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▸ They emerged as a powerful force in Northern India in AD 9th and 10th centuries. ▸ Origin : Four of the Rajput clans claim to have descendant from a mythical figure that arose out of a sacrificial fire pit near Mount Abu, i.e. of Agnikula origin. They are —Chauhans of East Rajasthan. —Pratihara Pariharas of South Rajasthan. —Chalukyas/Solankis of Kathiawar. —Parmars/Pawars of Malwa ▸ However, the most accepted theory is that Rajputs were of a foreign origin, who came as conquerors and settled in West India. ▸ The two main clans of Rajputs are ▸ Surya Vansha (Sun family) ▸ Chandra Vansha (Moon family)
▸ Jai Chand Gadhawal/Rathor (1169-94 AD) assisted Muhammad Ghori against Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second battle of Tarrain (1192), but was himself killed by Ghori in the battle of Chandawar (1194). ▸ Prithviraj Chauhan (1178-92) He was the Chahamana ruler of Delhi and Agra who fought two battles with Muslim invader Muhammad Ghori. First Battle of Tarrain (1191) Prithviraj defeatedMuhammad Ghori. Second Battle of Terrain (1192) Prithviraj was defeated and killed by Muhammad Ghori. ▸ Bhoja Parmar (1010-55) of Malwa He was a great conqueror and a patron of literature and was also known as Kaviraj.
▸ Kandariya Mahadeva temple at Khajuraho, built by Chandellas of Bundelkhand (AD 1000). ▸ Dilwara temple at Mount Abu (West Indian style of architecture) built by Siddharaja Solanki of Gujarat. ▸ Angkorvat Temple at Cambodia built by Suryavarman II. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and built on Dravidian model. ▸ Sun Temple at Konark (Orissa). ▸ Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneshwar (Orissa).
▸ Kathasaritasagar by Somadeva. ▸ Vikramdeva Charita by Bilhana (biography of Chalukya King Vikramdeva VI). ▸ Rajtarangini of Kalhana (history of Kashmir). ▸ Gita Govinda of Jayadeva (in Sanskrit). ▸ Chachanama The history of Sind. Some Important Rajput Kingdoms
Chauhan/Chahaman of Delhi-Ajmer
Delhi
Vasudeva
Pawar of Malwa
Ujjain, Dhar
Sri Harsha
Pratihara of Kannauj
Avanti, Kannauj
Nagabhatta I
Rashtrakuta of Malkhand
Manyakheta
Dantidurga (Dantivarman II)
Chalukya/Solanki of Kathiawar
Aniha/vada
Mularaja I
Kalchuri/Haihaya of Chedi
Tripuri
Kokkala I
Chandela of Jejakabhukti
Khajuraho, Mahoba, Kalinjar
Nannuk Chandela
Gadhawal/Rathor of Kannauj
Kannauj
Chandradeva
Tomars of Delhi and Haryana
Dhillika
Guhilota/Sisodiya of Mewar
Chittor
Bappa Rawal, Hammir I
Md Bin Qasim Invasion (AD 712) Md Qasim of Iraq was the first Muslim to invade India. He defeated the ruler of Sind, Dahir and the province was given to Omayyad Khilafat.
Mahmud of Ghazni ▸ Towards the close of the AD ninth century, the vast empire of Arab broke up and the Turks who got the upperhand over the Khalifas of Baghdad, established many independant principalities. One of such Turk state was founded by Alapigin with Ghazni as his capital in about AD 933. ▸ In those days, Punjab and the North-West of India were ruled by Jaipal of the Shahiya dynasty (Hindustani). Subuktigin, the ruler of Ghazni of that period, fought with Jaipal and defeated him. ▸ Mahmud Ghaznavi was the eldest son of Subuktigin, born in AD 971 and ascended the throne in AD 998. ▸ For India, the only memory of Mahmud is that of a plunderer and destroyer of temples. Mahmud is said to have made 17 raids into India. The initial raids were directed against the Hindustani rulers. In AD 1001, the Hindustani ruler Jaipal again was defeated by Mahmud. ▸ His son Anandapala succeeded the throne. A decisive battle between Mahmud and Anandapala was fought in AD 1008-09 at Waihind during his sixth expedition. ▸ In other expeditions Mahmud plundered Nagarkot, Thaneshwar, Kannauj, Mathura and Somnath. ▸ He plundered Somnath temple in AD 1025 (his sixteenth raid). ▸ In AD 1026, Mahmud defeated the Jats. He died in AD 1030. The objective of Mahmud's expeditions was to plunder and loot. He was not interested in expanding his empire to India. Muhammad Ghori ▸ The Ghaznavi state was no longer a powerful state after Mahmud Ghazni. His successors were weak which resulted into the emergence of a powerful empire called Seljuk empire. But towards the middle of the 12th century, another group of Turkish tribe man shattered the power of the Seljuk Turks. ▸ The power of the Ghurids increased under Sultan Alauddin, who earned the title the World burner, because he ravaged Ghazni and burnt it into the ground. ▸ The rising power of the Khawarizm empire severely limited the Central Asian ambition of the Ghurids. ▸ In 1173, Muizzudin Muhammad (Muhammad Ghori) ascended the throne at Ghazni, while his elder brother was ruling at Ghur. Muizzudin Muhammad conquered Multan and Kutch. ▸ In 1178, he attempted to penetrate into Gujarat by marching across the Rajputana desert, but was completely rooted out by the Gujarat ruler. ▸ He realised the necessity of creating a suitable base in Punjab before venturing upon the conquest of India. He conquered Peshawar, Lahore and Sialkot. ▸ At that period, the Chauhan power had been steadily growing. Chauhans had captured Delhi from the Tomars around the middle of the century. Quick Digest ▸ Mahmud is considered as a hero of Islam by medieval Muslim historians because of his stout defence against the Central Asian Turkish tribal invaders. ▸ Secondly, because he was closely associated with the renaissance of the Iranian spirit. ▸ A high water mark in the Iranian renaissance was reached with Firdausi's Shah Namah. ▸ He patronised three persons, contemporary to him: Firdausi (court poet), Alberuni (scholar) and Utbi (court historian). ▸ Alberuni wrote 'Kitab-ul-Hind'. ▸ At the age of 11, Prithviraj ascended the throne at Ajmer and began a career of conquest. He invaded the Chandellas of Bundelkhand in a battle near Mahoba. ▸ Both Prithviraj and Muhammad Ghori's attention towards the Punjab and Ganga valley brought the two ambitious rulers into conflict. In the First Battle of Terrain (1191) the Ghori forces were completely rooted out by Prithviraj. ▸ It a said that Jaichand, the ruler of Kannauj (Gahadavala kingdom) did not help Prithviraj during the Second battle of Terrain because Prithviraj had abducted, Jaichand's daughter Sanyogita, who was in love with him. ▸ Prithviraj Raso, written by court poet of Prithviraj, Chand Bardai, the depicts the life story of Prithviraj and his love story. ▸ The defeat laid the foundation of Muslim rule in India. ▸ Later on in 1194, Jaichand of Kannauj was also defeated at the Battle of Chandawar. ▸ Muhammad Ghori died in AD 1206, leaving the charge with Qutub-ud-din Aibak. ▸ The Sultanate of Delhi had five ruling dynasties with 34 kings. Battle of Terrain ▸ The Second Battle of Terrain (1192) is regarded as one of the turning point in Indian history. The better organised and well prepared Turkish force defeated the Indian forces. ▸ Prithviraj was defeated by Muhammad Ghori. Prithviraj was allowed to rule over Ajmer for sometime. But was executed on a charge of conspiracy after some time. Causes of the Turkish Success ▸ Political disunity among Rajput and internal rivalries. ▸ No Central Government. ▸ Unguarded frontiers, even after repeated attacks. ▸ Organised military and ambitious Turkish invaders.
▸ After Muhammad Ghori's death, all the Muslim rulers who ruled over India from AD 1206-1290 were either slaves or were descendants of the slave ruler. So, the Dynasty is generally known as the Slave Dynasty. ▸ The dynasty is also called Ilbari Dynasty, as all the rulers of this dynasty except Aibak belonged to the Ilbari tribe of Turks. QutubuddinAibak (1206-1210) ▸ Originally a slave, Qutubuddin, because of his merit and loyal service was rose to the post of Viceroy by Muhammad Ghori. After Ghori's death, Aibak ruled over Delhi and founded his dynasty. ▸ Lahore and later, Delhi was his capital. ▸ For his generosity, he was given the title of Lakh Baksh. ▸ He constructed two mosques Quwwat-ul-Islam at Delhi and Adhai Din ka Jhopra at Ajmer. ▸ He also began the construction of Qutub Minar in the honour of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutub-ud-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki. ▸ Aibak was great patron of learning, and patronised writers like Hasan-ul- Nizami, author of Taj-ul-Massin and Fakhruddin, author of Tarikh-i- Mubarak-Shahi. He fell from the horse while playing chaugan (Polo) and died. Aram Shah (AD 1210) After Qutubuddin's death, his son Aram Shah succeeded him. Aram Shah proved quite incompetent. Some of the nobles rose to the occassion and invited Aibak's son-in-law and Governor of Badaun, Iltutmish to ascend the throne. He deposed Aram Shah and secured the throne for himself. Iltutmish (AD 1210-1236) ▸ He is considered to be the greatest slave king and the real consolidator of the Turkish conquest in India. ▸ He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore and was the son-in-law of Aibak. ▸ Iltutmish, during the early years of his reign, first consolidated his position by suppressing the revolts of the ambitious nobels. ▸ In AD 1215, he defeated Yaldoz, who established himself as the independent ruler of Ghazni. He sent expeditions against the Rajputs in Ranthambor, Jalor, Gwalior, Ajmer and Malwa. ▸ During his period, the Mongols under their leader Changez Khan made their appearance for the first time in India. He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Changez Khan by refusing shelter to Khwarizm Shah, Jalaluddin Mangobanni, to whom Changez Khan was chasing. ▸ He got his authority (Sultanate of Delhi) recognised by the Caliph of Baghdad (khalifa), as a member of world fraternity of Islamic states. ▸ He completed the construction of Qutub-Minar. ▸ He constituted a corp of 40 loyal slave Amins, known as Turkan-i- Chahalgani or Chalisa. ▸ He started Iqta system in Delhi Sultanate. This is an assignment of land in lieu of salary, which he distributed to his officers. Every Iqtadar had to maintain law and order, and collect revenue. After deducting his salary and the expenses of the government, he sent the surplus amount to the Central Government. ▸ He introduced the Silver Tanka and Copper Jital. ▸ He patronised Minhaj-us-Siraj, author of Tabaqat-i-Nasiri. ▸ He is called the father of Tomb Building (built Sultan Garhi in Delhi). Rukunuddin Firoz (AD 1236) ▸ Iltutmish appointed his daughter Raziya as his successor. ▸ But most of the nobles could not reconcile themselves to the idea of a woman ruling over them and so they placed one of his son Rukunuddin Firoz on the throne. He was a worthless person who left the work of the government in the hand of his mother, Shah Turkan. ▸ Finally throne was given to Raziya when he was out of the capital to curb a rebellion in Awadh against him. Raziya Sultan (AD 1236-1240) ▸ She was the first and the last Muslim woman ruler of Medieval India. ▸ Raziya successfully crushed the rebellions that occurred in Multan Lahore and Jhansi. The wazir Nizam-ul-Mulk Junaidi, who had opposed her elevation to the throne, was defeated by Raziya. ▸ She also sent an expedition against Ranthambhor to control the Rajput. ▸ She discarded the female apparel and started holding the court with her face unveiled. ▸ Her attempt to create a party of nobles loyal to her and the appointment of a non-Turk, Yakut to the high office led to opposition. ▸ She herself led an expedition against the rebellious Governor of Lahore and forced him to acknowledge her suzerainty. ▸ There was again a serious rebellion in Bhatinda. Altunia, Governor of Bhatinda refused to accept the suzerainty of Razia. Razia, accompanied by Yakut, marched against Altunia. ▸ However, Altunia murdered Yakut and imprisoned Razia. Subsequently, Razia married Altunia and both of them marched towards Delhi. In AD 1240, Razia, became the victim of a the conspiracy and was assassinated near Kaithal (Haryana) by the jats. ▸ After Raziya, the battle of succession continued in which the following rulers ruled insignificantly. GhiyasuddinBalban (1265-1286) ▸ Balban ascended the throne in 1265, after killing all members of Iltutmish's family. He himself was a member of the chalisa or chahalgani, but he broke the power of chahalgani and restored the prestige of the crown. ▸ He created a strong centralised army and established the military department Diwan-i-Arz. He ordered the separation of military affairs from finance department (diwan-i-wazarat). He also appointed spies. ▸ He declared the Sultan as, the 'representative of God on the Earth'. The Persian court model influenced Balban's conception of kingship. He took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God) and impressed upon the people that king was the deputy of God (Niyabat-i-Khudai). ▸ He refused to laugh and joke in the court, and even gave up drinking wine. To emphasise that the nobles were not his equals. He introduced Persian etiquettes like Sijda and Paibos. (prostration before and kissing the monarch's feet). ▸ Balban started the festival of Nauroz. He adopted the policy of Blood and Iron ▸ He was a patron of Persian literature, and showed special favour to Amir Khusro. Kaiqubad (AD 1287-90) Grandson of Balban, he was put on the throne by Fakruddin, the kotwal of Delhi. But, Kaiqubad was killed by the Khalji rulers. This led to the end of Ilbari dynasty and establishment of the Khalji dynasty.
A group of Khalji nobles led by Jalaluddin Khalji, overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in AD 1290. The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish nobility. The Khaljis did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but ended the Turkish monopoly. Jalaluddin Khalji (AD1290-1296) ▸ He was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate to clearly put forward the view that the state should be based on the willing support of the governed and that since the large majority of the people in India were Hindus, the state in India could not be a truly Islamic state. ▸ He adopted the policy of tolerance and avoiding harsh punishment. ▸ The most important aspect of his reign was the invasion of Devagiri in 1294, by his nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khalji. ▸ He married his daughter to Ulugh Khan, a descendant of Changez Khan to win his goodwill. Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316) ▸ He came to the throne by treacherously murdering his uncle and father-in-law Jalaluddin Khalji. ▸ He proclaimed himself as Sultan winning over the nobles and soldiers to his side by the lavish use of gold. ▸ He massacred the rebellious nobles, relatives, family members and the Mongols who had settled in Delhi. Alauddin gave harsh punishment even to the wives and children of all nobles. ▸ Alauddin framed a series of regulations to prevent the nobles from conspiring against him. They were forbidden to hold banquets of festivals or to form marriage alliances without the permission of the Sultan. ▸ To discourage the festival parties, he banned the use of wines and intoxicants. He also instituted a spy service to keep himself informed of all that the nobles said and did. ▸ He firstly conquered Gujarat and married Raja's wife Kamla Devi. He acquired Malik Kafur from there. ▸ Then he captured Ranthambhor, Chittor and Malwa. ▸ Malik Kafur was sent towards South to expand the territory. ▸ He defeated Yadava king of Devagiri, Ramchandra Deva, Kakatiya king Pratap Rudra Deva I, Hoyasala king of Dwar, Samudra king Vira Ballala III and Pandyas of Madurai (King Mahavarman Kulshekhara). ▸ He is said to have reached as far as Rameshwaram, where he built a mosque. ▸ Alauddin strengthened the North-West frontier, under his trusted commander Ghazi Malik. Administrative Reforms of Alauddin Khalji ▸ First Sultan to have a permanent army. He paid soldiers in cash. ▸ In order to avoid the problems created by the nobles, Alauddin issued four important ordinances. ▸ Confiscation of religious endowments and free grants of lands. ▸ Reorganised the spy system. ▸ Prohibited the use of wine and intoxicants. ▸ Laid down that the nobles should not have social gatherings and they should not inter-marry without his permission. ▸ He introduced the system of Dagh or branding the horses and Chehra or detailed description of each soldier. Revenue Reforms of Alauddin Khalji ▸ Measured the cultivable land and fixed the land revenue. Bishwa was declared to be the standard of measurement. ▸ The state demanded half of the produce. ▸ The post of special official called Mustakharaj was created for the purpose of collection of revenue. ▸ Alauddin is credited to have built many forts, and the most important of them is Alai Fort. ▸ He also constructed the Alai Darwaja, the entrance gate of the Qutub Minar. ▸ He also built the palace of thousand pillars called 'Hazar Situn,' Hauz Khas and Jamait Khana Mosque and built his capital at Siri. He adopted the title Sikandar-i-Sahni. ▸ He was the first Turkish sultan who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed kingship knows no kinship. ▸ He patronised many great poets in his court like Amir Khusro and Mir Hasan Dehlvi. Market/Economic Reforms ▸ Alauddin controlled the market by many regulations ▸ Fixed the cost of all commodities. ▸ He set-up three markets at Delhi. ▸ All goods for sale were brought to the open market called 'Sarai-Adl'. ▸ He established the market control department under a minister called diwan-i-riyasat. Successors of Alauddin Khalji ▸ After the death of Alauddin in 1316, Malik Kafur Hazar Dinari seized the throne, but he could not rule for long and nominated Shihabuddin (Alauddin's sixteenth son) as king. ▸ Shihabuddin was deposed by Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah (1316-20). ▸ Nasiruddin Shah (AD 1320) killed Mubarak Shah and himself was killed by Ghazi Malik the Governor of Dipalpur. ▸ This ended the 30 years rule of Khalji dynasty and established the Tughlaq dynasty on throne.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (AD 1320-1325) ▸ Ghazi Malik or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty or the dynasty of the Qaraunah Turks. He was the first Sultan of Delhi who took up the title of Ghazi or slayer of the infidels. ▸ He liberalised Alauddin's administrative policies and took a keen interest in construction of canals and formulated the famine policy. The judicial and police arrangements were made efficient. ▸ He gave up the land measurement system and started the Batai System or sharing of crops. Efficient Postal service was restored. ▸ He sent his son, Jauna Khan to re-establish the authority in Warangal (Kakatiya) and Madurai (Pandyas). ▸ He built the city of Tughlagabad near Delhi and made it his capital. ▸ Sufi saint, Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Aulia said Delhi is far away, in regard to him. ▸ He died in 1325, after a fall from a high raised pavillion. Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller, who was in Delhi at that time, opined that his death was due to sabotage arranged by his son, Jauna Khan (Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq). Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (Ad 1325-1351) ▸ Jauna Khan ascended the throne under the name Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq. He was one of the most extra-ordinary king who ever sat on the throne of Delhi. He was an expert in Arabic, Persian Astronomy, Philosophy, Maths and Medicine. ▸ He applied his rational and innovative mind in every aspect of administration but achieved little success as he was very hasty in nature. Five Ambitious Projects of Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq His five ambitious projects were Taxation in the Doab (1326) The Sultan made an ill-advised financial experiment in the Doab between the Gangas and the Yamuna. He not only increased the rate of taxation, but also revived and created, some additional Abwabs or Cessess. Transfer of the Capital (1327) The most controversial step was the transfer of capital from Delhi to Deogiri. He renamed Deogiri as Daulatabad. Introduction of Token Currency (1329) Muhammad Tughlaq decided to introduce Bronze coin, instead of the silver coin which would have the same value. The Khurasan Expedition (1329) Under the vision of Universal Conquest, he decided to conquest Khurasan and Iraq and mobilised a huge army for this purpose. Qarachil Expedition (1330) This expedition was launched, in Kumaon hills in the Himalayas, allegedly to counter Chinese incursions. The attack was successful, but when the rainy season set in, the invaders suffered terribly. He died in Thatta (Sind), while campaigning against a Turkish slave Taghi. Diwan-i-Kohi A new department of agriculture Diwan-i-Kohi was set-up. He built the fortress of Adilabad and the city of 'Jahanpanah'. Ibn-Battuta The famous Moroccan traveller Ibn-Battuta came to Delhi in 1334 and acted as the Qazi of the capital for 8 years. He recorded the contemporary Indian scene in his Safranamah (Rahela). FirozShahTughlaq(1351-1388) ▸ Firoz Tughlaq faced the problem of preventing the imminent break up of Delhi Sultanate. So he tried to appease the nobility, the army and the Battuta theologians. ▸ He made the Iqta system hereditary. ▸ He extended the principle of heredity to the army. The soldiers were not paid by cash but by assignments on land revenue of villages (Vajeha). This technique led to many abuses. ▸ In order to encourage agriculture, the Sultan paid a lot of attention to irrigation. He repaired a number of canals. The first canal was from Sutlej to Ghaggar. The second canal carried water from Yamuna to Hissar. He imposed Haq-i-Sharb or Hasil-i- Sharb i.e. water tax. ▸ He encouraged the practice of slavery and selected young boys from the conquered territory for the purpose. Diwan-i-Bandagon was created as the department for slaves. ▸ Built new towns of Fatehabad, Hissar, Jaunapur (in memory of Muhammad Tughlaq) and Firozabad. During his Bengal campaign, he renamed Ikdala as Azadpur and Pandua as Firozabad. ▸ He brought two pillars of Ashoka from Topara and Meerut, to Delhi and repaired Qutub-Minar when it was struck by lightning. ▸ He established a hospital at Delhi, known as Darul-Shifa. ▸ A new department of Diwan-i- Khairat was set-up to make provision for the marriage of poor girls. ▸ Introduced two new coins – Adha (50% Jital) and Bikh (25% Jital). ▸ Mathura was destroyed during his period. ▸ He made Jaziya a separate tax and he imposed this tax upon the Brahmans for the first time in the history of Sultanate. ▸ Barani, the historian, was in his court. He wrote Tarikh-i-Firozshahi and Fatwa-i-Jahangiri. ▸ He died in AD 1388.
▸ After Firozshah Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah-I succeeded. He was repalced by Abu Bakr Shah in AD 1389. ▸ The states of Malwa, Sharqi (Jaunpur) and Gujarat broke away from the Sultanate. ▸ Abu Bakr was replaced by Nasiruddin Muhammad in AD 1390. Nasiruddin Muhammad was replaced by Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah for a brief period in 1394, but regained the throne after Sikandar's death. He ruled till AD 1412. During his period, Timur invaded India. Timur's Invasion ▸ Timur, the head of the Chaghtai Turks and the ruler of Mongols in (Central Asia) invaded India in 1398, during the reign of Nasiruddin Muhammad Tughlaq. ▸ He robbed people. He is said to have inflicted on India more misery, than had ever before been done by a conquerer in a single invasion. ▸ Timur nominated Khizr Khan to rule over Punjab and himself returned to Central Asia. He died on his way to conquer China in AD 1404. Taxation System Firoz Shah Tughlaq introduced new system of taxation according to the Quran. ▸ Kharaj A land tax of 1/10th of the procedure of land. ▸ Zakat 2.5% tax on property (by Muslim only). ▸ Jaziya A tax by non-Muslims (even by Brahmins). ▸ Khams 1/6th of the booty captured during war.
▸ Khizr Khan (1414-21) founded the Sayyid dynasty and claimed to have descended from the prophet of Islam. ▸ He helped Timur in his invasion, so was given the governship of Lahore. ▸ Khizr Khan took the title of Rayat-i-Ala and not of a king. The coins were struck and Khutba was read in the name of Timur and his successor Shahrukh. ▸ Khizr Khan's three successors were incapable rulers. Mubarak Shah (1412-33) led successful expeditions against Mewatis, Katehars and the Gangeti Doab area. He was killed and deposed by the nobles. ▸ Muhammad Shah (1434-43) ruled on a very small area, rest being governed by nobles. Alauddin Shah Alam (1443-1451) was the last Sayyid king who retired as a coward, descending in favour of Bahlol Lodhi. Thus, the Sayyid Dynasty was replaced by the Lodhi Dynasty. ▸ Yahya-bin-Ahmed-bin-Abdullah Sirhindi wrote Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi (History of Muhammad Shah of Sayyid Dynasty).
Considered as the first Afghan dynasty of India. They were ruling over Sirhind, while Sayyids ruled over India.
▸ Founder of Lodhi dynasty in India. ▸ Revived Sultanate to quite an extent. ▸ Annexed entire Sharqi kingdom and issued Bahlol coins. ▸ Never sat on the throne, used to sit on carpets alongwith Amins.
▸ Noblest of the three Lodhi rulers, real name was Nizam Khan (Son of Bahlol Lodhi). Conquered Bihar and Bengal in AD 1504, he built a new city Agra and made it his capital. He was the son of Bahlol Lodhi. ▸ He was a Muslim fanatic and broke the sacred images of Jwalamukhi temple at Nagarkot and ordered the temple of Mathura to be destroyed. ▸ He set-up an efficient espionage and judiciary system and introduced the system of auditing of accounts. ▸ He encouraged agriculture. For measurement of land, he introduced Gaj-i-Sikandari. ▸ He was a poet and wrote verses in Persian under the pen-name of Gulrukhi. ▸ He repaired the Qutub Minar.
▸ Ibrahim Lodhi arrested the absolute power of the Sultan. As a result, some of the nobles turned against him. At last, Daulat Khan Lodhi the Governor of Punjab, invited Babur to overthrow Ibrahim. ▸ He captured Gwalior and was defeated by Rana Sanga of Mewar. ▸ He was defeated and killed at the hands of Babur in the First Battle of Panipat in AD 1526. This marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate. Causes of the Decline of the Delhi Sultanate ▸ Despotic, autocratic and military forms of government. ▸ Wars of succession. ▸ Financial instability. ▸ Vastness of the empire and improper administrative control. ▸ Unsuccessful experiments of Muhammad -bin-Tughlaq. Timur's invasion. ▸ Incompetent nobility and increase in number of slaves during Firoz Tughlaq.
▸ The Turkish Sultans in India declared themselves Lieutenants of Painful, which meant that they included the name of Caliphate of Baghdad in Khutba, but he had only moral position. ▸ Political, legal and military authority was vested in the Sultan. He was responsible for administration. ▸ He was the Commander-in-Chief of the military forces. ▸ The country was divided into Iqtas, which were distributed among the nobles, officers and soldiers for the purpose of administration and revenue collection. Iqtadars could be transferred. ▸ The key figure in the administration was Wazir. In the earlier period, theWazir was primarily a military leader, but now he began to be considered more as an expert in the revenue affairs and supervised the collection of income and expenditure. ▸ The head of military department was called Ariz-i-Mamalik. The responsibility of Ariz was recruitment, payment and inspection of army. ▸ Diwan-i-Risalat dealt with religious matters. It was presided over by a Chief Sadr or Chief Qazi. The Qazi dispensed civil law based on Muslim law (Sharia). ▸ Diwan-i-Insha, headed by Dahir-i-Mumal ik, managed the royal correspondence. ▸ The rulers posted intelligence agents called Barids in different parts of the empire to keep themselves informed. ▸ Wakil-i-Dar was responsible for the maintenance of proper decorum at the court. The province were divided into Shiqs and headed by Shiqdars. The next unit was Parganas, groups of hundred villages, headed by the Chaudhary. Pargana was also headed by Amil. Khuts were the landowners.
▸ Archs and domes are a special feature of Muslim architecture. This required stronger cement, thus, finer quality of mortar became widespread in North India. ▸ For decoration, the Turks used, geometrical and floral designs with verses from the Quran. Hindu motifs like bell, lotus and swastik etc were also used e.g. Adhai Din ka Jhompra at Ajmer, tomb of Ghiyasuddin Balban in Mehrauli (Delhi).
▸ Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque, Delhi Built by Qutubuddin Aibak. ▸ Adhai din ka Jhopra Ajmer : Qutubuddin Aibak. ▸ Alai Darwaja, Qutub Minar : Alauddin Khalji ▸ Jamat Khan Masjid at dargah of Nizamuddin Auliya : Alauddin Khalji ▸ Siri (city), Hauzkhas tank, Hazar Situn : Alauddin Khalji. ▸ City of Tughlaqabad founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. City of Jahanpanah and Adilabad fort : Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. ▸ City of Jaunpur Hissar, Firozabad : Firoz-shah Tughlaq. Literary Sources
Khazyan-ul-Futuh
Amir Khusro
Tughlaq Namah
Tarik-i-Alai
Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
Minhaj-us-Siraj
Tarikh-i-Firozshahi
Ziauddin Barni
Gita Govind
Jayadeva
Mitakshara
Vigyaneshwara
Dayabhaga
Jimuta Vahana
Ashiqa and Khizr khan
Amuktamalyada
Krishnadeva Raya
Futuhat-i-Firozshahi
Firoz Shah
Parasana Kaghava
Khamsah
Miftahul Futuh
▸ New musical modes and instruments like Rabab and Sarangi, were introduced. ▸ Amir Khusro introduced many Persian Arabic ragas. He also invented the Sitar.
Arabs introduced paper in the 15th century which encouraged painting.
▸ Many Sanskrit works like Rajatarangani and Mahabharata were translated into Persian. Udayraja wrote Raja Vinoda onMahmud Begarha. ▸ Zai Nakshabi translated Sanskrit stories into Persian under the title Tuti Namah. ▸ Merutanga wrote Prabandha Chintamani. Amir Khusro ▸ He was a Persian poet (AD 1253-1325) associated with royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. ▸ He was also a musician and invented the Sitar. He innovated Khayal (a style of singing). ▸ In his book Tarikh-i-Alai, he gave an account of the conquests of Alauddin Khalji. ▸ His book Ashiqa, contains the love story of Deval Rani and Khizr Khan. ▸ In his book Nur-Siphir or nine skies, he gave the story of Sultan Mubarak Shah. He also lived in the court of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and wrote Tughlaqnamah. ▸ Khusro is also known as Tuti-i-Hind or 'Parrot of India'.
▸ Disintegrated from Delhi in AD 1397, under Zaffar Khan, who assumed the title of Sultan Muzaffar Shah. ▸ Ahmed Shah I (his grandson), built a new city Ahmedabad and also built Jama Masjid and Tin Darwaza at Ahmedabad. ▸ Mahmud Beghra was another prominent ruler, in whose reign, the Portuguese set-up a factory at Diu. ▸ Sanskrit scholar, Udayraja, was his court poet. Akbar annexed Gujarat in AD 1573.
▸ The state was annexed by Alauddin Khalji in AD 1305 and remained a part of the Sultanate until its Governor, Dilawar Khan Ghuri, declared his independence in AD 1435. ▸ Hasan Shah was a powerful ruler of Malwa. He built Jama Masjid, Hindol Mahal and Jahaz Mahal at Mandu. Next ruler, Mahmud Khalji, was defeated by Rana Kumbha. ▸ Malwa became a part of Gujarat in AD 1531 and was annexed to the Mughal state in AD 1562.
▸ Shamsuddin Shah became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir in AD 1339. ▸ Zainulabdin (AD 1420-70) was the greatest ruler of Kashmir, also known as 'Badshah' and the Akbar of Kashmir. ▸ He accepted the policy of tolerance, introduced the art of shawl making in Kashmir, built Zaina Lanka and an artificial island in theWular lake. ▸ Later ruled by Chak Dynasty, whose ruler submitted to Akbar in AD 1586. ▸ It is believed that women played an important role in the history of the Kashmir.
▸ The capital city Chittor was captured by Alauddin Khalji in AD 1303, but Rajput rule was soon restored by Rana Hamir (AD1326-64). ▸ Rana Kumbha Karan (AD 1433-68) was the greatest ruler of Mewar. He built the famous victory tower Vijay Stambh at Chittor, to commemorate his victory over Mahmud Khilji of Malwa. His court was adorned by Mandan, who wrote many books on architecture namely, Parsad Mandan and Rupa Mandan. ▸ Rana Sangram Singh or Rana Sanga (1509-28) defeated Mahmud II of Malwa and Ibrahim Lodhi. But, he was defeated by Babur in the Battle of Khanwa (AD 1527).
▸ Disintegrated from Delhi during the reign of Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq. ▸ In AD 1342, Iliyas Khan founded the new Iliyas Shahi Dynasty. ▸ Ghiyasuddin Azam established friendly relations with China and established trade and commerce. ▸ The famous poet, Maladhar Basu, compiler of Sri-Krishna Vijay, was patronised by the Sultans and was given the title of Gunaraja Khan. ▸ Chaitanya and Shankaradeva belonged to this period. Sher Shah Suri occupied Bengal in AD 1538.
▸ The kingdom was founded in AD 1336 in response to the Tughlaq authority in South India. ▸ Vijayanagara Kingdom and the city was founded by Harihara I and Bukka. (Two of the five sons of Sangama). ▸ Harihara and Bukka were originally the feudatories of the of Kakatiyas. They were brought to the centre by Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, converted to Islam and were sent to South to control the rebellion, but motivated by a Bhakti Saint Vidyaranya they reconverted into Hindu. They established the Vijayanagara kingdom in AD 1336.
Conflict with the Bahmani kingdom for supremacy over three areas : Raichur doab (between Krishna and Tungabhadra), Krishna-Godavari Delta and Marathwada.
▸ Renamed the city of Vidyanagar as Vijayanagara. ▸ The royal Ambassadors from Malabar and Ceylon, adorned his court. ▸ Restored peace between the warring Vaishnavas and the Jains.
▸ He constructed a dam across the Tungabhadra to bring the canal into the city. Italian traveller Nicolo Conti visited the kingdom during his reign. ▸ Srinatha was his court poet, who wrote Haravilasam. ▸ There was a Pearl Hall in his palace, where he honoured the men of eminence.
▸ He was the greatest Sangama ruler. The Commanders believed that he was an incarnation of Indra. He wrote Mahanataka Suddhanidhi. He took the tittle 'Ganga Betekara' i.e the elephant hunter. Persian Ambassador Abdul Razzaq, the envoy of Shahrukh, visited his court. ▸ The Sangama dynasty was replaced by Saluva dynasty, which lasted for two decades. ▸ The king was a scholar in Kannada and Sanskrit.
▸ Saluva Narsimha was the (AD 1486-91), founder of the dynasty, native of the Kalyam region.
▸ Ruled under the regency of Narsa Nayak. ▸ Vasco Da Gama came to India (Calicut) during the reign of Immadi in AD 1498. ▸ Ultimately, a new dynasty called the Tuluva dynasty was founded by Vir Narasimha.
▸ Vira Narsimha (AD 1505-09) Killed Immadi of Saluva dynasty and established the Tuluva dynasty. He was the son of Narsa Nayaka. ▸ Krishnadevaraya (AD 1509-29) was the greatest ruler of the dynasty. Portuguese traveller, Domingo Paes, wrote high about him. Berbosa also came as a traveller. Also Friar Louis, the Ambassador of the Portuguese Governor, Albuquerque, resided in his court. ▸ His period was known as ''Golden age of Telugu literature.'' ▸ He was a warrior, an administrator and a patron of art and literature. He defeated the Gajapati ruler of Orissa and took the title Yavanaraja Sthapnachaya (restorer of the Yadava of Bidar). ▸ His political ideas are contained in the Telugu book Amuktamalayada. He also wrote Sanskrit drama Jambavati Kalyanam. ▸ As a great patron of literature, he was known as Abhinava Bhoja, Andhra Pitamaha and Andhra Bhoja. Sri Vyasatirtha was his guru. ▸ Eight great poets of Telugu, known as Ashta Diggaja adorned his court. ▸ He was a contemporary to Babur. ▸ Achyuta Raya (AD 1529-42) Succeeded Krishnadevaraya. A Portuguese traveller Fernao Nuniz came during his reign. ▸ Sadasiva (1543-76) was the last ruler of the dynasty. ▸ Battle of Talikota (AD 1565) Between the alliance of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golkonda and Bidar at one side and Sadasiva on the other side. Sadasiva was defeated. ▸ Caesar Frederick, the Portuguese traveller, visited his court (AD 1567-68).
▸ The dynasty was founded by Thirumala, brother of Rama Raya. He shifted the capital to Penugonda and divided the empire into three linguistic sections.
▸ Important temples are Vithalswami and Hazara temples at Hampi, Varadraja and Ekambarnatha temples at Kanchipuram, and Parvati temples at Chidambaram. ▸ The stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata were inscribed on the walls of the temples; e.g. Vithalswami and Hazara Ram temple. ▸ Vibrant combination of Chalukyan, Hoysalan, Pandyan and Cholan styles.
▸ Only empire in Medieval India, which employed women in the services. Women even went to battles.
▸ Accounts of Nuniz and Paes indicate a dependence on foreign trade for maintenance of the two most important bases of the Vijayanagara empire the cavalry and its fire arms.
▸ They issued gold coins called Varahas or Pagodas. (Varahas, because the most common symbol was Varaha the boar an incarnation of Vishnu). These help us know that they were the worshippers of Vishnu. The Nayankara System ▸ Under this system, military chiefs were assigned certain pieces of land called Amaram. These chiefs, known as nayaks, had revenue and administrative rights on their lands. ▸ They were required to maintain elephants, horses and soldiers in certain numbers, which were included in the royal army during wars. ▸ They also had to pay a sum of money to the central exchequer. In course of time, the nayaks began to assert their military, administrative and economic powers, which later became a major cause of the decline of the Vijayanagara empire. The Ayagar System ▸ It involved the Constitution of a Twelve-member official group by the centre to maintain administration at the village level. These officials, called the Ayagars, were village functionaries and constituted of groups of families. ▸ They were given, for their service, a portion of or a plot in the village, which were tax-free. The Ayagars were hereditary officials and there was to be no sale or purchase of land without their permission.
▸ The Bahmani kingdom of Deccan was founded by Hasan Gangu, whose original name was Ismail Mukh. The capital was Gulbarga. Hasan Gangu took the title of Alauddin Hasan, Bahaman Shah (AD 1347-58) became the first king of Bahmani in AD 1347. ▸ At the time of his death, his dominion had four provinces- Gulbarga, Daulatabad, Berar and Bidar. ▸ Mahmud Shah I (1358-75) son of Bahaman Shah, established a council consisting of eight ministers and decentralised his provincial administration. He fought with Vijayanagara. He was succeeded by his son Ala-ud-din Mujahid Shah. ▸ Firoz Shah (1397-1422) was the most remarkable figure in the Bahmani kingdom. He was determined to make Deccan the cultural centre of India. He inducted Hindus in his administration to large extent. He built an observatory at Daulatabad. He founded the city of Firozabad on the bank of the river Bhima. Firoz defeated Devaraya I. ▸ Firoz Shah was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Shah I (AD 1422-36). He shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar. ▸ Ahmed Shah is known as Wali or saint, due to his association with Gisudiraz. ▸ Inlaying of zinc with silver and gold, and Bidri ware was introduced in his period. ▸ Ahmed Shah was succeeded by his son Alauddin-II (AD 1436-58) and Humayun. Humayun (AD 1458-61) was so cruel, that he got the title of Zalim. ▸ Humayun was succeeded by his son Nizam Shah (1461-63) and then by Muhammad Shah-III (AD 1463-82). Mahmud Gawan was the Prime Minister of Muhammad. Nikitin, a Russian merchant, visited Bidar during his reign. ▸ After Gawan's execution by the discontented noble, the Bahmani kingdom started declining. ▸ The last ruler of Bahmani kingdom was Kalim Ullah Shah (AD 1524-27). ▸ After the break-up of Bahmani kingdom, five Muslim separate states were formed as follow : 1. Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar founder- Ahmed Nizam Shah, later annexed by Shahjahan. 2. Adshahis of Bijapur (1490-1686) founded by Yusuf Adil Shah. It was annexed by Aurangazeb. Greatest ruler of the kingdom was Ibrahim Adil Shah. He introduced Dakhini in place of Persian language. Another ruler Muhammad Adil Shah built the Gol Gumbaz. 3. Imad Shahis of Berar (1490-1574) founded by Fateullah Khan II Mad-ul-Mulk with Daulatabad as capital. Later, it was conquered and annexed by one of the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmednagar. 74. Qutub Shahis of Golconda (1518-1687) founded by Quli Qutub Shah. He built the famous Golconda fort and made it his capital. ▸ Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah was the greatest of all. He founded the city of Hyderabad. ▸ He built the famous Charminar. Most important port of Qutub Shahi kingdom was Masulipatnam. The kingdom was annexed by Aurangzeb (1687). 5. Barid Shahis of Bidar (1528-1619) founded by Ali Barid. Annexed by Adil Shahis of Bijapur.
Mystics who are called Sufis, rose in Islam at a very early stage. ▸ These saints had nothing to do with the state. They laid great emphasis on love as a bond between God and the individual soul. ▸ Sufi came out of the word sooph meaning wool. They advocated life of purity and renunciation. Sufism sprang from the doctrine of Wahadat-ul-Wujud or unity of being. This doctrine was propounded by Ibn-ul-Arabi. ▸ One and the earliest Sufis was Rabia, a woman. ▸ Sufis organised 12 orders or silsilas. A silsila was generally led by a prominent mystic, who lived in a khanqah or hospice alongwith his disciple. The link between the teacher or pir and his disciples or murids was a vital part of Sufism. Every pir nominated a successor or wali to carry out his work. ▸ Sufi orders are broadly divided into Ba-shara that is those which followed the Islamic law (shariat) and Be-shara, that is those which were not bound by it. Sufi Terminology
Shaikh/Murid/Pir
Spiritual teacher
Tasawwuf
Sufism
Murid
Disciple
Khanqah
The hospice
Sama
Musical recital
Raksa
Dance
Fana
Self annihilation
Khalifah
Successor
▸ The Bhakti Movement, which stressed mystical union of the individual with God, was initiated in South India by popular saint poets called Alvars, who represented the emotional side of Vaishnavism, through collective songs called Prabandhas. ▸ It declined in the AD 10th century, but was again revived as a philosophical and ideological movement by Acharyas like Ramanuja, whose disciple Ramananda took it to North India. ▸ South India : Shiva and Vishnu North India : Rama and Krishna ▸ The real development of Bhakti took place in South India between the 7th and the 12th centuries. The Bhakti saints came usually from the lower caste. They disregarded caste, encouraged women to join and taught in the local vernacular language. ▸ They considered that God has either a form (Saguna) or was formless (Nirguna).
In the 11th century, Ramanuja tried to assimilate Bhakti to the tradition of the Vedas. According to him, Moksha (salvation) can be obtained through Karma, Gyan and Bhakti. He gave the concept of Vishishtadvaita.
Progenitor of Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra.
He was a Nirguna Upasaka. Some of his abhangas are included in the Guru Granth Sahib.
▸ Born in Patan in Aurangabad published the first receivable edition of Janesvari (Marathi Gita) He condemend caste system and accepted disciple from the lower caste.
Sufi Order
Popular Saints
Chisti (Delhi and Doab region)
Khwaja Abdul Chisti (in Heart)
Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti (India) Bakhtiyar Kaki, Nizamuddin Auliya, Nasiruddin Chirag-i-Delhi Nizamuddin Aullia also known as Tahbul-i-Illahi (beloved of God).
They adopted musical recitation, called sama, to create mood of nearness to God.
Suhrawardi (Punjab and Sind)
Shaikh Shihabuddin Suhrawardi
Shaikh Bahuddin Zakariya
Saints had big jagirs and a close contact with the state.
Firdausi
Shaikh Badruddin of Samark
Shaikh Shamsuddin Yahiiya (Bihar)
Yahiya believed in pantheistic monotheism and was the disciple of Khwaja Nizamuddin Firdausi.
Qadiri
Shaikh Abdul Qadiri
Shah Niamatullah Syid Muhammad Jilani
Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Shahjahan was the follower of this order.
Naqshbandi
Khwaja Pir Muhammad
Khwaja Bagi Billah Shailkh Ahmed Sirhindi
He was a contemporary of Shivaji, the greatest Marathi Bhakti poet and his views are similar to that of Kabir. Great devotee of Vithal, a form of God Vishnu.
He was the spiritual guru of Shivaji. Established ashrams all over India. He wrote Dasabodha, a didactic work, which gave advice on all aspects of life.
▸ Founder of Sikh faith in India. ▸ He has born in Talwandi, now Nankana Sahib to a Khatri family. He composed hymns and sang them with the help of a rabab. ▸ He laid emphasis on one God. By repeating his name with love and devotion, one could get salvation without distinctions of caste, creed and sect. He was against idolatory, undertaking pilgrimage and other ritualistic conducts. ▸ In course of time, his teachings gave rise to Sikhism. ▸ Nanak began the practice of community kitchen or Guru-ka-Langar. ▸ He named the formless God as Akal Purush. ▸ His teachings are compiled in the Adi Granth.
▸ He emphasised on the worship of Krishna as an incarnation of the almighty God. ▸ Lived in the court of Krishnadeva of Vijayanagara. ▸ He taught that there was no difference in Atma and Paramatma. By means of Bhakti, one can get salvation and merge in him. He founded the Pushti sect.
▸ The founder of Bhakti Movement in North India. ▸ He discarded caste rules and included among his disciples, men of all castes. ▸ He was greatly influenced by the teachings of Ramanuja. ▸ Among his disciples were Raidas, the cobbler, Kabir the weaver, Dhanna the farmer, Sena the barber and Pipa the Rajput.
▸ He was a weaver. ▸ Represented Nirguna Bhakti tradition. His followers organised themselves as Kabir Panthis. ▸ His teachings contained Dohas, which are sung till today. ▸ He was not merely a Bhakti poet, but also a social reformer. He spoke in language of common man. He emphasised on simplicity of the religious practice be it Brahminism or Islam. ▸ He advocated the Bhakti marga and dedication to a formless supreme being.
▸ Born in Nadia district of West Bengal. ▸ Regarded as the founder of modern Vaishnav Sect of Bengal. ▸ He preached during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Shah of Bengal and Gajpati ruler of Orissa. He died in Puri. His biography is the Chaitanya Charitmala. ▸ Philosophy of Chaitanya was called Achityabhedaveda. ▸ His disciples considered him as the incarnation of Krishna.
Disciple of Vallabhacharya and devotee of lord Krishna and Radha. He wrote Sur Suravali, Sahitya Ratna and Sursagar (belonged to Saguna school).
Nirguna Bhakti tradition, founded Brahma Sampradaya and Parabrahma Sampradaya; preached service to humanity.
Worshipper of Krishna and Radha and contemporary of Ramanuja.
According to him, the release from transmigration could be secured only by means of knowledge and devotion. Jayatirtha was his successor.
Married to Bhojraj, she was the Rathore princesss of Mevata and daughter in-law of Rana Sanga of Mewar. She belonged to the Krishna cult of Vaishnavism.
Born in Brahmin family in Varanasi and belonged to Ram Bhakti cult of Vaishnavism. He wrote Ramcharitmanas, Gitawali, Kavitawali, Vinay Patrika etc.
▸ Maithilili saint poet. ▸ Wrote Padavali i.e. thousands of love ballads on Radha and Krishna. He also wrote Kirtilata Kirtipataka.
Saint from Gujarat, who wrote songs in Gujarati, depicting the love of Radha and Krishna. He authored Mahatma Gandhi's favourite bhajan 'Vaishnava jan ko'.
Vaishnava saint, composer of Karnataka, who laid the foundation of Carnatic music.
Vaishnava saint from Assam.
Telugu saint and greatest composer of Carnatic music.
▸ He was the descendant of Timur on his father's side and Changez Khan on his mother's side. His family belonged to the Chagtai section of the Turkish race and were commonly known as Mughals. ▸ Originally ruled over Ferghana (Afghanistan). ▸ He was invited to attack India by Daulat Khan Lodhi, Subedar of Punjab, Alam Khan Lodhi, uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi and Rana Sanga. ▸ He was successful in his fifth expedition. In the First Battle of Panipat in AD 1526, he finally defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. ▸ Defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar in Battle of Khanwa in 1527. Babur took the title of 'Ghazi' after this. ▸ Defeated another Rajput ruler Medini Rai in the Battle of Chanderi in AD 1528. ▸ In AD 1529, he defeated Muhammad Lodhi (uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi) in the Battle of Ghaghra. ▸ The battle of Ghaghra was the Ist battle which was fought on land and water simultaneously in medieval India. ▸ Babur was the first ruler to entitle himself 'Badshah'. ▸ He wrote Tuzuk-i-Babari or Babarnama in Turkish. It was translated into Persian by Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan and in English by Madam Bebridge. ▸ His victory led to rapid popularisation of gunpowder and artillery in India. ▸ After the Kushanas, he was the first to have brought Kabul and Kandhar into the Indian empire. ▸ He died in AD 1530 and was buried at Aram Bagh in Agra. Later his body was taken to Aram Bagh at Kabul.
▸ He was the son of Babur andMaham Anaga begum. ▸ Babur had divided his empire among the three brothers of Humayun (Kamran, Hindal and Asakari). So, Humayun had to face real problems ascending to the throne. ▸ His first campaign was against Kalinjar. ▸ In AD 1533, the first siege of Chunar and the March of Gaur was stopped by Jalal Khan Sher Khan (Sher Shah) offered nominal submission by sending his son Qutb Khan to Humayun's court. ▸ The second siege of Chunar was stopped by Jalal Khan, Sher Shah's son in 1538. Humayun occupied Gaur where Sher Shah had left wine, women and opium to delay Humayun who renamed it as Jannatabad (Paradise). ▸ The Battle of Chausa (1539) was fought between Sher Shah and Humayun's army. Humayun was badly defeated and escaped. He was saved by Nizam. ▸ The Battle of Kannauj (Bilgrama) (1540) : Humayun was again defeated by Sher Shah and had to flee. ▸ He passed nearly 15 years in exile. He wandered in Sindh during the reign of Shah Hussain Arghuna, and then reached the Iranian Court. ▸ He got a chance to return in AD 1555. By that time, Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah, who ruled upto 1553, had died. Muhammad Adil Shah was fond of pleasure and the entire affairs of his state were governed by Hemu, his minister. ▸ Bairam Khan, his most faithful officer helped him. The Mughals occupied Lahore without any march towards Delhi. After the Battle of Machhiwara against the Afghans, and Battle of Sirhind against Sikandar Shah, Humayun's second coronation was organised. In AD 1556, he fell from the stairs of the library (Sher Mandal, Delhi) and died. Dinpanah was his second capital.
▸ Akbar was born to Hamida Banu begum at Amarkot in Rana Veersal's palace in AD 1542. ▸ Akbar was 14 years old when he was crowned at Kalanaur in 1556. Akbar already had shown his calibre at the battle field, when he captured Sirhind from Sikandar Shah, AD 1555. ▸ Bairam Khan represented him in the Second Battle of Panipat in AD 1556 against Muhammad Adil Shah Sur's Wazir, Hemu. Akbar defeated Hemu and reoccupied Delhi and Agra. ▸ Between 1556-1560, Akbar ruled under Bairam Khan's regency. The fort of Gwalior, Jaunpur, Ajmer and Ranthambore were successfully occupied. Later, Akbar asked Bairam Khan to proceed to Mecca. On the way near Patna, Bairam Khan was murdered. ▸ He also ended the interference from the Petticoat Government, (1560-62) represented by Maham Anaga and Adham Khan's Junta. ▸ Akbar conquered Malwa in AD 1561, defeating Baz Bahadur. He was later made the Mansabdar, to honour his skill as a musician. ▸ Akbar's earliest campaigns was against Rani Durgawati of Garh-Katanga (Gond and Rajput principalities). ▸ The two powerful forts of Rajasthan- Ranthambor and Chittor (Rana Udai Singh guarded by Jaimal) were captured by the Mughals. ▸ Akbar's deccan campaign began with the siege of Ahmednagar (defended by Chand Bibi). ▸ Akbar's East campaign was against Asirgarh, resulting into the annexation of Khandesh (1601). ▸ Akbar followed the policy of reconcilation with the Rajputs. In AD 1562, he married the eldest daughter of Raja Bharmal of Jaipur, Harakha Bai. ▸ In 1570, he married princesses of Bikaner and Jaisalmer, 1584. Prince Salim was married to the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Das. ▸ He won Gujarat in 1572. In order to commemorate his victory of Gujarat, Akbar build Buland Darwaja at Fatehpur Sikri. ▸ Raja Maan Singh conquered Bihar, Bengal and Orissa for him. ▸ In 1586, Akbar conquered Kashmir and in 1593, he conquered Sindh. ▸ At the time of Akbar's death in AD 1605, his empire included Kashmir, Sindh, Kandahar and extended as far as the Godavari in the Deccan. ▸ He was buried at Sikandara near Agra. Important Aspects of Akbar's Rule ▸ Akbar reorganised the central machinery of administration, on the basis of division of power between various departments. ▸ He abolished the Jaziya and pilgrimage tax, and the forcible conversion of prisoners of war. The use of beef was also forbidden. ▸ He believed in Sulh-i-Kul , that is peace for all. ▸ He built an Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri to discuss religious matters. He invited many distinguished persons, such as Purshottam Das (Hindu) Maharaji Rana (Parsi), Harivijaya Suri (Jain), Monserate and Aquaviva (Christian). ▸ To curb the dominance of the Ulema, Akbar introduced a new Khutba written by Faizi and proclaimed Mahzarnamah in 1579, which made him the final interpreter of Islamic law (Mujtahid Iman-i-Adil), in case of any controversies. Navratnas in Akbar's Court
Abul Fazal
He was the Wazir of Akbar. He wrote the Akbarnamah and also led the Mughal imperial army in its war in Deccan.
Faizi Abul
Fazal's brother and historian in Akbar's court. His famous work Lilavati is on Mathematics. Akbar appointed him as a teacher for his son.
Tansen
Believed to be one of the greatest musicians of all time. He was born to a Hindu family. He served as the court musician to king Ramchandra of Mewar and was sent to Akbar's court. He accepted Islam at the hands of great Sufi saint Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus of Gwalior. It was believed that Tansen made miracles, such as bringing rain and fire through his singing of the ragas, such as Megh Malhar and Deepak.
Birbal
Courtier in the administration of Akbar. His actual name was Mahesh Das. He was conferred the title of Raja by Akbar. He frequently had witty and humorous exchanges with Akbar.
Raja Todarmal
He was Akbar's Finance Minister. He introduced standard weights for measurement and undertook revenue districts. His revenue collection arrangement came to be called the Todarmal's Bandobast. His systematic approach to revenue collection became a model for the future Mughals as well as the British.
Raja Man Singh
He was the Raja of Amber, a Mansabdar and a trusted General of Akbar. He was the grand son of Akbar's father-in-law Bharmal and the adopted son of Raja Bhagwan Das. He assisted Akbar in many battles including the well known Battle of Haldighati.
Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana
He was a poet and the son of Bairam Khan, known for his Hindi couplets.
Faqir Azio Din
He was the chief advisor of Akbar, sufi mystic.
Mullah Do Piaza
He was among the Mughal emperor's chief advisor.
▸ It made him Amir-ul-Momin (leader of the faithful) and Amir-i-Adil (a just ruler). ▸ His liberation is reflected again in the pronouncement of Tauhid-i-Ilahi or Din-i-Ilahi, which propounded Sufi divine monotheism. Birbal, Abul Fazl and Faizi joined the order. ▸ Akbar established the painting karkhana, headed by Abdus Samad. ▸ Ralph Fitch (1585) was the first Englishman to visit Akbar's court. ▸ Abul Fazal wrote 'Akbarnamah', the appendix of which was called Ain-i-Akbari. ▸ His land revenue system was known as Todarmal Bandobast or Zabti system. ▸ Mansabdari System was another feature of administration during Akbar's reign to organise the nobility as well as the army. He was the first Mughal ruler to separate religion from politics. ▸ Sufi saint Shaikh Salim Chisti blessed Akbar with a son who was named Salim (Jahangir). Akbar shifted his court to Fatehpur Sikri from Agra, in honour of the saint. ▸ Birbal was killed in the battle with the Yusufzai tribe (1586). ▸ Abul Fazal was murdered by Bir Singh Bundela (1601). In 1579, Akbar issued 'Decree of Infallibility'. ▸ Persian was made the official language of Mughal empire. ▸ He culminated 'Din-i-illathi', which recognised no prophets. Maharana Pratap A Rajput ruler of Mewar, he belonged to the Sisodia clan of Suryavanshi Rajputs. He was a son of Udai Singh II. In 1568, during the reign of Udai Singh II, Mewar was conquered by Akbar. Battle of Haldighati was fought on 18th June, 1576, in which Maharana Pratap was defeated by Akbar's army, led by Raja Maan Singh. Maharana had to flee the field on his trusted horse-Chetak. Thereafter, Pratap had to retreat into the Aravallis, from where he continued his struggle through the tactics of guerilla warfare. Rana Pratap died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident.
▸ Akbar's eldest son, prince Salim, assumed the title of Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir and ascended the throne. ▸ He was born at Fatehpur Sikri near Agra in 1569. He was given a proper education by his tutor Rahim Khankhana. ▸ In AD 1585, he married Manbai, the daughter of his maternal uncle- Raja Bhagwan Das. ▸ In AD 1587 he married Jodhabai or Jagat Gosain, the daughter of Udai Singh, who gave birth to prince Khusro (Shahjahan). He mostly lived in Lahore, which he adorned with gardens and buildings. ▸ The eldest son of Jahangir, Khusro revolted against him, but was suppressed. Khusro received patronage of Guru Arjun Dev (5th Sikh Guru). Guru Arjun Dev was executed for his blessings to the rebel prince. ▸ Rana Amar Singh (son of Maharana Pratap) of Mewar, submitted before Jahangir in AD 1615. Rana Amar Singh was made a Mansabdar in the Mughal court. ▸ His greatest failure was loss of Kandahar to Persia in 1622. ▸ Jahangir's wife Nurjahan (daughter of Itamad-daulah) exercised tremendous influence over the state affairs. She was made the official Badshah Begum. ▸ Coins were stuck in her name and all royal farmans beared her name. ▸ She got high positions for her father (Itamaduddaulah) and her brother ( Asaf Khan). ▸ He restored Muhammad faith and prohibited the sale of Tobacco. ▸ Nurjahan married her daughter by Sher Afghani to Jahangir's youngest son, Shahryar and she supported him for the heir apparent. ▸ Jahangir's military general, Mahabat Khan revolted and abducted him but Nurjahan saved him due to her diplomatic efforts. ▸ He was justice loving, a huge bell with a chain of 30 yards was placed at the gate of royal palace in Agra and anybody who sought justice from the emperor had to strike the bell. This bell was called Zanzir-i-Adil. ▸ Jahangir faced a formidable opponent in Malik Amber of Ahmednagar. ▸ Captain Hawkins (1608-11) and Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1616) visited Jahangir's court. ▸ Pietxa Valle, the famous traveller, came during his reign. ▸ Production of Tobacco (brought by the Portuguese) started in his reign. ▸ He was buried at Lahore. ▸ He wrote his autobiography, Tuzuk-i- Jahangiri in Persian. Mehrunnisa Nurjahan's actual name was Mehrunnisa. She was the widow of Sher Afgani. Jahangir married to her and confered the title 'Nurjahan to her.'
▸ Born to Jodhabai or Jagat Gosain in Lahore in 1592. His real name was Khurram. He was the youngest prince to be appointed as the Governor of Deccan, at the age of 15. ▸ In AD 1612, he got married to Arjamand Bano Begum (known as Mumtaz Mahal), daughter of Asaf Khan. ▸ He marched against Khan Jahan Lodhi, the Governor of Deccan and Jujhar Singh Bundela, the independent ruler of Bundelkhand. ▸ Shahjahan's policy of annexing Deccan was successful. Ahmednagar was annexed while Bijapur and Golconda accepted his suzerainity. ▸ The Portuguese established their control over Satgaon, through a Shahi firman. They started misusing their authority. Shahjahan ordered Qasim Khan in 1532 to drive the Portuguese out of Hughli. ▸ In 1639, Shahjahan secured Kandahar and immediately fortified it. But Persia wrested Kandahar from Mughals in 1649. Shahjahan failed to recover Kandahar. ▸ Shahjahan was the second Indian ruler to invade Central Asia. ▸ Two French travellers : Bernier and Tavernier and the Italian traveller Nicolo Manucci visited during his reign. Peter Mundi described the famine that occurred during Shahjahan's reign. His reign is considered as the Golden age of the Mughal empire. ▸ The last 8 years of Shahjahan were very painful, because of the brutal war of succession between his four sons. ▸ He was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb in Agra fort and died in captivity in AD 1658. He was buried at Taj Mahal (Agra) besideshis lovingwife. War of Succession ▸ Among Shahjahan's four sons, the eldest son Dara Shikoh was the Governor of Punjab, Shuja was Governor of Bengal, Aurangzeb was Governor of Bengal and Murad was Governor of Gujarat. ▸ Battle of Bahadurgarh February 1658, was fought between Shuja and Dara, Shuja was defeated. ▸ Battle of Dharmat April 1658, where combined forces of Aurangzeb and Murad, defeated Dara. ▸ Battle of Samugarh May 1658, Dara led Mughal forces on behalf of Shahjahan against Aurangzeb. In this decisive battle, Shahjahan was put into prison by Aurangzeb in the Agra fort. ▸ Battle of Khanjawa December 1658, between Aurangzeb and Shuja. Shuja was defeated and fled to Arakan. ▸ Battle of Devtrai March 1659, Dara was defeated and executed by Aurangzeb. His dead body was paraded on the streets of Delhi.
▸ He was the third son of Shahjahan born in Ujjain. ▸ Aurangzeb, made the victory of Deccan in 1636. Aurangzeb's first tenure was upto 1644. ▸ Aurangzeb's second term as Viceroy in Deccan began in 1653 and continued uptil 1658. ▸ He took the title of ' Alamgir' in 1659. He was called a Zinda pir or the 'living saint.' ▸ Under him, the Mughal empire reached its greatest extent and the largest single state ever known in India. ▸ He forbaded the inscription of Kalma on the coins, also forbaded Sati and Jharokha-darshan. He ended the celebration of Nauroz (singing in the court) and in 1679, reimposed Jaziya. ▸ Mutasib (regulation of moral conduct) were appointed. He ended the use of almanacs and weighing of the emperor. Aurangzeb compiled the Fatwa-i- Alamgiri. ▸ The Hindu Mansabdar, however, maintained their high proportions during his rule. ▸ Thus, the Mughal empire stretched from Kashmir in the North to Jinji in the South and from Hindu Kush in the West to Chittagong in the East. ▸ Aurangzeb died in AD 1707 and was buried at Khuldabad (Daulatabad) near Aurangabad. ▸ He built ' Bibi ka Maqbara', similar to Taj Mahal in Aurangabad. Revolts under Aurangzeb ▸ Aurangzeb's rule can be broadly divided into two periods, in the first 23 years, he concentrated in the North, when Maratha power under Shivaji emerged and the second period (1682-1707) is marked by his pre-occupations with the affairs of Deccan. ▸ Sikhs In 1675, he ordered the arrest and execution of the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bhadur. Against this, Guru Gobind Singh organised his followers into a military force called Khalsa, but he was also murdered in AD 1708 by an Afghan at Nanded in Deccan. Later, Banda Bairagi continued the war against Mughals. ▸ Marathas under Shivaji Shivaji was a powerful king. Aurangzeb conspired with Jai Singh of Amber against Shivaji in 1665. Shivaji visited Mughal court on the request of Jai Singh, but was imprisoned. He managed to escape in 1674 and declared himself an independent monarch. ▸ After his death in 1680, his son and successor, Sambhaji was executed by Aurangzeb in 1689. Later, the Marathas, Rajaram and Tarabai, continued the movement against the Mughals. ▸ The Jats revolted under Gokla, Rajaram and Churaman. ▸ The first Afghan Rebellion was by Yusuf Shahi tribes of Afghanistan of Roshni Sect. ▸ The Second Afghan Rebellion was led by Ajmal Khan. ▸ Marwar He annexed Marwar in AD 1678. The campaigning was led by Akbar II (Son of Aurangzeb) against Durgadas, General of Ajit Singh (Son of Raja Jaswant Singh). Akbar II died in the battle. This gave a serious blow to Rajput Mughal alliance. ▸ Bijapur and Golconda were annexed in AD 1686 and AD 1687, respectively. ▸ Ahoms In 1662, Mir Jumla Aurangzeb's ablest general led the expedition against Ahoms. Religious Policy of Aurangzeb Aurangzeb was a Sunni orthodox Muslim, who wanted to convert India from Dar-ul-Harb to Dar-ul-Islam. His religious policy was a departure from the policy of tolerance and universal peace followed by Akbar. He replaced the solar calender by the lunar Hira, dismissed court musicians and royal painters, appointed Muhtasibts (court sensors) from amongst the Ulema, to enforce sharia't. Causes of the Fall of the Mughal Empire ▸ Weak and incompetent successors. ▸ Wars of succession. ▸ Aurangzeb's Deccan, religious and Rajput policies. ▸ Jagirdari crisis. ▸ Growth of Marathas and other regional powers. ▸ Foreign invasions of Nadir Shah (1739) and Abdali.
▸ Real name is Muazzam, ascended the Mughal throne with the title Bahadur Shah. He also assumed the title Shah Alam-I. ▸ Pursued pacifist policy and was therefore, known as Shah Bekhabar. ▸ He made peace with Guru Gobind Singh and Chatrasal. He granted Sar Deshmukhi to Maratha and released Shahu. ▸ He forced Ajit Singh of Marwar to submit but later recognised him as the Rana of Marwar. He defeated Banda Bahadur at Lohgarh. ▸ He was not able to eliminate Jaziya, but he supported music.
▸ Jahandar Shah won the war of succession due to the support of Zulfiqar Khan, the most powerful Iranian noble of the time. ▸ He was the first puppet Mughal emperor. ▸ Jai Singh of Amber was given the title of Mirza Raja Sawai and Ajit Singh was awarded the title of Maharaja. He abolished Jaziya.
▸ Ascended the throne with the help of Sayyid brothers (Abdullah Khan and Husasain Khan) who were the Wazir and the Mir Bakshi respectively. ▸ Zulfiqar Khan was murdered. ▸ Banda Bahadur was executed at Gurudaspur. Farrukhsiyar was murdered by the Sayyid brothers with the help of Marathas, in AD 1719. ▸ Surman Commission visited his court.
▸ Ascended the throne with the help of Sayyid brothers (king makers.). Sayyid brothers were killed under a conspiracy hatched by the nobles in 1720. ▸ Nizam-ul-mulk was appointed as the Wazir, but he relinquished the post in 1722 and marched towards Deccan and found an autonomous state Hyderabad. ▸ During his reign, Bengal acquired virtual independence during the governership of Murshid Quli Khan. ▸ Saadat Khan (Burhan-ul-Mulk), who was appointed as the Governor of Awadh, laid down the foundation of the autonomous state. ▸ Nadir Shah invaded India in AD 1739 and defeated Muhammad in the battle of Karnal (1739) and he took away Takht-i-Taus (Peacock throne) and the Kohinoor diamond. ▸ Ahmed Shah Abdali raided the kingdom for the first time during his reign. ▸ He was a pleasure loving king and was nicknamed Rangeela. Kohinoor Diamond Most sources agree that the Kohinoor was mined at Rayalseema in Andhra Pradesh. It was first owned by the Kakatiya dynasty. From then onwards, the stone passed through the hands of successive rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, finally passing to Babur in 1526. ShahJahan had the stone placed into his ornate Peacock Throne. It was taken away by Nadir Shah in 1739 along with the Peacock Throne.
Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded Delhi many times and Punjab and Multan were ceded to him.
Ahmed Shah Abdali occupied Delhi during his reign. He defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In this battle, Marathas were led by Sadashiv Rao Bhau, while the Peshwa at that time was Balaji Bajirao.
▸ He crowned himself under Shujauddaula's protection in Bihar and remained in exile for 12 years. ▸ He fought the Battle of Buxar in AD 1764 and was defeated by the British. He lived for several years at Allahabad as a pensioner of the East India Company. ▸ By the Treaty of Allahabad, the emperor received the territories of Allahabad and Kara and an annual tribute of 26 lakhs from Bengal. ▸ By a farman, the emperor confirmed the English gains and granted them the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
▸ The king gave Raja Rammohan Roy, the title of Raja. ▸ Lord Hastings ceased to accept the sovereignty of Mughals and claimed the status of pensioner of the East India Company.
▸ He was the Last Mughal Emperor. He was confined by the British in the Red Fort. ▸ During the 1857 sepoy revolt, he was proclaimed the emperor of India by the rebels. He was deported to Rangoon and died there. ▸ He used to write Shairis in the pen-name of Zafar.
▸ Society Society was stratified into several classes. Both Sati and child marriage were readily practiced. Purdah system was in vogue, both among the Hindus and the Muslims. ▸ Economy Both trade and commerce flourished with the European nations. Cotton, Indigo, Opium and tobacco was produced. Mughal rulers encouraged agriculture, industries and crafts. ▸ Ports Surat, Cambay, Cochin and Masulipattnam.
▸ Akbar organised the central machinery of administration on the basis of the division of power between various departments and through checks and balance. The king was the head of all powers. ▸ The wakil (deputy of the king) was stripped off of all his powers after Bairam Khan's death. Wazir : The Prime Minister. Diwan : His responsibility were in three fields : Executive, revenue and finance. ▸ Mir Bakshi He was the head of the military department, similar to that of Ariz-i-mamalik, under Delhi Sultanate. ▸ Mir Saman or Khan Saman Incharge of the royal households, like building, roads, gardens etc. ▸ Sadr-us-Sudur Incharge of religious matters, religious endowments and charities. ▸ Chief Qazi Head of the Judiciary department after the king. ▸ Barids Intelligence officers. ▸ Mustaufi Auditor-General.
▸ Mughal empire was divided into 12 Subas (provinces). After expansion of the empire, it became 15 during Akbar, 11 during Jahangir, 22 during Shahjahan and 21 during Aurangzeb. ▸ Subedar Head of the province (governor). ▸ Provincial Diwan Dealt with finance, directly responsible to central diwan.
▸ Fauzdar Administrative head of the Sarkar. ▸ Amil/Amalguzar Collecting revenues and patrolling the roads. ▸ Kotwal Duty was to maintain law and order in sarkar besides, trial of criminal cases and regulations of prices.
▸ Siqdar Administrative head of the Pargana. ▸ Amin/Qanungo They were revenue officials.
▸ Lambardar Village Headmen ▸ Patwari Village Accountant Mansabdari System ▸ Mansabdari system (1595-96) showed a noble's civil and miltary capacity. In its broad aspect, the mansab or rank awarded to an individual fixed both his status in the official hierarchy as well as his salary. ▸ Twin ranks Zat and Sawar were alloted. The Zat indicated the noble's personal status and the Sawar rank, the actual number of horsemen he was expected to maintain.
▸ The empire was divided into Khalisa (crown land), Jagirs (land granted to nobles) and Inam Madad-i-Maash Suyurghal (land granted to religious and learned men). ▸ Dashala System of Raja Todarmal : Under this system the average produce of different crops at the average price prevailing over the last 10 years were calculated. 1/3rd of the average produce was the state's share. For the measurement of land, 'Bigha' was adopted as the standard unit. ▸ Zabti System was based on the measurement and asessment of land. ▸ Methods of revenue collection – Rai Yield per unit area. – Kankut Based on estimate. – Zabti Based on the yields of crops. Jagirdari System In this system, every Jagirdar was assigned land in proportion to his salary. ▸ Ijara System The Government began contracting the land with the middle man, also known as revenue farmers, who were supposed to pay fixed amount to the government, however, were left free to collect whatever they could, from the farmers leading to their exploitation.
▸ The Mughals introduced new themes depicting the court, battle scenes and added new colours (peacock blue and Indian red). ▸ Jaswant and Dasawant were two famous painters of Akbar's court. ▸ Mughal painting reached to its zenith during Jahangir's rule. Jahangir was a great patron of painting. Mughal Architecture
Mosques at Kabuligarh (Panipat) and at Sambhal (Rohilkhand).
Humayun
City of Dinpannah, Jamali mosque and mosque of Isa Khan at Delhi .
Haji Begum (wife of Humayun)
Humayun Tomb.
Akbar
Agra fort; Jahangiri Mahal in Agra fort based on design of Manmandir; Lahore Palace, Allahabad fort, temple of Govind-deva at Vrindavana and several buildings at Fatehpur Sikri that included Panch Mahal (planned on Buddhist Vihara), Diwan-i-khas, Jodhabais' Palace, Diwan-i-Aam, Buland Darwaja (Iranian style). He began to build his own tomb at Sikandara which was completed by Jahangir.
Jahangir (IndoPersian style)
Moti Mosjid at Lahore, own Mausoleum at Shahdara.
Nurjahan
Itamaduddaulas marble tomb at Agra in pietra dura technique.
Shahjahan
At Agra Taj Mahal, Moti ki Masjid, Khanas Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, Musamman Burz (Jasmine Palace where he spent his last years). At Delhi Jama Masjid, Red Fort (Diwan-i-Khas and Rang Mahal). Others : Shalimar Bagh (Lahore), City of Shahjahandabad (Red Fort and Taqht-i-Taus i.e. Peace throne), Nahor-i-Faiz.
Aurangzeb
Moti Masjid at Delhi, Bibi-ka-Makbara (tomb of his wife Rabbia-ud-Douna) at Aurangabad, Badshahi mosque at Lahore.
▸ His real name was Farid. ▸ He was born to Hasan, a Jagirdar of Sasharam and Hajipur. Ibrahim Lodhi transferred his jagir to him. ▸ He joined Babar Khan Lohanis service and then appointed as the Deputy Governor of Bihar. ▸ He usurped the throne as 'Hazarat-i-Ala'. ▸ He gained Chunar by marrying a widow Lad Malika. ▸ Battle of Chausa In 1539, he captured Chausa from Humayun. He assumed the title of Shershah as emperor. ▸ He also issued coins and Khutba was read in his name. The whole area from Bengal to Banaras was under his empire. ▸ Battle of Kannauj He also annexed Kannauj after defeating Humayun. ▸ Battle of Samel (1544) Defeated Rajput forces of Marwar. ▸ The campaign of Bundelkhand was the last campaign of his life. While besieging its fort at Kalinjar, Sher Shah got burned due to fire in the bundle of rockets in 1545.
▸ For administrative convenience, Shershah divided his whole empire into 47 divisions called Sarkars and further into smaller Parganas. ▸ Pargana, composed of number of villages and was under the charge of Shiqdar, who looked after the law, the order and general administration of the Pargana. The Amil or Munsif looked after the collection of land revenue in the Pargana. Mughal Era Painting
Mir Sayyid Ali
Abdus Samad
Adbus Samad Khusro kuli Basawan Daswan
Farrukh Beg Jamshed
Introduction of Persian style Daswan illustrated 'Razma Namah' (Persian Mahabharat) and Akbarnama.
Bishan Das Ustad Mansur (paintings)
Abdul Hassan animal
Painting reached at its zenith, use of halo (divine light) started.
Mughal Period Literature
Khan Abdur Rahman
Translated Tuzuki-i-Baburi from Turki to Persian during Akbar's reign.
Ain-i-Akbari, Akbarnama.
Abdul Qadir Badauni
Kitab-ul-Ahadish, Tarikh-i-Alffi, Muntakhab-ul-Tawarikh.
Khwaja Nizamuddin
Tabaqat-i-Akbari
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (in Persion).
Hamid
Padshah Namaah
Khafi Khan
Muntakhab-i-Lubab
Dara Shikoh
Translated Upanishadas and Bhagavada Gita, Safinat-ul-Auliya, Hasrat-Ul-Arifim.
Mirza Muhammad Quzim
Alamgirnamah
Ishwar Das
Fatuhat-i-Alamgiri
Muhammad Salih
Shahjahanama
Central Departments ▸ Diwan-i-Wazarat revenue and finance ▸ Diwan-i-Ariz military ▸ Diwan-i-Insha dispatches. ▸ Diwan-i-Rasalat correspondence. ▸ Civil cases of the pargana was headed by Amin and criminal cases by a Qazi or Mini-i-Adal. ▸ He introduced the principle of local responsibility for local crimes.
▸ Land was measured using the Sikandari-gaz ; one-third of the average produce was fixed as tax. ▸ The peasant was given a Patta and Qabuliyat, which fixed the peasants rights and taxes. ▸ Zamindars, were removed and taxes were directly collected.
▸ Shershah introduced a regular postal service. ▸ He introduced silver rupiya. ▸ He promoted trade and commerce by reducing the number of customs duty at collection points. ▸ Shershah improved the transportation by building roads. The roads built by Sher Shah were termed as 'the arteries of the empire'. Sarais were built on the road. He restored the old imperial road Grand Trunk from Sonargaon in Bengal to Peshawar. ▸ He built Purana Qila, alongwith Grand-Trunk. He also built his tomb at Sasaram in Bihar. ▸ Malik-Muhammad Jayasi wrote Padmavat (Hindi) during his reign. ▸ Tarikh-i-Shershahi was written by Abbas Khan Sarwani, his court historian.
▸ Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle Clan of Marathas. Shivaji's father Shahji Bhonsle was a military commander under Nizam Shahi ruler of Ahmednagar. ▸ Shivaji was born to Jijabai in the hill fortress of Shivner. Shivaji's early career and life was influenced by Jijabai, his mother, Dadaji Kondev, the manager of his father's Jagir and Guru Ramdas, his spiritual teacher. ▸ Dadaji Kondev gave him training in civil and military administration. ▸ Before that, in 1646, he conquered the fort of Torna and built forts at Raigarh and Pratapgarh. In 1647, he assumed full charge of his Jagir. ▸ In 1659, Shivaji killed Afzal Khan, Ambassador of Ali Adil Shah (Sultan of Bijapur), in a meeting with his tiger paws. The Sultan then acknowledged the independent status of Shivaji. ▸ Later, Shaista Khan, a Governor of Deccan, was deputed by Aurangzeb to put down the rising power of Shivaji in 1660. Shivaji lost Poona and suffered several defeats, till he made a bold attack on Shaista's military camp at night and plundered Surat and later Ahmednagar. ▸ Raja Jai Singh of Amber was then appointed by Aurangzeb to put down Shivaji (1665) and Jai Singh succeeded in besieging Shivaji in the fort of Purandhar. Consequently, the Treaty of Purandhar (1665) was signed according to which, Shivaji ceded some forts to the Mughals and paid a visit to the Mughal court at Agra. Shivaji also agreed to help Mughals in their attack on Bijapur. ▸ Shivaji visited Agra with his son Shambhaji in 1666. He was put on house arrest but escaped from there. ▸ He, very soon, conquered the forts which he had surrendered to the Mughals. He defeated the Mughal forces in the Battle of Salher in 1672. ▸ He was crowned in 1674 at Raigarh and assumed the title of Haindava Dharmodharak (protection of Hinduism) and Chhatrapati. He became the sovereign ruler of Maharashtra. He died in 1680. Shivaji's Administration ▸ Shivaji divided the territories under his rule into three provinces (prants), each under a Viceroy. Provinces were divided into Prants, which were subdivided into Parganas or Tarafs. The lowest unit was village, headed by a headman or patel. ▸ Shivaji was helped by Ashtapradhan (eight ministers), which was unlike a Council of Ministers, for there was no collective responsibility. Each minister was directly responsible to Shivaji. ▸ His administrative reforms were guided by Malik Amber of Ahmednagar.
▸ Assessment of land revenue was based on measurement. The Kathi of Amber was adopted as the unit of measurement. ▸ Chauth was one-fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas so as not to be subjected to Maratha's raid. ▸ Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 per cent (1/10th) on those lands of Maharashtra, over which the Marathas claimed hereditary right, but which formed part of the Mughal empire.
▸ There was a dispute of succession between Sambhaji and Rajaram. ▸ Son of Shivaji, Sambhaji (1680-89) succeeded the throne. He was an incapable ruler and poor diplomat. ▸ Prince Akbar, the rebellious son of Aurangzeb took shelter with him. Sambhaji was executed by Aurangzeb and his infant son, Shahu, was taken captive by Aurangzeb. Sambhaji was succeeded by Rajaram in 1689. ▸ Rajaram (1689-1700) was killed in 1700 by Aurangzeb. His widow Tarabai put her infant son, Shivaji II, on the throne. ▸ After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Shahu, the grandson of Shivaji and son of Sambhaji was released by Bahadur Shah. He claimed the throne and this led to a civil war between Shahu and Tarabai. Shahu emerged victorious in the Battle of Khed, with the help of Balaji Vishwanath. After this, Shahu ruled from Satara and Tarabai from Kolhapur. From now onwards, the rule of Peshwa started. They became virtual rulers of the state. Shivaji's Ashtapradhan
Ashtapradhan
Department
Peshwa (Mukhya Pradhan)
Prime Minister, Finance
Sar-i-Naubat/Senapati
Military Commander
Majumdar or Amatya
Accountant General (revenue and finance minister during the Peshwas)
Waqenavis/Mantri
Intelligence, posts and household affairs
Surunavis or Sachiv
Minister for Correspondence
Dabir or Sumanta
Foreign Minister and Minister of royal ceremonies
Nyayadhish
Administration of Justice
Pandit Rao
Charity and religious affairs
▸ He excelled in diplomacy and won over many Maratha chiefs to the side of Shahu. Shahu honoured him with title of ' Sena Karta' in 1708, and made him his Peshwa in 1713. The Peshwa concentrated all the powers in his office. He became the functional head of the Maratha empire. ▸ He concluded an agreement with the Sayyid brothers, by which the Mughal emperor (Farrukhsiyar) recognised Shahu as the king of Swarajya. ▸ He also helped Sayyid brothers in over throwing Farrukhsiyar.
▸ He was a bold and brilliant commander and was considered the greatest exponent in guerilla tactics after Shivaji. Maratha power reached its zenith under him. ▸ Under his leadership, the Marathas compelled the Mughals first to give them the right to collect chauth of the vast areas and then to cede those areas to the Maratha kingdom. ▸ He conquered Salsettle and Bassin from Portuguese in 1733. He also defeated the Nizam-ul-Mulk near Bhopal and concluded the treaty of Durai Sarai, via which he got Malwa and Bundelkhand (1737).
▸ In an agreement with the Mughal emperor (Ahmed Shah), the Peshwa agreed to protect the Mughal empire from internal and external enemies in return for the chauth. ▸ In the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, between Maratha and Ahmed Shah Abdali, Viswas Rao, the son of Nana Sahib died.
▸ Balaji Baji Rao was succeded by his younger son Madhav Rao I. Raghunath Rao, the eldest surviving member of Peshwa family, became regent to the young Peshwa and de-facto ruler of the state. ▸ After the death of Madhav Rao, Peshwaship had lost its all power.
▸ Narayan Rao (1772-73) ▸ Sawai Madhav Rao (1773-95) ▸ Baji Rao II (1795-1818)
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