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▸ The Cape Route from Europe to India was discovered by Vasco da Gama. He reached Port of Calicut via Cape of Good Hope (Africa) on 17th May, 1498 and was received by the Hindu ruler of Calicut, Zamorin. This led to the establishment of trading stations at Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore. ▸ Cochin (1502) was the initial capital of the Portuguese in India, later on replaced by Goa. ▸ The first Governor of Portuguese in India was Francisco Almeida (1505-09). He introduced 'The Policy of Blue Water'. ▸ Alfonso d' Albuquerque arrived in India in 1503 and became Governor of the Portuguese in India in 1509. He captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in 1310 and introduced the policy of Imperialism. ▸ Nino-da-Cunha (1529-1538) transferred the capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530. He acquired Diu and Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (1534). ▸ Portuguese acquired Daman in 1559. They lost Hugly in 1631, during the reign of Shah Jahan. ▸ In 1661, the Portuguese king gave Bombay to Charles II of England as dowry, for marrying his sister. ▸ First Portuguese factory was established at Calicut. ▸ The famous Jesuit Saint, Francisco Xavier arrived in India with Martin Alfonso de Souza (1542-45). ▸ Gradually, almost all of their territories were lost to Marathas (Salsette and Bassein in 1739) , Dutch and English. Only Goa, Diu and Daman remained with them until 1961.
▸ The Dutch East India Company established factories in India at Masulipatnam in 1605, Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimlipatam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura, Kasimbazar, Patna, Balasore, Nagapatam and Cochin. ▸ They replaced the Portuguese as the most dominant power in European trade with East. ▸ Pulicat was their main centre in India till Nagapatam replaced it in 1690. ▸ The Dutch conceded to British after their defeat in the Battle of Bedera in 1759.
▸ Before the establishment of the East India Company, John Mildenhall, an English merchant came to India over land route to trade with Indian merchants in 1599. ▸ The English East India Company was formed by a group of merchants in 1599 known as Merchant Adventures. ▸ Jahangir issued a farman to Captain Hawkins (1609) permitting him to establish a factory at Surat. ▸ Sir Thomas Roe visited Jahangir's court (1615) as an ambassador of king James I to seek permission to trade in India. ▸ First factory was built at Surat (1608). Surat was replaced by Bombay acquired from Charles-II on lease as the headquarters on the West coast in 1687. ▸ In 1639, obtained Madras from Raja of Chandragiri with permission to build a fortified factory, which was named Fort St George. ▸ In 1690, Job Charnock, established a factory at Sutanati and the Zamindari of three villages Sutanati, Kalikata and Govindpur were acquired by the British (1698). These three villages grew as city of Calcutta. ▸ The factory at Sutanati was fortified and named Fort William in 1700. ▸ In 1717, John Surman obtained royal farman from Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar. This farman is also called the Magna Carta of the British rule in India as it gave large concessions to the company. Danes ▸ The Danes arrived in India in 1616. They established settlement at Tranqueber (Tamil Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore (Bengal) in 1676. Serampore was their headquarters. ▸ They were forced to sell their settlements to the British in 1854. French ▸ The French East India Company was formed in 1664 by Colbert under state patronage during the reign of Louis XIV. ▸ The first French factory was established at Surat by Francois Caron in 1668 and second at Masulipatnam in 1669. ▸ They occupied Mahe, Yanam and Karaikal. ▸ The foundation of Pondicherry was laid in 1673, which afterwards became their capital. They also developed a factory at Chandernagar. ▸ The Governors, Lenoir and Dumas revived the French power in India between 1720-42 and the Anglo-French conflict started with the arrival of Governor Dupleix in 1742.
▸ Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jahan in AD 1724. His original name was Chin Qilich Khan but emperor Farrukhsiyar conferred on him the titles of 'Khan-i-Duran' and later 'Nizam-ul-Mulk'. ▸ Puran Chand was his diwan. ▸ Carnatic was one of the Subah of Deccan hence, it was under Nizam of Hyderabad. ▸ Nizam of Hyderabad became independent of Delhi and deputy Governor of Carnatic made himself independent of Hyderabad, hence assumed the title 'Nawab of Carnatic'. ▸ Saadautullah Khan of Carnatic made his nephew Dost Ali as his successor at Carnatic without the approval of Nizam. This caused rivalry between Carnatic and Hyderabad. ▸ Hyderabad remained independent until it became a part of Independent India. The Nizam provided assistance to the British during the 1857 Revolt.
▸ Founded by Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk. Emperor Muhammad Shah appointed him as Governor of Awadh in AD 1722. ▸ Committed suicide in 1739 and was succeeded by his nephew Safdar Jung. ▸ The highest post of his government was held by Maharaja Nawab Rai. This shows his religious tolerance towards the Hindus.
▸ Haider Ali started his career as a soldier in Mysore state, promoted to Commander-in-Chief and later to Faujadar at Dindigul. ▸ In 1761, he overthrew Nanjaraja and established his authority over Mysore. He established a Modern Arsenal in Dindigul. ▸ In 1769, he repeatedly defeated the British in First Anglo-Mysore War and reached the walls of Madras. He died in 1782 during Second Anglo-Mysore War. ▸ Tipu Sultan (1782-99) succeeded Haider Ali. He planted the Tree of Liberty at Srirangapatnam and became a member of the Jacobian Club. ▸ He died in 1799, fighting at the gates of Srirangapatnam during the 4th Anglo- Mysore War. ▸ He was tolerant and enlightened in his approach towards other religions. He gave money for the construction of image of Goddess Sarda on the Shrinageri temple. The famous temple of Sri Rangnath was situated barely a hundred yards from his palace. He assumed the title of Padshah in 1797.
▸ Murshid Quli Khan (1717-27) He was made Governor of Bengal (1717) and Orissa (1719). He transferred capital of Bengal from Dacca to Murshidabad. He died in 1727. ▸ Shuja-ud-din (1727-39) He was granted Governorship of Bihar by Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela. ▸ Sarfaraz Khan (1739-40) Alivardi Khan deposed and killed Shuja-ud- din's son, Sarfaraz Khan and made himself Nawab. ▸ Alivardi Khan (1746) Bribed Muhammad Shah Rangeela and legalised his position by receiving a farman from him. He prevented the English and French fortifications at Calcutta and Chandranagar respectively. Shiraj-ud-Daula (1756-57) ▸ Under the farman of 1717, the Company had rights to import or export their goods in Bengal without paying tax and right to issue passes or dastaks. Dastaks were misused for private trade by Company's servants. ▸ In 1756, Siraj-ud-Daula seized the English factory at Kasimbazar and marched to Calcutta and occupied Fort William. Black hole tragedy took place. Robert Clive recovered Calcutta and Treaty of Alinagar was signed on 2nd January, 1757. ▸ Battle of Plassey On 23rd June, 1757, English won the battle against Siraj-ud-daula, and compelled the Nawab to concede all the demands. ▸ Mir Jafar, (Mir Bakhsh), Manik Chand (Officer incharge of Calcutta), Aminchand (rich Sikh merchant), Jagat Seth (banker), Khadim Khan (Commander of Nawab's army) all were on the English side. ▸ Mir Madan and Mohan Lal, Nawab's soldiers, fought bravely. ▸ Nawab was killed by Mir Jafar's son Miran. Mir Jafar (1757-60) ▸ Mir Jafar was the first Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa under the British rule in India. ▸ He granted free trade right to the Company in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. ▸ In 1760, Mir Jafar was replaced by his son-in-law, Mir Qasim. Mir Qasim(1760-64) ▸ Mir Qasim ceded Burdwan, Midnapur and Chittagong. He shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Monghyr. ▸ Mir Qasim soon revolted as he was angry with the British for misusing dastaks (free duty passes). ▸ Battle of Buxar He formed an alliance with Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-daula and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam-II and fought with the British army at Buxar on 22nd October, 1764. Mir Jafar was again put on the throne by the Britishers. ▸ On Mir Jafar's death, his son Nizam-ud-daula was placed on the throne and he signed a treaty on 20th February, 1765, by which the Nawab had to disband most of his army and to administer Bengal through a deputy subedar nominated by the company. ▸ Robert Clive became the first Governor of Bengal in 1765. ▸ After the Battle of Buxar, the Company gave Shah Alam-II a subsidary of ` 26 lakh and secured Diwani of Arrah and Allahabad. ▸ The important outcome is the Treaty of Allahabad. Treaty of Allahabad (August, 1765) ▸ English got the Diwani rights (right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa) and gave 26 lakhs. ▸ The Dual Government of Bengal was established in 1765, wherein the company got the right to collect revenue but the Nizamat right (duty of administration) was with the Nawab. ▸ Warren Hastings ended the Dual System of Government in 1772.
First War (AD 1746-48) ▸ A war between France and England. ▸ Nawab of Carnatic's army was defeated by French under Dupleix, in the Battle at St Thome. Afterwards, the French besieged Madras. ▸ The war ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), which also ended the Austrian war of succession. SecondWar (AD 1749-54) ▸ Dupleix alligned with Muzaffar Jung (Hyderabad) and Chanda Sahib (Carnatic). ▸ After initial victory of the French, ultimately Robert Clive emerged victorious. ▸ War ended with Treaty of Pondicherry/ Treaty of Godehu. ▸ The Siege of Arcot (1751) made Clive a national hero in England. ThirdWar (AD 1758-63) ▸ French Governor Count de Lally captured Fort St David. ▸ French were defeated by British in the decisive Battle atWandiwash in AD 1760. Pondicherry was returned to France by Treaty of Paris. ▸ Local version of 'seven years war' in Europe.
FirstWar (1766-69) Haider Ali defeated the British, Treaty of Madras signed. SecondWar (1780-84) ▸ Warren Hastings attacked French port Mahe, which was in Haider Ali's territory. Haider Ali led a joint front with Nizam and Maratha and captured Arcot. In 1781, Haider Ali was defeated at Porto Novo by Eyre Coote. ▸ Treaty of Mangalore (1784) was signed by Tipu Sultan on the basis of all mutual restitution of conquests. ThirdWar (1789-92) ▸ Marathas and Nizam aided the British, Lord Cornwallis captured Bangalore. ▸ Treaty of Seringapatnam signed; Tipu ceded half of his territories. FourthWar (1799) ▸ Lord Wellesley attacked, Tipu died while fighting. ▸ Tipu used the iron (–) cased rockets in the 3rd and 4th Anglo- Mysore Wars. ▸ It placed England on the military supremacy in India.
FirstWar (1775-82) ▸ English favoured Raghunath Rao to become the Peshwa but were defeated and signed the Convention of Wadgaon. ▸ British later signed Treaty of Salbai renouncing the cause of Raghunath Rao. SecondWar (1803-06) The Peshwas signed the Treaty of Bassein (1802), which was a treaty for subsidiary alliances. ThirdWar (1817-19) Lord Hastings moved against Marathas and Marathas were decisively defeated.
Began after the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839. The Sikhs (Punjab) ▸ Guru Nanak (1469-1539) Born in Talwandi, he was the first Sikh guru and established Nanak Panth. ▸ Guru Angad (1539-52) Invented Gurumukhi script for Punjabi language. ▸ Guru Amardas (1552-74) Divided his spiritual empire into 22 parts called Manjis, which was put under the charge of a Sikh. Mughal Emperor Akbar visited him. ▸ Guru Ramdas (1575-81) Founded the city of Amritsar. He dug a tank (sarovar) and constructed Harmandir Sahib in the midst of the tank. ▸ Guru Arjun Dev (1581-1606) He compiled the Adi Granth. Completed the construction of Amritsar and founded the cities of Taran and Kartarpur. He was executed by Jahangir. ▸ Guru Har Govind Rai (1606-45) Transformed Sikhs into warrior class and defeated Mughal army at Sangrama. Fortified Amritsar and built Akal Takhqt at Golden Temple. Took the title of 'Padshah' and founded the city of Kiratpur in Kashmir. ▸ Guru Har Rai (AD 1645-61)He met Dara Shikoh, son of Aurangzeb. ▸ Guru Har Kishan (1661-64) Ramraya established separate seat of Guru at Dehradun. ▸ Guru Teg Bahadur (1664-75) Executed by Aurangzeb at Delhi. Sis Ganj Gurudwara marks the site of his martyrdom. ▸ Guru Gobind Singh (1675-1708) (born in Patna) He organised a community of warriors called Khalsa (Baisakhi Day, 1699), summoned the assembly of Sikhs at Anantpur and 5 persons were selected (Panj Piaras), who took the water of immortality. ▸ The Sikhs were required to keep 5 k’s viz Kesh, Kripan, Kachcha, Kangha and Kara. He compiled Dasween Padshah ka Granth. He was stabbed to death by a Pathan in 1708. ▸ Maharaja Ranjeet Singh (1792-1839) Born in 1780 at Gujranwala, he founded the Sikh rule in Punjab. He occupied Lahore in 1799 and made it his capital. He annexed Amritsar (1802), Ludhiana, Kangra,Multan, attacked Kashmir and Peshawar. He died in 1839. ▸ Successors of Ranjit Singh Kharak Singh (1839-40), Naunihal Singh (1840), Sher Singh (1841-43), Dalip Singh (1843-49). FirstWar (1845–46) Sikh were defeated, ' Treaty of Lahore' ended the war. SecondWar (1948-49) Dalhousie annexed Punjab. Sir John Lawrence became the first Commissioner of Punjab. Anglo-Burmese Wars Burma was united by king Aloung Paya between 1752-60. His successor Bodopaya repelled many Chinese invasions and conquered the states of Arakan and Manipur (1813). FirstWar (1824) In 1824, British Indian authority declared war on Burma and occupied Rangoon and reached the capital Ava, peace came in 1826 by Treaty of Yandabo. SecondWar (1852) Annexation of Pegu, the capital province only remained free. ThirdWar (1885) British attacked over Burma and Thibaw surrendered. In 1935, Burma was separated from India. Movement of Burma reached a new height under leadership of U Aung San and Burma got independence.
First War (1839-42) or Auckland's Folly ▸ In 1839, British replaced Dost Muhammad by placing Shah Shuja. British faced a popular revolt but were able to re-occupy Kabul. However, they had to restore the throne to Dost Muhammad. British occupie d Kabul in 1842. Second War (1878-80) ▸ British India attacked Afghanistan during period of Sher Ali. Sher Ali was defeated by Lord Lytton and his sons signed the Treaty of Gandamak (Yakub Khan). ▸ British adopted the principle of non-interference. Third War ▸ Durand line was reaffirmed between British India and Afghanistan. ▸ Treaty of Rawalpindi was signed. ▸ Afghan independence with full sovereignity in Foreign Affairs.
The 'gradual development of Economic and Commerical Policy has been traced through three stages of British colonialism by RP Dutta.
Early Phase (1600-1757) The East India Company was purely a trading company, dealing with import of goods and precious metals into India and export of spices and textiles. Mercantile Phase (1757 – 1813) They imposed their own prices and had no relation with the cost of production. The Company used its political power and monopolised trade and dictated terms to the weavers of Bengal. The Company used revenue of Bengal to finance exports of Indian goods. Industrial Phase (1813-1858) The British mercantile industrial capitalist class exploited India. Charter Act of 1813, allowed 'one way free trade' for British citizens resulting in Indian markets flooded with cheap and machine made imported goods from Britain. Indians not only lost their foreignmarkets but their Indian markets also.
This phase saw export of capital from India and also chains of British controlled banks, export import firms and managing agency houses. Exploitation through railways is the best example of finance Imperialism.
▸ ''Drain of Wealth'' refers to a portion of National Product of India, which was not available for consumption of its own people. ▸ Dadabhai Naoroji first cited the drain of wealth theory in his book titled Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. ▸ RC Dutt blamed the British policy for Indian economic ills in his book Economic History of India. ▸ Drain of wealth began in 1757 after Battle of Plassey. In 1765, the company acquired the diwani of Bengal and began the purchase of Indian goods out of the revenue of Bengal and exported them. These purchases were known as Company's investments.
Permanent Settlement ▸ Introduced in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, districts of Banaras and Northern districts of Madras by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. ▸ John Shore planned this settlement. ▸ Assured of their ownership, many zamindars stayed in towns and exploited their tenants. ▸ It declared zamindars as the owners of the land. Hence, they could keep 1/11th of the revenue collected to themselves while the British got a fixed share of 10/11th of the revenue collected. The zamindars were free to fix the rate. Ryotwari Settlement ▸ Introduced in Bombay, Madras and Assam. Munro and Charles Reed recommended it. ▸ In this, the direct settlement was made between the Government and the Ryots. ▸ The revenue was based on the basis of the quality of the soil and the nature of the crop. The revenue was fixed for a period not exceeding 30 years. It was based on the 'Scientific Rent Theory of Ricardo.' ▸ The position of the cultivator became more secure. Mahalwari System ▸ Introduced in the area of Ganga valley, North-West Frontier Provinces parts of Central India and Punjab. ▸ Revenue Settlement was to be made by village or estates with landlords. A settlement was made with the village, which maintained a form of common ownership known as Bhaichara or with Mahals, which were group of villages. Revenue was periodically revised.
▸ Political Nana Sahib was refused pension as he was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao-II to lead the revolt at Kanpur. ▸ Awadh (Lucknow) was annexed in 1856, on charge of maladministration and Jhansi was annexed owing to the Doctrine of Lapse.
Indian soldiers were paid low salaries, they could not rise above the rank of Subedar and were racially insulted.
The social reforms by British was against the people's will (widow remarriage, abolition of sati, school for girls, Christian missionaries etc). Soldiers were asked to use the Enfield Rifles with greased (by pork or beef) cartridges.
Heavy taxations, discriminatory tariff policy; destruction of traditional handicrafts that hit peasants, artisans and small zamindars.
▸ Bengal Resentment in which 19 native infantries of Behrampur, refused to use the newly introduced Enfield Rifle. ▸ Mangal Pandey 34th native infantry fired at the sergeant major of his regiment. Known as a part of Mutiny of Barrackpur. ▸ Mangal Pandey was hanged. ▸ On 10th May, 1857, the sepoys at Meerut refused to use Enfiled Rifles and revolted. The mutiny spread throughout Uttar Pradesh and sepoys moved to Delhi crying March to Delhi. ▸ At Delhi, Bahadur Shah II was declared 'Shahenshah-i-Hindustan.' ▸ Where the rulers were loyal to the British, the soldiers revolted as in Gwalior and Indore. In some places, people revolted before the sepoys. ▸ In the beginning, the rebels were successful. Europeans were killed, police stations and law courts were attacked and revenue records were destroyed. But, the revolt was soon suppressed. Centres of Revolt and their Leaders ▸ Delhi Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan ▸ Kanpur Nana Sahib/Dhondhu Pant (adopted son of Baji Rao-II) Tantia Tope, Azimullah khan ▸ Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai ▸ Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal, her son Birjis Qadir. ▸ Faizabad Maulavi Ahamdullah ▸ Bareilley Khan Bahadur Khan ▸ Bihar (Arrah) Kunwar Singh, Zamindar of Jagdishpur.
▸ John Lawrence remarked, ''Had a single leader of ability arisen among them we must have been lost beyond redemption.'' Delhi was captured on 20th September, 1857 by John Nicholson and Bahadur Shah II was deported to Rangoon, where he died in 1862. His sons were shot dead at Delhi. ▸ Jhansi was captured by Hugh Rose on 17th June, 1858. Rani Lakshmi Bai died in the battle field. ▸ Lucknow was recaptured on 21st March, 1858 by Colin Campbell, Havelock and Outram. ▸ Nana Sahib and Hazrat Mahal both escaped to Nepal. ▸ William Taylor and Edgre suppressed the revolt at Arrah. Tantia Tope was betrayed by a friend. He was captured and executed on 15th April, 1859. Rani Lakshmi Bai Rani Lakshmi Bai, nicknamed Manu, was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao in 1842. The couple adopted a child in 1853 but Lord Dalhousie wished to annex Jhansi under the Doctrine of Lapse. Rani did not surrender and died fighting at Kalpi near Jhansi during the Revolt of 1857.
▸ Lack of unity and poor organisation of the revolt. All the classes of the society were not effected or participated in the revolt. ▸ Lack of common motive for participating in the revolt. Some of the rulers like Scindhias, Nizam and Holkars helped Britishers in reppressing the revolt. ▸ The military equipments of rebels were inferior. ▸ The most significant feature of the revolt was the exhibition of Hindu–Muslim Unity. ▸ Concentrated on the Northern part of India. The following historians had different views on the revolt.
Historian
Views on the revolt
VD Savarkar
'First war of Independence.'
RC Majumdar
'Neither 'first' nor 'national' nor a war of independence.'
Disraeli
'A national revolt rooted indeep mistrust.'
Malleson
'Sepoy mutiny'.
▸ In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an Act, which put an end to the rule of the Company. The responsibility of the administration of British India passed into the hands of the British Queen and the Parliament. ▸ An office of the Secretary of State for India with a 15 members' council was constituted for the administration of India. ▸ The designation of the Governor– General was changed to Viceroy, who was to act as a representative. ▸ 'Doctrine of Lapse' was withdrawn. Princely states were assured against annexation. ▸ The British pursued the divide and rule policy. ▸ Increase in the number of white soldiers in the army. ▸ Total expense of the suppression was borne by the Indians. Opinions on the Nature of the 1857 Revolt
Sir John Seeley
Wholly unpatriotic and selfish sepoy mutiny with no native leadership
T R Holmes
A conflict between civilsation and barbarism
Outram and Taylor
A Hindu-Muslim conspiracy
Indian War of Independence
Bipin Chandra
The entire movement lacked a unified and forward looking programme to be implemented after the capture of power
SN Sen
What began as a fight for religion ended as a war of independence
Benjamin Disraeli
Is it a military mutiny or is it a national revolt?
Dr RC Majumdar
The so called First National War of Independence 1857, is neither First, nor National, nor War of Independence
▸ He became Governor of Bengal in 1772 and first Governor-General of Bengal in 1773, through the RegulatingAct of 1773. ▸ He abolished the dual system of administration. ▸ Divided Bengal into districts and appointed collectors and other revenue officials. ▸ Established India's first Supreme Court in Calcutta. ▸ He founded Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784 and wrote introduction to the first English translation of the Gita by Charles Wilkins. ▸ Started Diwani and Faujdari adalats and the district level Sadar diwani and Nizmat adalats (appellate courts). ▸ He redefined Hindu andMuslim laws. A translation of code in Sanskrit appeared under the title 'Code of Gentoo laws'. ▸ First Anglo-Maratha War occurred during his period, which ended with Treaty of Salbai (1776-82). ▸ Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84), ended with Treaty of Mangalore. ▸ Rohilla War in 1774. ▸ Pitts India Act, 1784 and Edmund Burke Bill, 1783 was passed. ▸ Deprived zamindar of their judicial powers. Maintenance of records was made compulsory. ▸ Impeachment proceedings started against him in Britain on the charges of taking bribes. After a trial of 7 years, he was finally acquitted.
▸ First person to codify laws (1793). The code separated the revenue administration from the administration of justice. ▸ He introduced Izaredari System in 1773. ▸ He started the Permanent Settlement of Bengal. ▸ He created the post of District Judge. He is known as Father of Civil Services in India. ▸ Third Anglo-Mysore War and the Treaty of Seringapatnam. ▸ He undertook police reforms. ▸ Reform of the Judiciary (1793) setting up courts at different levels and separation of revenue administration from Judicial administration.
▸ He played an important role in planning the Permanent Settlement. ▸ He introduced First Charter Act (1793). ▸ He was famous for his policy of non-interference. ▸ Battle of Kharla between Nizam and Marathas (1759).
▸ Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance. Madras presidency was formed during his tenure. ▸ In Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 1799, Tipu Sultan died. ▸ First subsidiary treaty with Nizam of Hyderabad. ▸ Second Anglo-Maratha War. ▸ In 1800, he set-up Fort William College in Calcutta. He was famous as Bengal Tiger. He brought the Censorship of Press Act, 1799. Subsidiary Alliance ▸ The subsidiary alliance system was used by Wellesley to bring Indian states within the orbit of British political power. ▸ Under this system, the ruler of the allying Indian state was compelled to accept the Permanent Stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance. British promised that they will not interfere in the internal affairs but this was a promise they seldom kept. ▸ It disarmed the Indian states and threw British protectorate over them. ▸ First to accept subsidiary alliance was Nizam of Hyderabad 1798, the second was the Nawab of Awadh, 1801. ▸ The Peshwa, the Bhonsle, the Scindhia and Rajputs of Jodhpur, Jaipur accepted the subsidiary alliance.
▸ Vellore mutiny (1806, by soldiers). ▸ Second Anglo-Maratha War ended.
▸ Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with Ranjit Singh. ▸ The Charter Act of 1813 ended the monopoly of East India Company in India.
▸ Adopted the policy of intervention and war. ▸ Anglo-Nepal War (1813-23). ▸ Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18). ▸ Introduced the Ryotwari settlement in Madras by Thomas Munro, the Governor. ▸ Treaty of Sangli with Gorkhas (1816). ▸ Treaty of Poona (1817) with the the Peshwa. ▸ Suppression of Pindaris (1817-1818).
▸ First Anglo Burmese War (1824-26), signed Treaty of Gandaboo in 1826 with lower Burma of Pegu, by which British merchants were allowed to settle on Southern coast of Burma. ▸ Acquisition of Malaya Peninsula and Bharatpur (1826).
▸ Most liberal and enlightened amongst all the Governor-Generals of India, ▸ Regarded as the 'Father of Modern Western Education in India'. ▸ Abolition of Sati in 1829. ▸ Suppression of Thugi (1830). ▸ Passed the Charter Act, of 1833. ▸ Deposition of Raja of Mysore and annexation of his territories (1831). ▸ Abolition of Provincial court of Appeal and appointment of commissioners instead. He was the First Governor-General of India. ▸ First Medical College was opened in Calcutta in 1835. ▸ Treaty of Friendship with Ranjit Singh (1831). ▸ Annexed Coorg (1834) and Central Cachar (1831).
Passed the famous Press Law, which liberated the press in India. He is known as the liberator of press.
▸ First Afghan War (1836-42). ▸ Death of Ranjit Singh (1839).
▸ Brought an end to the Afghan War (1842). ▸ Abolished Slavery ▸ Sind was annexed by Charles Napier. He was appointed as First Governor of Sind.
▸ First Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaty of Lahore.
▸ Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) and annexation of Punjab. ▸ Abolished titles and pensions. ▸ Widow Remarriage Act (1856). ▸ Introduced Doctrine of Lapse. ▸ Woods Educational Despatch of 1854. ▸ Introduction of the Railway, Telegraph and the Postal System in 1853. ▸ Establishment of a separate Public Works Department in every province. ▸ An Engineering College was established at Roorkee. ▸ Planned to open universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras on the model of Universities of London. ▸ Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852). ▸ Santhal uprisings (1855-56). ▸ Charter Act of 1853.
▸ Revolt of 1857. ▸ Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were opened in 1857. ▸ He was last Governor-General appointed by the East India Company and the first Viceroy. ▸ Passed the Government of India Act of 1858, which ended the rule of the East India Company. ▸ The Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn. The Indian Penal Code (1859) was passed. Income tax was introduced for the first time in 1858. ▸ The Indigo riots in Bengal. ▸ The Indian Councils Act of 1861 was passed, which proved to be a landmark in the constitutional history of India. ▸ Indian High Court Act, (1861). Under this act, High Courts were opened in 1865. ▸ Bombay and Madras founded in 1857.
▸ Wahabi Movement suppressed.
▸ High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865. War with Bhutan in 1865. ▸ The Punjab Tenancy Act, was passed.
▸ Introduction of financial decentralisation in India and made the first Provincial Settlement in 1870. ▸ He established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. ▸ He organised the Statistical Survey of India. In 1872, the first Census was done in India. He established the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and Mayo College at Ajmer. ▸ He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a convict in the Andaman in 1872. ▸ He introduced state railways.
▸ In 1872, Kuka Rebellion in Punjab led by Ram Singh. Famine in Bihar (1876). ▸ He resigned over Afghanistan question. ▸ Trial of Gaekwads of Baroda.
▸ Most unpopular Viceroy of India. ▸ Arranged the Grand Darbar in Delhi (in 1877), when the country was suffering from severe famine. ▸ Passed the Royal Title Act, (1876) and Queen Victoria was declared as Kaiser-i-Hind. ▸ He passed Arms Act, (1878) the infamous Vernacular Press Act, (1878) and lowered the maximum age of ICS from 21 to 19 years. ▸ Second Anglo-Afgan War 1878-80. ▸ Famine Commission under Starchy was appointed by him in 1878. ▸ In 1876, Deccan Agrarian Relief Act was passed.
▸ He was appointed by the Liberal Party under Gladstone. Repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882. ▸ The first Factory Act, came in 1881 (Improve the labour condition).In rural areas, Local Boards were set-up in 1889, Madras Local Board Act, was passed. He was famously known as 'Father of Local Self Government'. ▸ First Official Census in India (1881). ▸ Famine code was adopted (1883). ▸ Appointed Hunter Commission for Educational reforms in 1882. ▸ Ilbeqrt Bill Controversy (1883-84), which empowered Indian Judges to inquire into European cases. ▸ Foundation of Punjab University.
▸ Third Anglo-Burmese War and annexation of Burma (1885). ▸ Formation of Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885. ▸ Bengal Tenacy Act, in 1885. ▸ Dufferin called the Indian National Congress as 'microscopic minority'.
▸ Factory Act, of 1891. ▸ Indian Council Act, of 1892. ▸ Civil Services were classified- Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate services. ▸ In 1891, Age of Consent Act, under which marriage of girl below 12 years was prohibited. ▸ Appointment of Durand Commission in 1893 to define the line between British India and Afghanistan.
▸ The Santhal uprising of 1899. ▸ Munda uprising of 1899. ▸ Lyall Commission appointed after famine. ▸ Assassination of two British officials by the Chapekar brothers in 1897. ▸ Plague spread in Bombay.
▸ Appointed a Police Commission in 1902 under Andrew Frazer. ▸ Universities Commission appointed in 1902, under Thomas Railey. ▸ Indian Universities Act, passed in 1904. ▸ Famine Commission under Macdonell. ▸ A new Department of Commerce and Industry established. ▸ Partition of Bengal (16th October, 1905). ▸ The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897-98 led him to create the North-Western Frontier Province. ▸ He passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, (1904) to restore India's cultural heritage. Thus, the Archaeological Survey of India was established. ▸ Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act, (1899) and put India on a gold standard. ▸ PUSA Agricultural Institute in 1903.
▸ Swadeshi Movement. ▸ Surat split (split in Congress between the moderates and the extremists, 1907). ▸ Indian Councils Act, 1909 and Morley-Minto Reforms. ▸ Foundation of Muslim League, 1906. ▸ Newspapers Act, 1908.
▸ Annulment of the Partition of Bengal in 1911. ▸ Bomb was thrown at Hardinge near Chandni Chowk, but escaped unhurt. ▸ Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. ▸ Darbar in Delhi and Coronation of George V in 1911. ▸ In 1912, Bihar and Orissa separated from Bengal and, became a new state. ▸ Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malviya (1915). ▸ Gandhiji came back to India from South Africa (1915).
▸ Government of India Act, 1919 also known as Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. ▸ Repressive Rowlatt Act, (1919). ▸ Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April, 1919). ▸ Home Rule Movement both by Tilak and Annie Beasant. ▸ Saddler Commission on Education in 1917. ▸ Appointment of Hunter Commission to look into Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy. ▸ Chambers of Prince, 1921, established. ▸ Non Co-operation Movement Started, Khilafat movement initiated. ▸ An Indian Sir SP Sinha was appointed as the Governor of Bengal. ▸ Death of Tilak (1920).
▸ Rowlatt Act was repealed along with Press Act of 1910. ▸ Holding of simultaneous examination for the ICS in England and India from 1923. Prince of Wales visited India in November, 1921. ▸ Moplah Rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala. ▸ Chauri-Chaura incident and withdrawal of Non-Coperation Movement. ▸ Formation of Swaraj Party by CR Das and Motilal Nehru (1923). ▸ Communist Party of India founded by MN Roy (1925). ▸ Kakori Train Conspiracy (1925). ▸ Vishwabharati University (1922). ▸ Lee Commission (1924) for public services. Young Hilton Committee for currency notes (1926). ▸ Royal Commission on agriculture. ▸ RSS founded in 1925. ▸ Murder of Swami Shraddhanand.
▸ Simon Commission visited India in 1928. Buttler Commission in 1927. ▸ Deepawali declaration by Lord Irwin (1929). ▸ All India Youth Congress, 1928. ▸ Nehru Report, 1928. ▸ Lahore Session of the Congress, (1929) and Poorna Swaraj declaration. ▸ First Round Table Conference 1930, Congress boycotted it. ▸ Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930 started with. ▸ Dandi March (12th March, 1930). ▸ Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 5th March, 1931. ▸ Sharda Act, 1929, under which marriageable age of girls (14 years) and boys (18 years) was raised. ▸ Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose founded Independence of India League.
▸ Second and Third Round Table Conferences. ▸ Communal Award by Mcdonald (British PM). Government of India Act, 1935. ▸ Poona Pact was signed. ▸ During his period Orissa was separated from Bihar (1936) and a new province Sind was created (1936), Burma separated from India as well in 1935. ▸ All India Kisan Sabha, 1936. ▸ Foundation of Congress Socialist Party, 1934.
▸ First General Election (1936-37) Congress Ministries. ▸ SC Bose president of 51st INC (1938). ▸ Forward Bloc founded in 1939. ▸ Deliverance day by Muslim League 1939. ▸ Lahore Resolution of Muslim League (1940) demand of Pakistan. ▸ August Offer, 1940. ▸ ''Divide & Quit'' at the Karachi Session (1940). Passing of Quit India resolution (1942). ▸ In Haripura Session (1939) of Congress, declared Complete Independence. ▸ Cripps Mission, 1942. ▸ Quit India Movement, 1942. ▸ In 1943, Muslim League celebrated 'Pakistan day'.
▸ CR Formula (Rajaji Formula), 1944. ▸ Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference, 1945. ▸ Cabinet Mission came to India in May, 1946. The Congress and the Muslim league both rejected its proposals. ▸ Muslim League celebrated 16th August, 1946 as ' Direct Action Day'. ▸ INA trials and the Naval Mutiny, 1946.
▸ June third plan. ▸ Last British Viceroy of British India. ▸ First Governor-General of free India. ▸ Boundary commissions under Radcliffe. ▸ Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons.
▸ Last Governor-General of Free India. ▸ The only Indian Governor-General to remain in office from 21st June, 1948 to 25th January, 1950.
▸ Initially, the East India Company was not interested in the development of education. Some minor exceptions were efforts by individuals. ▸ The Calcutta Madrasa established by Warren Hastings in 1781, for the study of Muslim law. ▸ The Sanskrit College established by Jonathan Duncan at Banaras in 1791, for the study of Hindu law and philosophy. ▸ Fort William College established by Wellesley in AD 1800, for training of Civil Servants of the Company in Indian languages and customs (closed in AD 1802).
▸ For the first time, the British Parliament included in 1813 Charter, a clause under which the Governor-General-in-Council was bound to keep a sum not less than one lakh rupees, for education. However, the company used this fund for promoting Indian language and literature. ▸ The charter allowed the Christian missionaries to spread their religious ideas in India. ▸ The greatest importance of the 1813 Act was that the Company, for the first time, acknowledged state responsibility for promotion of education in India. ▸ Establishment of Calcutta College in 1817 with the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy for imparting Western education. Three Sanskrit colleges were set-up at Calcutta. ▸ In 1823, a General Committee of Public Instruction was appointed to look after the development of education in India, but failed due to Orientalist-Anglicist controversy over the nature of education i.e. traditional or Western and the medium of instruction. ▸ The controversy was settled by Macaulay's Education Policy 1835, which was approved by Lord William Bentinck. The policy favoured English education to a traditional one. ▸ In 1844, Lord Hardinge decided to give government employment to Indians educated in English schools. This further boosted the Western education in India. ▸ Bethune school was founded by JED Bethune at Calcutta (1849), Agricultural Institute at Pusa (Bihar) and Engineering Institute at Roorkee.
▸ In 1854, Charles Wood prepared a despatch on an Educational System for India, which came to be called the Magna Carta of Education in the country. According to Wood's scheme (i) The government needed to spread Western education through English medium for higher education. But Vernacular primary schools should be set-up in rural areas. (ii) A grants-in-aid system to encourage private enterprises involvement in education. (iii) A department of public instruction to be set-up in each of the five provinces. (iv) Universities in Calcutta (1857), Bombay (1857) and Madras (1857) were established. (v) Teacher's training institutions. (vi) Promotion of Education for Women. ▸ Most of Wood’s proposals were implemented, which led to Westernisation of the Indian Educational System. Sergeant Plan, 1944 ▸ The Sergeant Plan, worked out by the Central Advisory Board of Education in 1944, called for elementary and higher secondary schools, universal, free and compulsory education for children in the 6-11 age group and a six-year school course for the 11-17 age group. ▸ Though, the plan aimed to reconstruct education in 40 years, it was later restricted to 16 years. ▸ Sir John Sergeant was the Educational Advisor to the Government of India. ▸ In 1882, Lord Ripon appointed the Hunter Commission under Sir WW Hunter. The commission's views were restricted to primary and secondary education. It emphasised over the state's role in extending education, female education and to involve private enterprise in education. ▸ As a result, Punjab (1882) and Allahabad (1887) Universities were established.
▸ Lord Curzon appointed University Commission under Sir Thomas Rayleigh Based on his report, the Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904.
▸ Founded by Raja Rammohan Roy (1771-1833). ▸ He is regarded as the first great leader and reformer of modern India. He was one of the earliest propagators of modern education. ▸ He started Atmiya Sabha in 1814. Brahmo Sabha in 1828 and Brahmo Samaj in 1830. ▸ He was deeply influenced by monotheism, anti-idolatry of Islam, Sufism, ethical teachings of Christianity, liberal and rationalist doctrine of the West. ▸ He laid emphasis on human dignity and criticised social evils. ▸ He launched a movement for the abolition of Sati through his journals Sambad Kaumudi (1819), Precepts of Jesus in 1820. ▸ He was a gifted linguist. He knew more than a dozen languages including Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, English, French, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He was opposed to Sanskrit system of education. ▸ He gave enthusiastic assistance to David Hare, who founded the famous Hindu College in Calcutta in 1817. ▸ Established a Vedanta College (1825), in which courses both in Indian and Western, Social and Physical sciences were offered. ▸ He wrote A Gift to monotheists or 'Tuhafat-ul-Muwaihidin' in Persian in 1809. ▸ Other important leaders of Brahmo Samaj were Devendranath Tagore, who joined in 1848 and Keshab Chandra Sen in 1858. ▸ Later, there was a split and in 1866-Devendranath Tagore founded Adi Brahmo Samaj and Tattva Bodhini Sabha and Brahmo Samaj of India was founded under the leadership of Keshab Chandra Sen. ▸ Anand Mohan Bose started Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. ▸ Justice MG Ranade founded the Prarthana Samaj.
▸ The first Arya Samaj unit was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 in Bombay. ▸ Swami Dayanand Saraswati was born in 1824 in Gujarat. His original name was Mula Shankar. ▸ He was known as the earliest Neo-nationalist. He looked on the Vedas as 'India's Rock and Ages'. His motto was go back to the Vedas and India for the Indians. ▸ Arya Samaj stood for four-fold Varna System determined by merit and not by birth; for equal rights for men and women. ▸ Opposed untouchability, caste discrimination, child marriage and supported widow remarriage and intercaste marriages. Brahmo Ideas The purpose of Brahmo Samaj was to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism. It was opposed to idol worship, priesthood and ritualistic worship; Emphasised on worship through prayer, meditation and reading from the upanishada. ▸ He wrote three books- Satyartha Prakash, Veda-Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya. ▸ In 1886, Lala Hansraj instituted Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) school in Lahore. In 1902, Gurukul Pathshala was established at Haridwar. ▸ After the death of Dayanand in 1883, difference occured in Gurukul section and DAV section. While Gurukul section laid emphasis on the traditional pattern of education, the DAV stood for the spread of English education. ▸ The Arya Samaj started the Shuddhi Movement to convert non-Hindus to Hinduism. Other prominent Arya Samajists were Lala Hansraj, Pt Guru Dutt, Lala Lajpat Rai and Swami Shraddhanand.
▸ It was established by Swami Vivekanand to carry on humanitarian relief and social work after death of his Guru Ram krishna Paramhansa in 1897. ▸ His original name was Narendranath Dutt. He was born in Calcutta in 1863. ▸ He stressed on social action and proclaimed the essential oneness of all religions and condemned any narrowness in religious matters. ▸ He attended the Parliament of religions held at Chicago in 1893 and published two papers Prabhudha Bharata in English and Udbodhana in Bengali. ▸ He urged people to inculcate the spirit of liberty, equality and free thinking. ▸ He worked for emancipation of women. ▸ He emerged as a preacher of Neo Hinduism. He advocated the Doctrine of Service-the service of all human beings. He was considered as the Spiritual Father of the Modern Nationalist Movement. ▸ Irish woman Margaret Noble (Sister Nivedita) popularised Ramakrishna Mission after Vivekananda's death. Dharma Sabha ▸ The orthodox Hindus organised the Dharma Sabha under leadership of Raja Radhakant Dev in 1830 to counter Brahmo Samaj. ▸ It was opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy, but played an active role in promoting Western Education even to girls. ParamhansaMandali ▸ Founded by Dadoba Pandurang and Bal Shastri Jambhekar in 1849. The Mandalis believed in One God. ▸ Members took food cooked by low caste people. Believed in permitting widow remarriage and in education of women. Veda Samaj ▸ Called Brahmo Samaj of the South. Started by Sridharalu Naidu. ▸ He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Telugu and Tamil. The Prarthana Sabha ▸ Founded in 1867 by MG Ranade. ▸ Prominent leaders were Dr Atmaram Pandurang and RG Bhandarkar and NG Chandavarkar. ▸ It rejected idolatry, denied the vedas, and adopted the method of Congregational Worship.
▸ During the late 1820 and early 1830, there emerged a radical intellectual trend among the youth in Bengal, which came to be known as the 'Young Bengal Movement'. ▸ It was founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. He was a teacher in Hindu College in Calcutta. ▸ They believed in truth, freedom and religion. Supported women's education. ▸ Derozio edited the papers- Calcutta Gazzette and India Gazette. Swami Narayan Sampradaya Founded by Swami Sahajananda in Gujarat to protest against luxurious practices of Vaishnavism. Namdhari/KukaMovement ▸ Founded by Bhai Balak Singh and Baba Ram Singh, in North-West frontier province, Ludhiana, in 1841. ▸ Spread the true spirit of Sikhism, opposed to all caste distinctions. Indian ReformAssociation ▸ Founded by Keshab Chandra Sen in Calcutta in 1870. ▸ Objective was to create public opinion against child marriages and for legalising the Brahma form of marriage. Promoted intellectual and social status of women. Theosophical Society ▸ Founded by Madam HP Blavatsky and Col HS Olcott in New York in 1875. ▸ In 1882, its headquarters were shifted to Adyar (Tamil Nadu). ▸ The Theosophical Society of India was founded by Annie Beasant. She founded Central Hindu College in 1898, which later became Banaras Hindu University in 1916. ▸ They drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture. It advocated the revival and strengthening of ancient religion of Hinduism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. It accepted the law of Karma and was inspired by Upanishada, Sankhya, Yoga and Vedanta. Deccan Education Society ▸ Founded by MG Ranade, VG Chibdonkar, GG Agarkar in Pune 1884. ▸ Objective was to contribute to the cause of education and culture in Western India. The society founded the Ferguson College. Seva Sadan ▸ Founded by Behramji M Malabari in Bombay in 1885. ▸ Campaign against child marriage, enforced widowhood and care for socially exploited women. Indian National Social Conference ▸ Founded by MG Ranade and Raghunath Rao in Bombay in 1887. ▸ Focus was to abolish polygamy and Kulinism and promote intercaste marriages. The conference is also referred as Social Reform Cell of the INC. MadrasHindu Association Founded by Viresalingam Pantalu in Madras in 1892. Movement concerned with plight of women and to combat devadasi system. Bharat DharmaMahamandala ▸ Founded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and Pandit Din Dayal Sharma in Varanasi (1929). ▸ It was an organisation of orthodox Hindus. The Servants of India Society ▸ Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Bombay (1905). ▸ Worked for famine relief, tribal welfare. Poona Seva Sadan (1909) Founded by GK Devadhar and Ramabai Pande in Pune for economic upliftment and employment of women. NiskamKarmaMath (1910) Founded by Dhondo Keshav Karve of Pune. Worked for social reform, selfless service to mankind, educational progress in women. The Bharata StriMandal (1910) Founded by Saralabala Devi Chaudharani in Calcutta. It was the First All India Women Organisation. Seva Samiti (1914) Founded at Allahabad by Pandit Hridayanath Kunzru to promote education and reform criminal and fallen elements in the society. The IndianWomen's Association Founded by Annie Beasant in Madras (1917), for upliftment of women. RahanumaiMazdayasan Sabha Founded in Bombay by SS Bengali, Naoroji Furdonji and JB Nacha (1831). It was the Socio-religious organisation of the Parsis, founded for the restoration of Zoroastrian religion to its pristine glory and social regeneration of the Parsi Community through modern education. Khudai KhidmatgarMovement Started by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan in NWFP (1929). Lokahitawadi Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. He advocated Western education and free education for upliftment of women. As a votary of national self-reliance, he attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing hand spun khadi cloth. Radha SwamiMovement ▸ Started by Tulsi Ram (Shiv Dayal Saheb or Swami Maharaj) in 1861. ▸ He was a banker of Agra. ▸ He preached belief in guru's supreme position, one supreme being and on simple social life. Deva Samaj ▸ Started by Shiv Narain Agnihotri in 1887. ▸ It preached high moral and social conduct. ▸ Deva Shastra tells us about the ideals of Deva Samaj. Caste Movements and Organisations
Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873)
Jyotiba Phule
To fight against Brahaminical domination and to liberate low caste people by educating them. Started a school for untouchables. His books Ghulamgiri and Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustak questioned the traditional customs and beliefs of the society.
Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalan Yogam or SNDP Movement (1902-03)
Shri Narayan Guru He also launched the Aravipuram movement
This movement was opposed to religious disabilities against lower castes. Demanded free entry of people of lower castes to the temples.
Temple Entry Movement
TK Madhavan Sri Narayana Guru N Kumaran Asan
To allow lower castes to enter into the temples.
Bahujan Samaj (1910)
Satara Maharashtra
Opposed to exploitation of the lower castes by the upper caste Brahmin landlords and merchants.
Self-respect Movement
EV Ramswami
Anti-Brahmin; advocated wedding without priest, forcible temple entry.
Harijan Sevak Sangh (1932)
For removal of untouchability and social discrimination against untouchables.
Dravid Monnetra Kazhagam (1949)
Tribal Movements
Chaur Uprising
1966-70
Bengal and Bihar
Kol Uprising
1824-28, 1839, 1899
Bhil Uprising
1818-31
Rampa Rebellion
Coastal Andhra
Khasi Rising
1846-48, 1855, 1914
Kuki Rising under Rani Gaidilieu
1917-19
Ho Rising
1820,1822, 1832
Singhbhum and Chhotanagpur
Singpo Rising
1830-39
Kol Rising under Buddha Bhagat
1831-32
Ranchi, Singhbhum, and Hazaribagh
Khond Rising under Chakrabisai
1846-48, 1855, 1941
Khandmal area in Orissa
Naikad Revolt under Roop Singh and Joria Bhagat
1858-59, 1868
Kachhag Revolt under Sambhudaan
Chhachar area of Assam
Bhil Rising under Govind Guru
Baswana and Durgapur area of South Rajasthan
Oraon Revolt under Jatra Bhagat
1914-15
Chhotanagpur area
Tharo Kuti Rising under Jadonand and Rani Gaidilieu
Munda Revolt under Birsa Munda
1899-1900
Rampa Rebellion under Allari Sita Ram Raju
1923-24
Muslim Socio-Religious Movements
Fairazi Movement (1804)
Faridpur, Bengal
Haji Shariatullah, Dudhi Miyan
Emphasis on strict monotheism and to rid the Muslim society of non-Islamic social customs.
Deoband Movement (1867)
Deoband
Mohammad Qasim Nanutavi, Rashid Ahmed Ganghoi
Against Western education and promoted classical studies in Islam. Supported Indian National Congress and opposed the Aligarh Movement.
Aligarh (1875)
South
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Liberalisation of Indian Islam and modernisation of Indian Muslim through religious reinterpretation and modern education. Urdu Journal-Tahzib-al-aklaq. Founded Aligarh school in 1875, that grew into Aligarh Muslim University.
Ahmadiyya Movement (1889-90)
Faridkot
Mirza Ghulam Ahmed of Qadiyan
Believed in universal religion for all humanity, opposed to Islamic orthodoxy and spread of Eastern liberal education among the youth.
Ahrar Movement
Riza Khan and Ali Brothers
Against Aligarh Movement.
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