General Knowledge & General Awareness Notes: Geography

GEOGRAPHY

Facts about Sun

Diameter —1.392 × 106 km
Volume —1.304 × 106 times the volume of earth
Temperature —6000°C at surface and 15 million degree C at the centre
Relative density —1.4
Gravitational Pull —28 times the gravitational pull of the earth

Facts about Planets

Closest to Sun Mercury
Farthest from Sun Neptune
Heaviest Jupiter
Hottest Venus
Inner Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Largest Jupiter
Smallest Mercury
Moons, None Mercury, Venus
Moon; Largest Ganymede (Jupiter), larger than Mercury
Nearest to Earth Venus
Orbits; Order Mercury (closest to Sun), Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
Rings/largest number Saturn
Spin; Backwards Venus (East to West)

COMETS
- It has a head and a tail. Its tail originates only when it gets closer to the sun. The tail can be 20-30 million km long. It always point away from the sun because of the force exerted by solar wind and radiation on the cometory material.

THE EARTH
- The earth is the third nearest planet to the Sun.
- From the outer space, the earth appears blue because its two-thirds surface is covered by water. It is, therefore, called a blue planet.
- It is the densest of all planets.
- Rotation is the movement of the earth on its axis. Due to this rotation, day and night occur.
- The earth takes about 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds to complete one rotation around its axis.
- Earth takes 365¼ days (one year) to revolve around the sun.

THE UNIVERSE
- Existing matter and energy are together known as Universe.

GALAXY
- A galaxy is a huge system of billions of stars and clouds of dust and gases.
- Our solar system is a part of Milky Way galaxy.
- There are millions of galaxies that make the Universe.

STARS
- Stars account for 98 per cent of the matter in a galaxy. The stars nearest to the earth are Proxima Centauri, Alpha Centauri, Barnard's Star, Sirius and so on. Of these, Sirius is the brightest.

LIGHT YEAR
- Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year at a speed of 2,99,792.5 km. per second.

SOLAR SYSTEM
- The Sun, eight planets, satellites and some other celestial bodies known as asteroids and meteoroids form the solar system.
Neptune

Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Sun
Moon
Earth
Asteroids
Mercury

SUN
- The Sun is in the centre of the solar system.
- The Sun is a mixture of gases. It consists of 92% hydrogen, 7.8% helium and 0.2% other gases.
- The Sun is about 150 million km away from the earth.
- The sun is an ultimate source of energy for life on Earth.
- Sunlight takes 8 min 16.6 sec to reach earth.

WORLD GEOGRAPHY

THE EARTH: FACTS AND FIGURES
- Mass of Earth—5.972 × 1021 tonnes
- Density of Earth—5.517 times that of water
- Volume of Earth—1.083 × 1011 cubic km
- Equatorial circumference—4.007 × 104 km
- Polar Diameter—12,714 km
- Equatorial Diameter—12756 km
- Polar or Meridional circumference—4.0 × 104 km
- Estimated Age—At least 4600 million years
- Land Surface—148,951,000 sq km
- Water Surface—361,150,000 sq km (71 per cent of total area)
- Highest Point of the land surface—Mt. Everest (8,848 metres)
- Lowest point of the land surface—Shores of the Dead Sea (396 metres below the sea level)
- Greatest Ocean depth—Mariana Trench, East of Philippines (11,033 metres below the sea level)

THE MOON
- Earth has only one satellite, that is, the moon.
- Its diameter is only one-quarter that of the earth. It is about 3,84,400 km away from us.
- The moon moves around the earth in about 27 days. It takes exactly the same time to complete one spin. As a result, only one side of the moon (only 59% of its surface) is visible to us on the earth.
- Moonlight takes 1.3 sec. to reach earth.

LATITUDE
- Imaginary lines drawn parallel to the equator. Measured as an angle whose apex is at the centre of the earth.
- The equator represents 0° latitude, while the North Pole is 90°N and the South Pole 90°S.
- 23½°N represents Tropic of Cancer while 23½°S represents Tropic of Capricorn.

LONGITUDE
- It is the angular distance measured from the centre of the earth. On the globe the lines of longitude are drawn as a series of semicircles that extend from the North Pole to the South Pole through the equator. They are also called meridians.
- The distance between any two meridians is not equal. At the equator, 1 degree = 111 km. At 30°N or S, it is 96.5 km. It goes on decreasing this way until it is zero at the poles.

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE
- It is the 180° meridian running over the Pacific Ocean, deviating at Aleutian Islands, Fiji, Samoa and Gilbert Islands.
- Travellers crossing the Date Line from west to east repeat a day and travellers crossing it from east to west lose a day.

INDIAN STANDARD TIME (IST)
- Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.5°E longitude which passes through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh.

ECLIPSES
- Sun is the only source of light for both the Earth and Moon. Eclipses occur when the light thus received is either blocked by the earth or by the Moon.
- Eclipses occur when either the Earth moves behind the Moon's shadow or the Moon moves behind the Earth's shadow.

LUNAR ECLIPSE
- Lunar eclipse occur only when the following conditions are met.
1. The Sun, Earth and Moon must be aligned in a straight line.
2. The Earth must be positioned between the Sun and the Moon.
3. The Moon must be in its full phase (Full Moon).

SOLAR ECLIPSE
- Solar eclipses occur only when the following conditions are met.
1. The Sun, Earth and Moon must be aligned in a straight line.
2. The Moon must be positioned between the Sun and the Earth.
3. Must be a New Moon day.

ROCKS
- Rocks are composed of many minerals such as silica, aluminium, iron and magnesium. The nature of the rock is determined by the presence of its minerals.
- Rocks can be classified into three types:
1. Igneous rocks are formed by magma that reaches the earth's surface along deep cracks and at volcanic vents. e.g., Mica, Granite etc.
2. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation and cementation of mud, silt, or sand derived from weathered igneous rock frag-ments. e.g., Gravel, Peat, Gypsum etc.
3. Metamorphic rocks are igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been altered by heat and/or pressure, either because they have been buried and folded deep in the crust, or because they have come into contact with molten igneous rock, e.g., Gneiss, Marble, Quartzite etc.

VOLCANOES
Sudden eruption of hot magma (molten rock), gases, ash and other material from inside the Earth to its surface.
- Active which erupts frequently, e.g., Mauna Loa (Hawaii), Etna (Sicily), Vesuvius (Italy), Stromboli (Mediterranean Sea).
- Dormant Not erupted for quite sometime, e.g., Fujiyama (Japan), Krakatoa (Indonesia), Barren Island (Andamans).
- Extinct Not erupted for several centuries, e.g., Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh, Scotland.

EARTHQUAKES
- Earthquakes are a form of wave energy that is transferred through bedrock. It is transmitted from the point of the earthquake focus, as spherical seismic waves. They travel in all directions outward.
- The intensity of earthquake waves is recorded by Seismograph.

LANDFORMS
- There are three major landforms: mountains, plateaus and plains.

MOUNTAINS
- A mountain can be defined as an area of land that rises abruptly from the surrounding region.
- There are three types of mountains- Fold Mountains, Block Mountains and the Volcanic Mountains.
- Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies, Atlas, etc are examples of Fold Mountains.
- The Aravali range in India is one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the world.
- The Rhine valley and the Vosges mountain in Europe are examples of such mountain systems.
- Volcanic mountains are formed due to volcanic activity.
- Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa and Mt. Fujiyama in Japan are examples of such mountains.

Major Mountain Ranges of the World
Range - Location - Highest Peak (m)- Length (km)

Andes South America 6,960 7,200
Himalayas-Karakoram-Hindukush South Central Asia 8,848 4,800
Rockies North America 4,401 4,800
Great Dividing Range East Australia 2,228 3,600
Western Ghat Western India 2,637 1,610
Caucasus Europe 5,642 1,200
Alaska USA 6,194 1,130
Alps Europe 4,808 1,050
Apennines Europe 2,912 — Ural Asia 1,895 —
Atlas North West Africa — 1,930

PLATEAUS
- A plateau is an elevated flat land. It is a flat-topped table land standing above the surrounding area.

Principal Mountain Peaks of the World
Mountains Height in Metres

1. Mount Everest 8,848
2. K-2 (Godwin Austen) 8,611
3. Kanchenjunga 8,597
4. Lhotse 8,511
5. Makalu I 8,481
6. Dhaulagiri I 8,167
7. Mansalu I 8,156
8. Chollyo 8,153
9. Nanga Parbat 8,124
10. Annapurna I 8,091
11. Gasherbrum I 8,068
12. Broad Peak I 8,047
13. Gasherbrum II 8,034
14. Shisha Pangma (Gosainthan) 8,014
15. Gasherbrum III 7,952

PLAINS
- A relatively low-lying and flat land surface with least difference between its highest and lowest points is called a Plain.

OCEANS
- Oceans of the world is classified into four groups: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Arctic and the Indian.
- The Pacific is the largest ocean, being twice the size of the Atlantic. It covers about a third of the Earth's surface, and contains more than half the water on the planet.

Oceans of the World
Names Area (Sq. Km.) - Greatest Depth

Pacific 166,240000 Mariana Trench
Atlantic 86,560000 Puerto Rico Trench
Indian 73430000 Java Trench
Arctic 13230000 —

Major Rivers of the World
River Origin -Falls in Length (Km.)

Nile Victoria lake Mediterranean Sea 6,650
Amazon Andes (Peru) Atlantic Ocean 6,428
Yangtze Tibetan Kiang Plateau China Sea 6,300
Mississippi Missouri Itaska lake (USA) Gulf of Mexico (USA) 6,275
Yenisei Tannu-Ola Mts. Arctic Ocean 5,539
Hoang Ho Kunlun Mts. Gulf of Chibli 5,464
Ob Altai Mts., Russia Gulf of Ob 5,410
Congo Lualaba & Luapula rivers Atlantic Ocean 4,700
Amur Northeast China Sea of Okhotsk 4,444
Lena Baikal Mts Laptev Sea 4,400
Mekong Tibetan Highlands South China Sea 4,350
Mackenzie Great Slave Lake Beaufort Sea 4,241
Niger Guinea Gulf of Guinea 4,200

Major Gulfs of the World
Names - Area (Sq. Km.)  - Names Areas (Sq. Km.)
Gulf of Mexico 15,44,000 Gulf of St. Lawrence 2,37,000
Gulf of Hudson 12,33,000 Gulf of California 1,62,000
Arabian Gulf 2,38,000 English Channel 89,900

Important Straits of the World
Straits - Water Bodies - joined Area
Bab-al-Mandeb Red Sea & Arabian Sea Arabia & Africa
Bering Arctic Ocean & Bering Sea Alaska & Asia
Bosphorus Black Sea & Marmara Sea Turkey
Dover North Sea & Atlantic Ocean England & Europe
Florida Gulf of Mexico & Atlantic Ocean Florida & Bahamas Islands
Gibralter Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean Spain & Africa
Malacca Java Sea & Bay of Bengal India & Indonesia
Palk Bay of Bengal & Indian Ocean India & Sri Lanka
Magellan South Pacific & South Atlantic Ocean Chile
Sunda Java Sea & Indian Ocean Indonesia

Important Lakes of the World
Lake - Location - Area (Sq. Km.)

Caspian Russia and CIS 371000
Superior Canada and USA 82414
Victoria Tanzania (Africa) 69485
Huron Canada and USA 59596
Michigan USA 58016
Tanganyika Africa 32892
Baikal Russia (CIS) 31502
Great Bear Canada 31080
Malawi Malawi (Tanzania) 30044
Great Slave Canada 28438
Highest Waterfalls of the World
Name(s) (Foreign) Location
Angel (Salto Angel) Canaima Nat'l Park, Venezuela
Tugela Natal Nat'l Park, South Africa Utigord (Utigordsfoss) Norway
Monge (Mongefoss) Marstein, Norway
Gocta Cataracts Chachapoyas, Peru
Mutarazi (Mtarazi) Nyanga Nat'l Park, Zimbabwe
Yosemite Yosemite Nat'l Park, California, U.S.
Espelands Hardanger Fjord, (Espelandsfoss) Norway
Lower Mar Valley Eikesdal, Norway (Ostra Mardolafoss)
Tyssestrengene Odda, Norway

Important Cities on River Banks (World)
City - Country - River

Adelaide Australia Torrens
Amsterdam Netherlands Amsel
Alexandria Egypt Nile
Ankara Turkey Kazil
Bangkok Thailand Chao Praya
Basra Iraq Eupharates and Tigris
Baghdad Iraq Tigris
Berlin Germany Spree
Bonn Germany Rhine
Budapest Hungary Danube
Bristol UK Avon
Buenos Aires Argentina Laplata
Chittagong Bangladesh Majyani
Canton China Si-Kiang
Cairo Egypt Nile
Chung King China Yang-tse-kiang
Cologne Germany Rhine
Dandzing Germany Vistula
Dresden Germany Elbe
Dublin Ireland Liffy
Hamburg Germany Elbe
Kabul Afghanistan Kabul
Karachi Pakistan Indus
Khortoum Sudan Confluence of
Blue & White Nile
Lahore Pakistan Ravi
Leningrad Russia Neva
Lisbon Portugal Tagus
Liverpool England Messey
London England Thames
Moscow Russia Moskva
Montreal Canada St. Lawrence
Nanking China Yang-tse-kiang
New Orleans U.S. A. Mississipi
New York U.S. A. Hudson
Ottawa Canada Ottawa
Paris France Seine
Philadelphia U.S.A Delaware
Perth Australia Swan
Prague Czech Republic Vitava
Quebec Canada St. Lawrence
Rome Italy Tiber
Rotterdam The Netherlands New Moss
Stalingrad Russia Volga
Shanghai China Yang-tse-kiang
Sidney Australia Darling
Saint Louis U.S.A Mississippi
Tokyo Japan Arakava
Vienna Austria Danube
Warsaw Poland Vistula
Washington D.C. U.S. A. Potomac
Yangoon Myanmar Irawaddy

World's Geographical Surnames

City of Sky-scrapers—New York
City of Seven Hills—Rome
City of Dreaming Spires—Oxford
City of Golden Gate—San Francisco
City of Magnificent Buildings—Washington D.C.
City of Eternal Springs—Quito (S. America)
China's Sorrow—Hwang Ho
Cockpit of Europe—Belgium
Dark Continent—Africa
Emerald Isle—Ireland
Eternal City—Rome
Empire City—New York
Forbidden City—Lhasa (Tibet)
Garden City—Chicago
Gate of Tears—Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb
Gift of the Nile—Egypt
Granite City—Aberdeen (Scotland)
Hermit Kingdom—Korea
Herring Pond—Atlantic Ocean
Holy Land—Jerusalem
Island Continent—Australia
Islands of Cloves—Zanzibar
Isle of Pearls—Bahrein (Persian Gulf)
Key to the Mediterranean—Gibralter
Land of Cakes—Scotland
Land of Golden Fleece—Australia
Land of Maple Leaf—Canada
Land of Morning Calm—Korea
Land of Midnight Sun—Norway
Land of the Thousand Lakes—Finland
Land of the Thunderbolt—Bhutan
Land of White Elephant—Thailand
Land of Thousand Elephants—Laos
Land of Rising Sun—Japan
Loneliest Island—Tristan De Gunha (Mid-Atlantic)
Manchester of Japan—Osaka
Pillars of Hercules—Strait of Gibraltar
Pearl of the Antilles—Cuba
Playground of Europe—Switzerland
Quaker City—Philadelphia
Queen of the Adriatic—Venice
Roof of the World—The Pamirs, Central Asia
Sugar bowl of the world—Cuba
Venice of the North—Stockholm
Windy City—Chicago
Whiteman's grave—Guinea Coast of Africa
Yellow River—Huang Ho (China)
Sickman of Europe—Turkey

Continents: Some Facts
Continent - Biggest Country  - Highest Peak  - Longest River

Asia China Mt. Everest (8848 m) Yangtze Kiang
Africa Algeria Mt. Kilimanjaro (5895 m) Nile
North America Canada Mt. Mckinley (6194 m) Mississippi Missouri
South America Brazil Mt. Acancagua (6960 m) Amazon
Europe Russia Mt. Elbrus (5642 m) Ob
Australia Australia Mt. Coscuisco (2228 m) Darling
Antarctica — Vinson Massif (5140 m) —

AREA AND LOCATION
- India is in the southern parts of the Asian continent. In the west of India lies the Arabian Peninsula while in the east lies the Indo-China Peninsula.
- India extends between 8°4' N and 37°6' N latitudes and between 68°7' E and 97°2' E longitudes.
- India, has a total geographic area of 32,87,263 sq. km. This is only 2.42 % of the total geographic area of the world but holds 17 per cent of the world's population.
- The 23½ºN, which is the Tropic of Cancer, runs across the country.
- India has a length of 3214 km from north to south and 2933 km from east to west. It has a land frontier of 15200 km.
- The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km.
- India ranks seventh among the countries of the world, in terms of the geographical extent.
- India is bordered on three sides by water and on one by land, it is also a peninsula.
- India shares its common border with Afghanistan and Pakistan in the north-west, China and Bhutan in the north, and Bangladesh in the east. In the south, Sri Lanka is separated from India by a strait, known as the Palk Strait.
- There are 28 States (After reorganisation of J&K in 2019) and 8 Union Territories (After merger of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu in 2020).
- 82°30' E longitude is considered as the Indian Standard Meridian. The local time of this longitude is taken as the Indian Standard Time (IST). This is 5½ hours ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time.

THE INDIAN STATES ON INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ARE:
- Bordering Pakistan: Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat.
- Bordering China: Lad akh, Him achal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
- Bordering Nepal: Bihar, Uttarakhand, UP, Sikkim, West Bengal.
- Bordering Bangladesh: West Bengal, Mizoram , Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam.
- Bordering Bhutan: West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam.
- Bordering Myanmar: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram.
- Bordering Afghanistan: Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistanoccupied area).

Important Passes

Kashmir Burzi-La, Joji-La
Himachal Pradesh Bara La, Cha-La, Shipki-La Uttarakhand Niti-La, Lipu-Lekh-La
Sikkim Jelep-La, Nathu-La
Arunachal Pradesh Bomdi-La

Important Boundaries

Durand Line Pakistan & Afghanistan
MacMohan Line India & China
Radcliff Line India & Pakistan
Maginot Line France & Germany
Oder Niesse Line Germany & Poland Hindenberg Line Poland & Germany (at the time of First World War)
38th Parallel North & South Korea
49th Parallel USA & Canada

Heighest Mountain Peaks of India
Peaks - Elevation (in mts.)

Godwin Austin (K2) 8611
Kanchenjunga 8598*
Nanga Parvat 8126*
Gasherbrum 8068*
Broad Peak 8047*
Dastegil 7885*
Masherbrum (East) 7821*
Nanda Devi 7817
Masherbrum (West) 7806*
Rakoposhi 7788*
Kamet 7756
Saser Kangdi 7672

• Above mean sea level in metres.
* Situated in Pak occupied Kashmir (PoK).

Towns at River Banks
Town - River

Agra Yamuna
Allahabad Confluence of the
Ganges and the Yamuna
Ayodhya Saryu
Badrinath The Ganges
Kolkata Hooghly
Cuttuck Mahanadi
Delhi Yamuna
Dibrugarh Brahmaputra
Ferozepur Satluj
Guwahati Brahmaputra
Hardwar The Ganges
Hyderabad Musi
Jabalpur Narmada
Kanpur The Ganges
Kota Chambal
Kurnool Tungbhadra
Lucknow Gomti
Ludhiana Sutlej
Nasik Godavari
Pandharpur Bhima
Patna The Ganges
Sambalpur Mahanadi
Srinagar Jhelum
Srirangapattam Cauveri
Surat Tapti
Varanasi The Ganges
Vijaywada Krishna

Waterfalls of India
Waterfall Hgt (Mt.) - River State

Jog/Gersoppa 260 Sharavati Karnataka
Rakim Kund 168 Gaighat Bihar
Chachai 127 Bihad Madhya Pradesh
Kevti 98 Mahanadi Madhya Pradesh
Sivasamudram 90 Cauveri Karnataka
Kunchikal 45.5 Varani Karnataka

Important Lakes of India
Name of lake - State/UT

Pulicat Lake Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh Border
Sambhar Lake Rajasthan
Tso Moriri Lake Jammu & Kashmir
Vembanad Lake Kerala
Wular & Dal Lakes Jammu and Kashmir
Chilka Lake Odisha
Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh
Loktak Lake Manipur
Lonar Lake Maharashtra
Pangong Lake Ladakh

Rivers of India
Name - Originates From - Falls Into

Yamuna Yamunotri Ganga
Chambal Singar Chouri Peak, Vindhyan escarpment Yamuna
Ghaghara Matsatung Glacier Ganga
Kosi Near Gosain Dham Peak Ganga
Sabarmati Aravalis Gulf of Khambat
Krishna Western Ghats Bay of Bengal
Godavari Nasik district in Maharashtra Bay of Bengal
Caurey Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats Bay of Bengal
Tungabharda Western Ghats Krishna

Ganges Combines Sources Bay of Bengal 
Sutlej Mansarovar Rakas lakes Chenab

Indus Near Mansarovar Lake Arabian Sea
Ravi Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass Chenab
Beas Near Rohtang Pass Sutlej
Jhelum Verinag in Kashmir Chenab
Son Amarkantak Ganga
Brahmaputra Near Mansarovar Lake Bay of Bengal
Narmada Amarkantak Gulf of Khambat
Tapti Betul District in Madhya Pradesh Gulf of Khambat
Mahanadi Raipur District in Chhattisgarh Bay of Bengal
Luni Aravallis Rann of Kuchchh
Ghaggar Himalayas Near Fatehabad
Betwa Vindhyanchal Yamuna

Geographical Surnames

City of Lakes - Srinagar
Twin City Hyderabad-Secunderabad
City of Seven Islands Mumbai
Diamond Harbour Kolkata
Switzerland of India Kashmir
Rice Bowl Chhattisgarh
Fruit Bowl Himachal Pradesh
Ganga of South Cauvery
Pitsburg of India Jamshedpur
City of Bridges Srinagar
Residence of God Allahabad
A Cross-road (Quadrivial) of National Highways Kanpur
Heart of India Delhi
Black River Sharda
City of Festivals Madurai
Queen of Deccan Pune
Sorrow of Bihar Kosi River
Bengal's Sorrow Damodar River
City of Palaces Kolkata
Gateway of India Mumbai
Pink City Jaipur
Paris of India Jaipur
Manchester of India Ahmedabad
Kashmir of South Kerala
Son of Sea Lakshadweep
Queen of Mountains Mussourie
Iron City Jamshedpur
Hollywood of India Mumbai
Scotland of East Meghalaya
City of Nababs Lucknow
City of Temples & Ghats Varanasi
Land of Five Rivers Punjab
City of Golden Temple Amritsar
Garden of India Bangaluru
Spice Garden of India Kerala

Some Major Irrigational and Multipurpose Projects
S.No. Name of Project Related State River

1. Bargi Project Madhya Pradesh Bargi
2. Beas Joint Venture of Haryana, Beas Punjab and Rajasthan
3. Bhadra Karnakata Bhadra
4. Bhakra Nangal Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan Sutluj
5. Bhima I Maharashtra Pawana
6. Bhima II Maharashtra Krishna
7. Chambal Joint Project of M.P. and Rajasthan Chambal
8. Damodar Valley Project West Bengal and Bihar Damodar
9. Dulhasti Power Project Jammu and Kashmir Chenab
10. Farakka West Bengal Hooghly
11. Gandak Bihar and U.P. Gandak
12. Ghataprabha Karnataka Ghataprabha
13. Hasdeo Bango Project Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh Hasdeo
14. Hirakud Odisha Mahanadi
15. Jayakwadi Maharashtra Godavari
16. Kakrapara Gujarat Tapti
17. Kangsbati West Bengal Kangsbati and Kumari
18. Karjan Gujarat Karjan
19. Kosi Bihar Kosi
20. Koyana Maharashtra Koyana
21. Krishna Project Maharashtra Krishna
22. Kukadi Maharashtra Kukadi
23. Left Bank Ghagra Canal Uttar Pradesh Ghagra
24. Madhya Ganga Canal Uttar Pradesh Ganga
25. Mahanadi Delta Odisha (The irrigation scheme Scheme will utilise releases from Hirakund Reservoir)
26. Mahi Gujarat Mahi
27. Malaprabha Karnataka Malaprabha
28. Mayurakshi West Bengal Mayurakshi
29. Nagarjunasagar Andhra Pradesh Krishna
30. Panam Gujarat Panam
31. Parambikulam Aliyar Tamil Nadu and Kerala Perimbikulam
32. Pochampad Andhra Pradesh Godavari
33. Pong Dam Punjab Beas
34. Ramganga Uttarakhand Ramganga
35. Ranjit Sagar Dam (Thein Dam) Punjab Ravi
36. Rihand Uttar Pradesh Rihand
37. Sabarmati Gujarat Sabarmati
38. Sharda Sahayak U.P. Ghagra
39. Sone High Level Canal Bihar Sone
40. Tawa Madhya Pradesh Tawa
41. Tehri Dam Uttarakhand Bhagirathi
42. Tungabhadra Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Tungabhadra
43. Ukai Gujarat Tapti
44. Upper Krishna Karnataka Krishna
45. Upper Penganga Maharashtra Penganga
46. Uri Power Project Jammu and Kashmir Jhelum

Major Indian Crops
Crops - Temp(°c)  - Water(cm) - States where Produced

Wheat 15°-25° 60-90 Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana.
Rice 24°-26° 80-200 West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab
Maize 18°-21° 50-60 Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra
Jowar 20°-35° 40-60 Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
Soyabean 25°-27° 50-120 Madhya Pradesh
Cotton 20°-30° 80-150 Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh
Tobacco 20°-25° 75-80 Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh
Tea 24°-30° 100-200 Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh
Ground Nut 15°-25° 60-130 Gujarat, Maharashtra

Mineral Wealth at a Glance (Metallic Minerals)
Mineral - Chief Producers

Bauxite Odisha, Gujarat, Jharkhand
Chromite Odisha, Karnataka
Coal Jharkhand, Odisha
Copper Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh
Diaspore Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
Gold Karnataka
Iron Odisha, Karnataka, Goa
Lead Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh
Lignite Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir
Manganese Odisha, Karnataka
Natural Gas Gujarat, Assam
Petroleum Gujarat, Assam, Andhra Pradesh
Silver Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Gujarat
Tungsten Rajasthan
Zinc Rajasthan, Maharashtra

Zones and Headquarters of Indian Railways
S.No. - Zone Headquarters
1. Central Mumbai (Victoria Terminus)
2. Eastern Kolkata
3. Northern New Delhi
4. North-Eastern Gorakhpur
5. North-East Frontier Maligaon, Guwahati
6. Southern Chennai
7. South-Central Secunderabad
8. South-Eastern Kolkata
9. Western Mumbai, Churchgate
10. East Coast Bhubaneswar
11. East Central Hajipur
12. North Central Allahabad
13. North Western Jaipur
14. South Western Bengaluru (Hubli)
15. West Central Jabalpur
16. South East Central Bilaspur
17. Metro Railway Kolkata
18. South Coast Railway Vishakhapatnam

Major National Highways
N H  - Connects

NH 1 New Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-Amritsar
NH 2 Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata
NH 3 Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai
NH 4 Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaum
NH 5 Kolkata-Chennai
NH 6 Kolkata-Dhule
NH 7 Varanasi-Kanyakumari (2369 km)
NH 8 Delhi-Mumbai (via Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad)
NH 9 Mumbai-Vijaywada
NH 10 Delhi-Fazilka
NH 24 Delhi-Lucknow
NH 26 Lucknow-Varanasi

Major Ports of Country
1. Kolkata
2. Mumbai
3. Nhava Sheva (J.L. Nehru Port)
4. Tuticorin
5. Chennai
6. Mormugao
7. New Mangalore
8. Paradeep
9. Kandla
10. Vishakhapatnam
11. Cochin
12. Haldia
13. Ennore.

Major International Airports in India
International Airports - City

Indira Gandhi International Airport Delhi
Anna International Airport Chennai
Sri Guru Ram Dass Ji Amritsar International Airport
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad
Calicut International Airport Calicut
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Mumbai Airport
Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru
Goa Airport in Vasco di Gama City Goa
Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Kolkata International Airport
Thriuvananthapuram International Thiruvanan-Airport thapuram
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi Guwahati International Airport
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Ahmedabad International Airport