Read the following passage and answer the following questions: The Indian National Congress, being a movement and not just a party, included within its fold, individuals and groups which subscribed to widely divergent political and ideological perspectives. It was the mainstream organization but not the only stream. Obviously, the non-Congress movements were never seen as parallel streams, as some have maintained. Though they were outside the Congress, most of them were not really separate from it and at no stage they became alternatives to the Congress. The only ones which may be... Show more Read the following passage and answer the following questions: The Indian National Congress, being a movement and not just a party, included within its fold, individuals and groups which subscribed to widely divergent political and ideological perspectives. It was the mainstream organization but not the only stream. Obviously, the non-Congress movements were never seen as parallel streams, as some have maintained. Though they were outside the Congress, most of them were not really separate from it and at no stage they became alternatives to the Congress. The only ones which may be said to have formed of an alternative stream of politics were the communal and casteist movements which were not national or anti-imperialist. Several Satyagraha campaigns — apart from innumerable mass agitational campaigns — were waged between 1919 and 1942. The movement in its various forms and phases took modern politics to the people. It did not appeal to their pre-modern consciousness based on religion, caste and locality or loyalty to the traditional rulers. Though in some cases caste structure was used in villages to enforce discipline in a movement whose motivation and demands had nothing to do with caste. The social and religious reform movements which developed during the 19th century as part of the defence against colonialization of Indian culture merged with the national movement. As a mass movement, while the Indian national movement was able to tap the diverse energies, talents and capacities of a large varieties of people to fight against the British rule, emphasis was also laid on the constructive programme. Show less
Read the following passage and answer the following questions: The Indian National Congress, being a movement and not just a party, included within its fold, individuals and groups which subscribed to widely divergent political and ideological perspectives. It was the mainstream organization but not the only stream. Obviously, the non-Congress movements were never seen as parallel streams, as some have maintained. Though they were outside the Congress, most of them were not really separate from it and at no stage they became alternatives to the Congress. The only ones which may be said to have formed of an alternative stream of politics were the communal and casteist movements which were not national or anti-imperialist. Several Satyagraha campaigns — apart from innumerable mass agitational campaigns — were waged between 1919 and 1942. The movement in its various forms and phases took modern politics to the people. It did not appeal to their pre-modern consciousness based on religion, caste and locality or loyalty to the traditional rulers. Though in some cases caste structure was used in villages to enforce discipline in a movement whose motivation and demands had nothing to do with caste. The social and religious reform movements which developed during the 19th century as part of the defence against colonialization of Indian culture merged with the national movement. As a mass movement, while the Indian national movement was able to tap the diverse energies, talents and capacities of a large varieties of people to fight against the British rule, emphasis was also laid on the constructive programme.
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