulties
4) Self-correction
5) Verbalization of Feelings
6) Describing Events
7) Providing Choices of Behavior
8) Dramatization
9) Mirror Verbalization
10) Sitting Aside
11) Written Agreement
12) Public Praising
13) Private Reprimanding
14) Re-directing
15) Stating Expectations
16) Relating Values
17) Withholding Privileges

What is the sensitive period for Math for most children?
4 to 4 ½ years of age

What other exercises in the Montessori environment are considered indirect preparation for the mathematical exercises in the Montessori classroom and why?
Sensorial Exercises, because a majority of the materials consist of 10 pieces, which is the basis of our mathematical system.

What are the 5 steps involved in the Montessori Mathematics curriculum?
1. Enumeration (quantity & symbol)
2. Math Operations -addition, subtraction, multiplication & division
3. Memorization- memorization of math facts
4. Internalization - to incorporate the use of Math in everyday life
5. Abstraction- the ability to answer a problem without concrete materials

What is Enumeration and what are the 3 steps?
Enumeration is the introduction to numbers through the following three steps:
1) Quantity (counting)
2) Symbol (the written form of the quantity)
3) Combination of the Quantity & Symbol
In what exercise is the numeral zero presented to the child? What verbalization is used to introduce zero?
Zero is presented with the Spindle Boxes.
The verbalization is, 'Zero by itself is nothing.'

When presenting addition with the number rods, what combinations are first introduced and in what order are they presented?
The combinations of 10. The order is
9 + 1, 8 + 2, 7 + 3, 6 + 4, 5 + 5

Describe the Zero Lesson?
Be able to explain in your own words.

Describe the Memory Number Game.
Be able to explain in your own words.

What is the correct verbalization when presenting the association of the Teen Boards and beads?
'This is how we make 11 and this is how we write 11.'

Why  are the number rods introduced to the child before the sandpaper numerals?
The young child must learn to count before being introduced to the numerical symbols.

What is the difference between static addition and dynamic addition?

Static Addition:
refers to addition that involves no carrying

Dynamic Addition
refers to addition that involves carrying to the next hierarchy

What is the purpose of the Change or Bank Game?
This exercise is introduced to allow the child to practice exchanging quantities of 10 of a particular value to its next hierarchy.

Why  are there different sizes of the number cards used with the golden beads? What are the size of cards for each of the four basic operations (ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION)?

ADDITION
3,561 Addend (Small Cards)
+ 2,327 Addend (Small Cards)
= 5,888 Sum (Large Cards)

SUBTRACTION
3,456 Minuend (Large Cards)
-  2,342 Subtrahend (Small Cards)
= 1,114 Difference (Small Cards)

MULTIPLICATION
3,231 Factor (Small cards)
X 3 Factor (Small cards)
= 9,693 Product (Large Cards)

DIVISION
9,363 Dividend (Large Cards)
÷ 3 Divisor (Small Cards)
= 3,121 Quotient (Small Cards)

Remainder (the leftover that is less than the divisor)

What are the 11 characteristics of the normalized child?
1. A Love of Order
2. Love of Work
3. Profound Spontaneous Concentration
4. Attachment to Reality
5. Love of Silence & Working Alone
6. Elimination of Possessive Instinct
7. Power to Act from Real Choice &Not from

Curiosity
8. Obedience
9. Independence & Initiative
10. Spontaneous Self-Discipline
11. Joy

Define the 'Silence Game' that Maria Montessori used in her Children's House.
Montessori first used the 'Silence Game,' as a method to test the children's hearing. But the children delighted in creating the silence so much that it actually became a permanent part of her method.
Montessori would stand near a doorway and whisper each child's name. The child then would silently walk out the doorway and out of the room.
Today in our classrooms, you may want to invite children to line up by whispering their name or having them read their names silently from pre-printed name cards.

Who was the first American who was trained as a Montessori directress by Maria Montessori and how many months was she in training?
Anne George; 8 months
She was an elementary teacher at Chicago's Prestigious Private Latin School. She became interested in Montessori and visited the Casa at San Lorenzo, which was under Montessori's direction. (Early 1900's approximately 1909.) She returned to Italy the following winter of 1910 and enrolled in Montessori's eight-month training course in Rome as Montessori's first American student.

What are 2 exercises that may be presented to a child using the golden bead material?
Quantity and Symbol (Introduction to the Golden Beads)
Bank Game - Static & Dynamic of the following operations: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication & Division

What are 5 Montessori Math works that are used to teach addition?
-  Number Rods
-  Addition with the Colored Beads
-  Addition with the Golden Beads
-  Addition Strip Board
-  Snake Game and Addition with the Stamp Game

What are 3 Math materials that introduce or lead to teaching the operation of multiplication?
1. Short Chains
2. Multiplication Bead Board
3. Multiplication with Golden Beads
What is the purpose of the 'Snake Game?'
Making combinations of 10

Describe the steps in the 'Snake Game.'
Begin by making a pyramid of colored beads on the left and then a black and white pyramid on the right.
Then build a snake from various colored bead bars. (Take the beads from the box) State to the child, 'We are going to make the colored snake into a golden snake!'
Begin counting the colored snake until you reach ten. When you reach ten, choose the correct black & white bead bar from the pyramid to pin-point where to begin counting once the exchange is made.
Place the colored beads that make ten on the lid, exchange for a golden ten bead bar. Continue until the colored snake turns into a golden snake.
Check your work by laying out all of the golden
bead bars and using the colored bead bars to equal a ten bead bar.

Why  do you build two pyramids with the beads in the exercise 'Addition with the Colored Beads?'
Each pyramid represents an addend.

What makes the Montessori Math Curriculum different from Math Curriculum in our traditional classrooms?
The concrete materials make the difference. The child feels and creates quantities of numbers rather than just writing them on paper. The child also 'acts out' each operation. Through the use of
these materials the child develops a concrete
understanding of the mathematical system.

Why  is the number '45' used for the layout of the number cards and golden bead materials?
All of the quantities when added together = 45.
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 45

How  is true normalization within a child obtained?
Through intense concentration upon a
work of interest to the child