GK Notes: Computer

Introduction

The word computer has been derived from the Latin word 'COMPUTARE', which means to compute or to calculate. A computer can be defined as an electronic device used to calculate and manipulate the data (i.e. input) and generates an output in the form of useful information by following a set of procedural instructions. British scientist Charles Babbage is considered as the Father of Computer. He invented the first mechanical computer in early 19th century and further in 1833, he conceived a automatic analytical engine for performing arithmetic functions. Alan Mathison Turing is widely regarded as the Father of Modern Computers or Father of theortical computer science and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Characteristics of Computer
▸ Speed ▸ Accuracy
▸ Diligence ▸ Versatility
Applications of Computer
▸ Education
▸ Hospitals
▸ Business
▸ Weather forecasting
▸ Entertainment
▸ Organisations

Generations of Computer

The history of computers is discussed in terms of different generations of computer.

Generation Technology Features Used

Processing Speed

Examples

Languages

First (1940-1956)

Vacuum Tubes or Valves

Magnetic drum for primary storage Punch card used as secondary storage

Measured in miliseconds

Mark-I, UNIVAC, ENIAC

Machine language

Second (1956-1963)

Magnet core memory used as internal storage Magnet tapes used as secondary storage

Measured in microseconds

IBM-700, IBM 1401

Assembly language and HLL (FORTRAN, COBOL)

Third (1964-1971)

IC (Integrated Circuit)

Semiconductor memory used as primary storage Magneticdiskswere usedassecondary storage

Measured in nanoseconds

IBM360 series, ICL1901

HLL (SNOBOL, BASIC)

Fourth (1971Present)

VLSI or Microprocess

Massive use of magnetic and optical storage devices

Measured in picoseconds and beyond.

IBM PC, Pentium PC, APPLE, Macintosh.

HLL (ORACLE, EDA)

Fifth (Present & Beyond)

Bio-chips & ULSI

Artificial intelligence will make computer intelligent and knowledge based

Very high speed

Robotics Natural Language

Types of Computer

Computer can be classified on three basis
On the Basis of Functions
▸ Analog Computers This is a type of computer that reads data using measurement and some program scale. It calculates by measuring continuous changes in the physical quantities. e.g. Mechanical integrators, nomogram, speedometer etc.
▸ Digital Computers This is a computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as binary digits. e.g. Desktop, mainframe etc.
▸ Hybrid Computers These computers are the combination of both analog and digital computers. It works by measuring quantity and calculating logical operations. e.g. ECG monitors, HRS-100 etc.
On the Basis of Purposes
▸ General Purpose Computers This type of computers are designed in order to work in all environments. They are versatile computers but are not efficient and also consume a large amount of time in generating the results. e.g. ENIAC, desktops etc.
▸ Special Purpose Computers They are designed to perform only a specified task. They are not versatile and their speed and size depends on the task. They are efficient and consume less time in generating results. e.g. ATM, aircraft controllers etc.
On the Basis of Size and Capability
▸ Micro Computers It is a digital computer used by individuals and is also considered as an acronym for Personal Computers (PCs). They are small in size. They are usually used at homes, in schools and offices etc. e.g. Laptop, Palmtop, Notebook, Desktop etc.
▸ Mini Computers This type of computers are more powerful than micro computers, but less powerful than mainframe computers. They are also termed as mid-range computers.
▸ It is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. e.g. IBM mid range computers, K-202, SDS-92 etc.
▸ Mainframe Computers It is a very large computer and is used for handling major applications in large business organisations. They can also be used as centralised computers with several terminal users connected to it. They can contain large databases and are also known as super servers.
▸ They can handle huge amount of input/output (I/O) operations at the same time. They are very expensive. e.g. Fujitsu's ICL VME, Hitachi's Z800 etc.
▸ Super Computers It can be defined as the most powerful computer in terms of performance and storage capacity. They are highly expensive and are employed for specialised applications such as for weather forecasting, several scientific researches etc.
▸ NASA (National Aeronautics for Space Administration) uses super computers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space exploration purpose.
▸ PARAM is the first super computer in India. It is a series of gigaflops developed by the Centre of Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune.
Super Computers Developed in India

Pratyush

2017

IITM, Pune

PARAM Kanchenjunga

C-DAC and NIT Sikkim

PARAM ISHAN

C-DAC and IIT Guwahati

Aaditya

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology

PARAM YUVA II

C-DAC, PUNE

SAGA-220

ISRO

ANUPAM-Adhya

2010-11

BARC

PARAM YUVA

2008

EKA

Computational Research Laboratories, PUNE

PARAM SARITA

Components of Computer

The computer system comprises of the following four main components
1. Input Unit
It consists of those devices through which user can enter the data into a computer. It links a computer to the external environment. It translates the data into computers understandable form. Some input devices are
▸ Keyboard is used to enter data or information, which may be in numeric form or alphabetical form, in a computer system.
▸ Mouse is a pointing device which provides a means to input data and commands in graphic form by selecting through moving an arrow called pointer.
▸ Trackball is another pointing device which is an alternative to a mouse.
▸ Joystick is an input device that moves in all directions and controls the movement of the cursor.
▸ Scanner is an optical input device and uses light as an input source to convert an image into an electronic form that can be stored on the computer.
▸ Touch Screen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area.
2. Output Unit
This unit contains those devices that provide the desired output (results) in the human acceptable format. Some output devices are
▸ Monitor is also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU). The monitor is provided along with the computer to view the display result. The popular types of monitor are
▸ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), a special type of liquid is sandwiched between two plates. It is a thin, flat and light weight screen made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arranged in front of a light source.
▸ LED (Liquid/Light Emitted Diode) is an electronic device that emits light when electrical current is passed through it.
▸ TFT (Thin Film Transistor) is a LCD with active-matrix displays, each pixel is controlled by one to four transistors that can make the screen faster, brighter, more colorful than passive-matrix and capable of being viewed at different angles.
▸ 3-D Monitors describe an image that provides the perception of length. When 3-D images are made interactive then user feel involved with the scene, and this experience is called virtual reality.
Top 10 Super Computers of World

Manufactured Company

Operating Memory System

Speed

IBM Summit

America

IBM

Sunway Taihu Light (2016)

National Super computing center

Linux

1.31 PB

105 Peta flops

Tianhe-2 (2013)

Sun Yat-Sen University

Kylin Linux

1,375 TB

33.86 Petaflops

Titan (2012)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Cray)

693.5 TB

17.59 Petaflops

Sequoia (2011)

1,572,864 GB

12 Petaflops

K-computer (2011)

Fujiter

1,410,048GB

10.5 Petaflops

Mira (2010)

8.16 Petaflops

Piz Diant (2009)

Cray INC

Switzerland

6.2 Petaflops

Stampede (2008)

Dell

192,192 GB

5.2 Petaflops

JU Queen (2007)

458,752 GB

5 Petaflops

▸ Printer prints information and data from the computer onto a paper. It can print documents in colour as well as in black and white.
▸ Plotter is a special kind of output channel, like a printer, that produces images on paper. They are mainly used to produce large drawings or images.
▸ Speaker is an output device that receives sound in the form of electric current. It needs a sound card connected to a CPU, that generates sound.
3. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is considered as the 'Brain of Computer'. It is responsible for all the manipulations and processing of the data provided to the computer. It is further categorised basically into two main components
▸ Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) This unit performs both arithmetical and logical operations. Arithmetic operations involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc and the logical operations involves AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND etc.
▸ Control Unit (CU) It is an important part that instructs, maintains and controls the flow of information but does not store the data. It tells the memory, ALU and I/O devices that how they have to respond to the program's instructions.
4.Memory Unit
This unit stores the data and instructions, intermediate results or the processed data and thus, provides the relevant information whenever required by the other units of computer. It consists of two types
▸ Primary Memory It is considered to be the main memory of computer that stores the data which is currently in use by the computer.
▸ Types of Primary Memory:
▸ RAM (Random Access Memory) is a volatile memory, which losses the data when the power gets switched OFF. There are basically two types of RAM: Static RAM and Dynamic RAM.
▸ ROM (Read Only Memory) is a nonvolatile memory, which retains the data even when the power gets switched OFF.
▸ Program and data that cannot be altered are stored in ROM. There are basically three types of ROM: Programmable ROM(PROM), Erasable PROM(EPROM) and Electrically EPROM(EEPROM).
▸ Secondary Memory The computer system uses secondary memory to store data, program instruction and information. It stores the data permanently. User can access or retrieve the data whenever required. Types of Secondary Memory:
▸ Magnetic Tape (sequential access)
▸ Magnetic Disk (Floppy Disk, Hard Disk)
▸ Optical Disc (CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc)
▸ Solid State drive (Flash drive, SD cards)
Cache Memory
It is a type of memory used to hold the frequently used data. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It consumes less access time as compared to main memory and thus, is used to match up the speed of fast running processor.
Registers
These are defined as the special memory units used by the CPU to speed up the rate of accessing information. There are some special type of registers used for specific work. e.g. Program Counter (PC) is used to hold the address of the next instruction for execution. Some other examples are Accumulator, Memory Buffer Register (MBR), Instruction Register (IR) etc.

Hardware

It can be defined as the physical components of a computer i.e. the parts that can be seen and touched. The four main categories of hardware are
▸ Input devices e.g. keyboard, mouse etc.
▸ Outputdevices e.g.printer,monitor etc.
▸ Storage devices e.g. hard disk, floppy disk etc.
▸ Processing devices e.g. CPU etc.

Software

The term software can be defined as the set of programs and procedures that enable a computer to perform a specific task or to process the information. Software can be classified into three types :
SystemSoftware
It is a set of one or more programs designed to control the operations of a computer system including hardware components and implementations of application software. Types of System Software are
▸ Operating System It is a system software, consisting of an integrated set of programs that controls computer resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices, etc) and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software.
▸ Language Translator It helps in converting programming languages to machine language. There are three kinds of language translator
▸ Assembler It converts program written in assembly language into machine language.
▸ Interpreter It converts a high level language into machine language by converting it line by line.
▸ Complier It also converts high level language program into machine language at one go.
Utility Software
It is a type of system software, which is used to support, secure and enhance the existing programs and data in the computer system. It is also used to debug the software errors. e.g. antivirus software, backup software etc.
Programming Language
It is a set of keywords, symbols and a system of rules for constructing statements, by which human can communicate, to be executed by a computer. Programming languages are mainly categorised into two parts:
Low Level Languages These languages are designed to operate and handle the entire hardware and instruction set architecture of a computer system directly. It is divided into two parts:
▸ Machine language, referred to as machine code or object code, is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets.
▸ Assembly language uses structured commands as substitutions for numbers, allowing humans to read the code easier.
High Level Languages These languages are not limited by the computer, designed for a specific task and are easier to read, write and understand. e.g. BASIC, C, FORTRAN, JAVA etc.
Application Software
It is a set of one or more programs designed to carry out operations for a specific application. It cannot run on itself, but it is dependent on system software to get executed. It is written in high level language.

Word Processor

Virtually all personal computers are equipped with a word-processing program, which has the same function as a type-writer for writing letters, reports or other documents and printings.

Microsoft Word, WordPerfect

Spreadsheet

A table containing text and figures, which is used to perform calculations. Spreadsheets are usually used for budgets, statistics and so on.

Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3

Database Management System

Used for storing information, e.g. the names and addresses of the clients.

Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle

Accounting Program

They generate extensive financial reports, produce invoices and statements to customers, handle accounts payable and receivable, print payroll checks and payroll reports and track inventories.

Tally (all versions)

Presentation Tool

To create presentations by allowing one to produce slides or handouts.

Microsoft PowerPoint

Desktop Publishing

For creating magazines, newsletters, books and so on.

QuarkXPress, Adobe Pagemaker

Multimedia Application

Used for creating multimedia presentations. e.g. Websites, animations and videos.

Dreamweaver, Flash, Premier

Telecommunication Software

A program that helps a user to connect and transfer information and files to and from the Internet. It is often a part of operating system or system software.

Dial-up Networking, Open Transport

Networking

Computer networking relates to the communication between a group of two or more computers linked together. When we communicate on a network, we share information or data through a communication medium. E-mailing, instant messaging and web pages all are dependent on communication that take place across an underlying computer network.
Benefits of Networking
▸ Data and Fill sharing
▸ Software sharing
▸ Hardware sharing
▸ Reliability
Network Devices
These are required to amplyfy the signal to restore the original strength of signal and to provide an interface to connect multiple computers in a network. Many types of Network Devices
▸ Repeater is a device that amplifies the signals when they are transported over a long distance so that the signal can be as strong as the original signal.
▸ Hub is like a repeater with multiple ports used to connect the network channels.
▸ Gateway is an interconnecting device, which joins two different network protocols together.
▸ Switch forwards a data packet to a specific route by establishing a temporary connection between the source and the destination.
▸ Bridge reduces the amount of traffic on a LAN by dividing it into two segments.
▸ Modem is a device that converts digital signal to analog signal and vice-versa.
Types of Computer Network
▸ Local Area Network (LAN) In this, computers can be connected with a geographical area spread over 1 km to 10 km or we can say within a same building. All the terminals are connected to a main computer called server.
▸ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) It is a data network designed for a town or city. Its main purpose is to share hardware and software resources among the various users.
▸ Wide Area Network (WAN) In this, the computers are farther apart and are connected by radiowaves. Such a network may spread over countries.

Communication Media

Communication media of a network refer to the transmission media or the connecting media used in the network. Transmission media can be divided into two broad categories; guided and unguided media.
▸ Guided Media or Wired Technologies It consists of a cable composed of metals like copper, tin or silver. Basically, these are divided into three categories
▸ Ethernet Cable or Twisted Pair A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.
▸ Coaxial Cable A type of wire that consists of a center wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire. The shield minimizes electrical and radio frequency interference.
Application Software What Does It Do? ExamplesDesktop Publishing For creating magazines, newsletters, books and so on. QuarkXPress, Adobe Pagemaker Multimedia Application Used for creating multimedia presentations. e.g. Websites, animations and videos. Dreamweaver, Flash, Premier Telecommunication Software A program that helps a user to connect and transfer information and files to and from the Internet. It is often a part of operating system or system software. Dial-up Networking, Open Transport
▸ Fiber-Optic Cable A type of wire that containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment.
▸ Unguided Media or Wireless Technologies When the computers in a network are interconnected and data is transmitted through waves, then they are said to be connected through unguided media. Some commonly used unguided media of transmission are
▸ Radio Wave Transmission There are two principal ways in which electromagnetic (radio) energy travels from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna. One way is by GROUND WAVES that are radio waves that travel near the surface of the Earth (surface and space waves) and the other is by SKYWAVES that are radio waves that are reflected back to Earth from the ionosphere.
▸ Microwave Transmission It is the transmission of information or energy by electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimeter; these are called microwaves.
▸ Satellite Communication It provides communication links between various points on Earth. It covers a vast range of area. It is very useful in television transmission.
▸ Infrared Wave Transmission It refers to energy in the region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum at wavelengths longer than those of visible light, but shorter than those of radio.
▸ Bluetooth It is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices and to create a Personal Area Networks (PANs).

Network Related Terms

Topology
It is defined as the way in which several nodes of the network are linked together. It represents the physical path between the connected nodes. e.g. Bus, Ring, Star, Tree, Mesh etc.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
It is a hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network as it contains the physical address of a computer. It is also known as network adaptor.
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
It is the world's collection of inter connected voice oriented public telephone networks. It provides landline phone service to residence and many other establishments. Thats why is also referred as Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS).
Value Added Network (VAN)
It provides Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) facility. It acts as a regional post office that examines the from and to information. It subscribes services like invoices sale purchase order etc.
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)
It is a set of communication standards for digital transmission of voice, videos and other data services. It combines both circuit switching and packet switching for the purpose of transmitting data.
Firewall
It is a combination of both software and hardware based devices to permit or deny network transmission based on a set of rules. It is frequently used to protect network from unauthorised access while permitting legitimate communication to pass.

Internet

Internet is defined as network of networks that consists of millions of private and public computer networks linked together and sharing information using client server relationship. Data is shared by packet switching through standardised Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).

Important Protocols Used over Internet

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
It is a set of rules for transmitting files such as text, images, sound, videos etc, on the WorldWideWeb (WWW). As soon as a web user opens the web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. Its primary function is to establish a connection with the server.
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
It is a combination of two separate protocols TCP and IP, which are used together. TCP ensures the reliability of data transmission across the Internet connected networks while IP ensures how packets of information are sent out over networks.
Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
It is dial account which puts the computer directly on the Internet. Using this protocol each computer on the server has its own name and IP address.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
It is a type of transfer protocol that enables the user to transfer their files from one computer to another in a network environment and develop a communication. e.g. E-mails etc.
Telnet
It is a network protocol that allows a user on one computer to log into another computer that is part of the same network. It is an underlying TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers.

Terminology Related to Internet

WorldWideWeb (WWW)
It is a collection of connected documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another; usually accessed by web browsers via Internet.
Web Server
It is a program that serves the files to the web user with the use of client server model approach and WWW's http. It contains the web pages corresponding to the website available on the Internet.
Client Server
It is a network architecture which separates the client from the server. Each instance of the client software can send request to server.
Webpage
It is a resource onWWW, usually written in HTML/XHTML with hypertext links that enable navigation from one page to another.
Website
It is a collection of web pages, grouped under a same domain name on the WWW or Internet.
Web Browser
It is an application software that runs over the client computer connect it with the server or to access the Internet and the WWW. e.g. Opera, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox etc.
UniformResource Locator (URL)
Web address is a synonym for URL. It is basically a string of characters or an addressing scheme used by WWW browsers to locate sites on the Internet. e.g. http://www.google.com/services/index.htm
Domain Name
It is a way to identify and locate computers connected to the Internet. It always have two or more parts, separated by dots(.). e.g. google.com, yahoo.com etc.
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
WAP is a technical standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless network. A WAP browser is a web browser used by the mobile devices that are based on this protocol.
IP Address
Along with the physical address stored in NICs, Internet requires and additional addressing that identifies the connection of a host to its network which is known as the IP address. No two hosts on the Internet can have the same IP address. Each IP address consists of 4 bytes i.e. 32 bits defining 3 fields: Class, Network ID and Host ID.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
It is an organisation that provides the Internet connection services to the people, who want to used Internet.

Communication through Internet

E-mail (ElectronicMail)
It is a service provided by the Internet that allows the exchange of digital messages through a network. It provides a communication medium through which people can communicate with each other.
InstantMessaging
There are several applications (apps) provided for instant messaging such as Viber, WeChat, Line, WhatsApp etc. Among all, WhatsApp is considered to be the most globally popular messaging app. It was bought by facebook in 2014. The messengers are only available for Android, Black berry, iOS and Windows phone mobile operating system.
Social Networking Sites (SNS)
It is a platform to build social networks or social relations among people who share interests, activities, events etc., within their individual networks. e.g. Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram etc.
▸ Facebook It is a very popular social networking site among the users. It allows the users to share their ideas, activities, images, videos, events etc., within their individual network.
▸ LinkedIn It is available in multilingual languages. It is mainly for students or professionals. It enables users to connect with colleagues, looking for a job or business relationships and get answers to industry questions.

Wireless Communication

The origin of wireless communication goes back to 1896, when Marconi invented the wireless telegraphy. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or wires. The distance involed may be short or long. e.g. GPS units, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, satellite television etc.

Generations of Wireless Communication

1G (The First Generation)
It is a wireless telephone technology and mobile telecommunication introduced in 1980s. 1G networks use analog signals as opposed to digital signals used by all the successive generations. In this, voice calls were generally modulated to a higher frequency typically 150 MHz and up.
2G (The Second Generation)
It was commercially launched for the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) standard in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland. It was allowed for enhanced data services and also introduced the Short Messaging Services (SMSs).
3G (The Third Generation)
It was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 2001. Its data transfer rates are 384 K bit/sec to 2M bits/sec. So, it allows for never before services like video calls, video conferencing, mobile, TV etc.
4G (The Fourth Generation)
TeliaSonera was the first operator in the world to commercially launch 4G in late 2009 in the City Centre of Stockholm and Oslo and a year later it was launched in Finland. Bharti Airtel had launched 4G on mobiles in Bangalore, thus becoming the first in India to offer such a service on 14th February 2014.
5G (The Fifth Generation)
It will be a successor for 4G. It is a term used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major phase. Alliance feels that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet business and consumer demands.

Security Threats

Phishing
It is characterised by the attempts to fraudulently acquire sensitive information such as passwords, credit card details etc. by masquerading as a trustworthy person.
Intruders
The attacker who would constantly find their way for breaking and entering into a secured system to access confidential or users information are called intruders.
Virus
It is defined as a program or a piece of code that gets loaded onto the computer without users knowledge and replicates itself. Various kinds of virus are Boot sector virus, Macro virus, Resident virus, Polymorphic virus, Direct action virus etc. e.g. Creeper, Stuxnet, Melissa, Conficker, Code red, SQL Slammer, Nimda (derived from the word 'Admin') etc.
▸ Creeper is generally accepted to be the first computer virus written by Bob Thomas at BBN (Bolt Beranak and Newman) in 1971.
Worm
It is a self replicating computer program, similar to a virus. It is a self contained program and does not need to be a part of another program to propagate itself.
Spam
It is an unsolicited message sent over the Internet in the form of E-mails, to a large number of users for the purpose of spreading malware, advertising phishing etc.
Spyware
It is a type of malicious software installed on computers and collects information about users without their knowledge and may send such information to another entity. It can assets control over the computer without the consumer's knowledge.
Malware
A software which is specifically designed to disrupt or damage a computer system. It is a superset of computer viruses, worms, spyware, trojan horses and other malicious or unwanted software.
Botnet
It is a number of Internet computers that have been set-up to forward transmissions including spam and viruses to the other computers on the Internet without the knowledge of their owners. It is also known as Zombie Army.

Antivirus

It is a software consisting of computer programs that attempt to identify, detect and prevent the malware from the computer. It typically uses two different techniques to accomplish this
▸ Examining files to look for known viruses by means of a virus dictionary.
▸ Identifying suspicious behaviour from any computer program which might indicate infection.
▸ e.g. Kaspersky, Norton, AVG, Avast, McAfee etc.
Some Famous Personalities
Bill Gates
Bill Gates is an American Business magnate, computer programmer, Philanthrophist, inventor and co-founder of Microsoft (the software company) with Paul Allen. He acquired the posts like CEO, Chairman and Chief Executive Architect. He stepped down in Febrauary, 2014 and now is one of the Board of Members of Microsoft.
Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs was an American businessman, inventor and industrial designer and the co-founder of Apple Inc with Stephen Wozniak. He was the Chairman and CEO of Apple Inc.
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur best known as one of the co-founders of the famous social networking site 'Facebook'. He is considered as one of the youngest billionaires as on April, 2013. He is the Chairman and Chief-Executive of Facebook. Recently facebook boughtWhatsapp (an instant messenger) by paying $ 19 billion.
TimCook
Tim Cook is the CEO of Apple Inc. He has filled the seat of Steve Jobs. He is the decision maker in a company that has revolutionized the way humans see and use technology.
TimBerners Lee
TimBerners Lee also known as TimBL is a British computer scientist and the inventor of the World Wide Web (WWW). He implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol client and server via the Internet.
Jan Koum
Jan Koum founded a proprietary, cross-platform instant messaging service for Smartphones with Brian Acton, which is called WhatsApp in 2009. It is one of the most popular mobile messaging application. Jan Koum is the CEO and co-founder of WhatsApp Incorporation.
Smart Facts Related to CS & IT
iOS (iphone OS) It is the Apple's, mobile operating system developed originally for the iphone and later deployed on the iPod Touch and iPad as well.
Apple It is a prominent hardware and software company best known for its series of PCs, iPods, iPads, iphones etc. It was founded by Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak. Recently, Apple has launched large screen iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, which has advanced features including health control apps, 4.7 and 5.5 inches display, better image quality and good battery backup.
Android It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It is the most widely used mobile OS and, as of 2013, the highest selling OS overall.
CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) It is a type of challenge response test used in computing as an attempt to ensure that the response is generated by a human being. The process usually involves a computer asking a user to complete simple test which the computer is able to grade the user.
Rail Radar It is an online application that was launched by the CRIS (Centre for Railway Information Systems) on 10th October 2012 to find out the location of a large no of trains.
E-mail Triage It is a structured technique for processing E-mail. It is helpful for the user in order to make rapid, effective decisions about the mails stored in the Inbox of the user. At the end of the process, user is left with only the bits that require attention.
Deep Blue It was a chess playing super computer developed by IBM. This computer is able to do the work equivalent to the work of 32 computers and can think 20 crore steps of chess in one second. This was the computer which had defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. HP, Google, Microsoft and Apple have one thing in common that all of them were started in garages.
Wanna Cry Ransomware It was a worldwide cyber-attack by the Wanna Cry Ransomware Cryptoworm in 2017 which targeted computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system.
Robot Sophia It is a social humanoid robot developed by Hong-Kong company Hanson Robotics.
Glossary
▸ Algorithm It is a finite set of step-by-step, well defined instructions for accomplishing desired actions or results.
▸ Animation It is the optical illusion ofmotion created by the consecutive display of images of static elements.
▸ Artificial Intelligence It is a branch of science that deals with helping machines find solutions to complex problems in a more human like fashion.
▸ Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) It is also known as ROM BIOS. It is a consistent way for application programs and operating system to interact with input/ouput devices.
▸ Biometric Device A device used for user authentication that verifies some physical characteristics of a user such as the person's appearance, finger print etc.
▸ Blu-ray Disc It can be defined as a digital optical disc data storage medium, storing high definition video resolution. It contains 25 GB per layer and 50 GB dual layer. It is a plastic disc with 120 mm diameter and 1.2 mm thickness, the same size as of DVDs and CDs.
▸ Camcorder It is a video camera recorder. It is a portable electronic device capable of recording live motion video and audio, for later playback.
▸ Cloud Computing It is a general term for the delivery of hosted services over the Internet whereby shared resources, softwares and information are provided to computers and devices as a utility over the network.
▸ Cookies These are often used to store information on the computer system to track the browsing pattern on a particular site.
▸ Cryptography It is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular coded form so that only those can read and process it, for whom it is intended. It includes encoding and decoding of data.
▸ Firmware It is defined as the program that has been written on to ROM.It cannot be changed or deleted by an end user. They are in the non-volatile memory. Firmware is the combination of both software and hardware.
▸ Flow Chart It is the graphical representation formed with specified symbols (fig) and shows the flow of data, operations performed and the sequence of their execution.
▸ Microprocessor It is the controlling element in a computer system and is sometimes referred to as the chip. e.g. Intel, Dual core, Pentium-IV etc. Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor.
▸ Motherboard The biggest piece of silicon housed in the system unit of a computer is motherboard. All the other electronic devices and circuits of computer system are attached to this board like, processor, ROM, RAM, expansion slots and USB ports. It also includes controllers for devices like the hard drive, keyboard and mouse.
▸ Multimedia It refers to the use of several medias such as text, audio, graphics, video etc, to convey information. It simply means, being able to communicate in more than one way.
▸ Robot It is a system that contains sensors, control systems, manipulators, power supplies and software all working together to perform a task.
▸ Robotics It is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensury feedback and information processing.

Abbreviations

ANSI

American National Standard Institute

ALGOL

Algorithmic Language

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ARPANET

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

BASIC

Beginner's All Purposes Symbolic Instruction Code

BIOS

Basic Input Output System

BPS

Bits Per Second

CAD

Computer Aided Design

CGI

Common Gateway Interface

COBOL

Common Business Oriented Language

DSL

Digital Subscriber Lines/Domain-Specific Language

ENIAC

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

EDI

Electronic Data Interchange

FAX

Far Away Xerox

FORTRAN

Formula Translation

GPS

Global Positioning System

GIF

Graphic Interchange Format

International Business Machine

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network

LIPS

List Processing

MICR

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

MMS

Multimedia Messaging Service

MODEM

MODulator DEModulator

MIDI

Musical Instrument Digital Interface

NICNET

National Information Centre Network

OMR

Optical Mark Reader

OOP

Object Oriented Programming

RISC

Reduced Instruction Set Computer

SNOBOL

String Oriented Symbolic Language

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SQL

Structured Query Language

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

TRAI

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

UPS

Uninterruptible Power Supply

USB

Universal Serial Bus

WiMAX

World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Wi-Fi

Wireless Fidelity

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network

XHTML

Extensible HyperText Markup Language

ZIP

Zone Information Protocol