2001 General Studies Solved Paper I, Paper II

Time Allowed: Three Hours  Maximum Marks: 300
Candidates should attempt all questions strictly in accordance with the instruction given under each question.

Q. 1 Answer any one of the following (about 250 words): 30

(a) Discuss the main objectives of the Indian national movement up to 1905. What were its basic weaknesses during this period?

Important Points for Answer:

Indian national movement upto 1905
Main objectives
Basic weaknesses

Answer: Indian National Movement up to 1905 was mainly dominated mainly by the moderate leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Wyomesh Chander Bannerjee, Firoz Shah Mehta, Dinesh E. Wacha, S.N. Bannerjee, etc.
During this period, main objectives of the Indian National Movement were:
To develop political agitations within the limits of law and by constitutional methods.
To make the British Government aware of the Indian condition because they believe that the Britishers were and wanted to be just to the Indians.
To build up public opinion in the country amongst people.
To present public demand to the Government through resolutions, petitions, meetings, etc. and arouse consciousness and national spirit.
To persuade the British Government and build up Britain’s public opinion in favour of India.
They believed that time was not ripe to directly challenge the British rule so they attempted to educate and unite people. They established a British
Committee of the Indian National Congress in London and also started a journal titled ‘India’.

Basic Weaknesses:
The moderate leaders had no faith in the mass-movement and they could not popularise the ideas to the grassroots level.
The movement was confined only to the educated class and illiterate
Indians, who formed majority, were not able to participate in it.
It was thought that the British rule was in India’s interest at that time.
It was wrongly believed that the British Government wanted to be just to Indians and would consider to their demands gradually.
The aim was to transform the colonial rule to a national rule. (Total 254 words)

(b) What administrative changes were introduced in India after 1858?
What were the objectives of these changes?

Important Points for Answer:
Administrative Changes after–1858
Objectives, effects of those changes
Conclusion

Answer: After the revolt of 1857, The Government of India Act of 1858 transferred the control of India from the East India Company to the Crown.
Now power to govern India was vested in the Crown through the Secretary of State who was responsible to the British Parliament. Thus, India came under direct rule of the British Parliament as a colony.
Later, a provision was made in the Indian Councils Act 1861 for a Legislative Council but it was merely an advisory body.
Gradually, administration was decentralised and powers were given to local bodies, like municipalities and district boards, to overcome financial difficulties faced by the Government due to over centralisation.
To put counterpoise in the Indian army, the proportion of European soldiers to the Indian soldiers was increased.
Not to give any key and strategic post to Indians, an old policy, was followed strictly after 1857. Indians were not promoted or recruited to higher posts in army.
Indians were intentionally restricted from civil services by making their entry very tough. The maximum age limit was further reduced to 19 years in 1878, under Lytton from the earlier of 23 years in 1858.
Princely States were given right to adopt heir, policy of annexation was abandoned but in 1876, the Queen adopted the title ‘Empress of India’ or ‘Kaisar-i-Hind’ and later on Lord Curzon made it clear to the Princes that they were only agents of the Crown.
Thus, after 1858 systematic administrative changes were made to control India more effectively by introducing a new stage of colonialism in India.

(Total 261 Words)

Q. 2 Answer any two of the following (About 150 words each): 2 × 15 = 30

(a) How did the movement for the liberation of women receive a great stimulus from the rise and growth of the nationalist movement in India

Important Points for Answer:
Condition of women
Movement for Liberation of women
National movement and its impact

Answer: In the beginning, the nationalist movement was mainly in the form of upliftment of society through socio-religious reforms. During this phase of socio-religious movements, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidhyasagar, D. K. Karve etc. propagated widow-remarriage, female education, right to inheritance of women in paternal property, abolition of child marriage system and polygamy. In Muslim society, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan led reforms to remove ‘burkha’ system and polygamy besides preaching female education.
During the later phase of political agenda in nationalist movement, leaders actively opposed the British rule. Under Gandhi, Indian women had active participation in non-cooperation and disobedience movements. Women also started picketing shops and campaigning for swadeshi, thus widened their field of activities to the Indian political freedom movements. As the national movement became stronger, women like Sarojini Naidu acquired active leadership role.
The national movement, thus, played an important role in women liberation.

(Total 151 words)

(b) Discuss the aims and objects of the Khilafat Movement. To what extent was it successful?

Important Points for Answer:
Khilafat movement—Aims and Objects
Assessment

Answer: Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) originated in India to support the Caliphate of Ottoman Empire in Turkey against the insulting treatment by the Britishers after the First World War. Sultan of Turkey was considered as Khalifa of Islam by Indian Muslims.
For an organised protest on the issue, Shaukat Ali and Muhammed Ali (Ali Brothers), Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani formed a Khilafat Committee to change British attitude towards Turkey.
They demanded:
– Khalifa’s control over muslim sacred places.
– Sufficient territory for the Khalifa
Initially, the movement became successful as it also gained support of the Congress. Due to imprisonment of important leaders and withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhi after Chauri-Chaura incident, its force faded away. The movement became irrelevant as Turkey itself moved towards secularism and abolished the Caliphat in 1924. The Khilafat
Movement contributed to Indian National Movement by bringing Hindu-Muslim unity in the freedom struggle.

(Total 152 Words)

(c) Why did Gandhi launch the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and with what results?

Important Points for Answer:
Salt Satyagraha 1930
Reasons for launching
Consequences
Result

Answer: After withdrawal of the non-cooperation movement by Gandhi after Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922, there was no large-scale mass movement.
After Lahore Session of Congress 1929, Gandhi presented his eleven points demand which did not receive positive response. The Congress Working Committee gave him full powers to launch this Civil Disobedience
Movement at the time and place of his choice. Considering Salt Tax as the most inhuman tax, Gandhi identified it with mass suffering which created discontent allover the country. So, Gandhi decided to launch the Salt Satyagraha in 1930. Therefore, on 12 March 1930 Gandhi, with his chosen 78 Satyagrahis, marched to Dandi and violated the salt law, thus creating a nationwide movement.
After Dandi, Salt Law was violated at other places also. Other activities like boycott of schools, colleges and government offices, burning of foreign clothes, no-tax movement and shop picketing also started as a consequence.
People joined the Civil Disobedience Movement enthusiastically. (Total 158 words)

Q. 3 Write about the following (About 20 words each): 15 × 2 = 30

(i) Aryabhatta

Answer: Aryabhatta (476-550CE) was a famous Astronomer and Mathematician of Gupta period who wrote ‘Aryabhattiya’ and ‘Arya-Siddhanta’ and explained earth rotation on axis.

(ii) D. K. Karve

Answer: Dhondo Kesav Karve (1858-1962) was a social reformer, women welfare activist, established Indian Women University in 1916 in Bombay, received Bharat Ratna on his 100th Birthday.

(iii) J. Krishnamurthy

Answer: Jiddu Krishnamurthy (1895-1986) an Indian philosopher, speaker and writer. Earlier attached with the Theosophical Society, later declared no allegiance to any nationality, caste, religion or philosophy.

(iv) Prarthana Samaj

Answer: Established by Dr Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay in 1967 with the help of Keshav Chandera Sen, aimed at abolition of casteism, women upliftment and raising the age of marriage.

(v) Ghadar Party

Answer: Established in San Francisco in 1913, based on the journal ‘The Ghadar’, it was a revolutionary organisation for Indian liberation. Main leader of Ghadar party was Lala Hardayal.

(vi) Satyashodhak Samaj

Answer: Established by Jyotiba Phule in 1873. Main objectives were to oppose casteism, advocate equality and strongly protest against Brahmin dominance in the society.

(vii) Jamnalal Bajaj

Answer: Jamnalal Bajaj (1889-1942), was Congress Treasurer, returned the title of ‘Rai Bahadur’ in 1921, established Satyagraha Ashram, Gandhi Seva Sangh, Sasta Sahitya Prakashan.

(viii) Banabhatta

Answer: The 7th Century poet and prose writer of Sanskrit, was the Asthana Kavi in the court of Harshavardhan, wrote ‘Harshacharita’ and ‘Kadambari’.

(ix) Gopi Kishna

Answer: Gopi Kishna (1935-1994), awarded Padma Shri, choreographer in bollywood, acted in Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje, set a world record for longest continuous Kathak dance at 9 hr 20 min.

(x) Pupul Jaykar

Answer: Pupul Jaykar (1915-1997) was appointed Chairperson of Indian Council for Cultural Relations in 1982, wrote Biography of Indira Gandhi, was cultural advisor to Prime Minister. She popularised the Bharat Mahotsava.

(xi) Mohammad Iqbal

Answer: Sir Mohammad Iqbal (1877-1938) was poet of “Sare Jahan Se achha…..”, known as the ‘Spiritual Father of Pakistan’, was earlier supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity.

(xii) Jaydeva

Answer: Jayadeva (1170-1245), a Sanskrit-Apabhransha language poet during the period of Bengal ruler Lakshaman Sen who is famous for “Gita Govindam”.

(xiii) T. Prakasam

Answer: Tanguturi Prakasam (1872-1957), freedom fighter, Chief Minister of Madras Presidency, first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, published the daily ‘Swarajya’, was known as ‘Andhra Kesari’.

(xiv) Champaran Satyagraha

Answer: The first Satyagraha of Gandhi in India in 1917 in Bihar, was against exploitation of indigo farmers by Tin Kathiya system, led to the first victory of Disobedience movement.

(xv) Ali Brothers

Answer: Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, freedom fighters, active role in Khilafat Movement, joined non-cooperation movement, active in Congress, later founders of Muslim League.

Q. 4 Answer any two of the following (About 125 words each): 2 × 10 = 20

(a) What are mangroves and in what way are they useful to us?

Important Points for Answer:
Mangroves—vegetation, climatic condition
Importance and benefits
Mangroves in India

Answer: Mangroves are the tropical forests, consisting of salt resistant vegetation, found mainly in tidal regions. They are mainly found on coast line, estuaries, tidal creeks, backwaters and salt marshes. Benefits of Mangroves:
They protect vulnerable coastlines from wave action because they hold the soil together and prevent coastal erosion.
Mangroves shield inland areas during storms and minimise damage.
They provide homes for several species of plants and animals.
They support biodiversity. By supporting huge variety of flora and fauna, these wetland vegetation have gained immense importance in our ecosystem.
In India, they are found on sea coast areas, in the deltas of rivers and Islands.
In West-Bengal, they are known as Sunderbans due to Sundari trees. India is home of one-tenth of total mangroves of the world but due to deforestation they have become threatened ecosystem. (Total 138 words)

(b) Explain the causes of the Indian Monsoon.

Important Points for Answer:
Monsoon—meaning
Indian climate
Origin & spread of Monsoon

Answer: Monsoon means seasonal reversal of winds which brings rainfall due to moisturised winds passing over water bodies.
Indian Monsoon is the seasonal phenomenon caused by the differences of temperature and pressure over water bodies and landmass.
In summer, the movement of the sun towards the Tropic of Cancer increases the temperature of Indian sub continental landmass, in comparison to the sea.
Pressure over the landmass decreases and heavy pressured moisturised winds from the South-West sea rush towards Indian landmass, causing rainfall. It is known as the Summer Monsoon.
The winter monsoon, which gives less rain than the summer monsoon, comes from North-West direction blowing towards North-East.
Other factors like EL Nino, ITCZ movement, upper atmosphere conditions, local specific conditions, tropical depression, etc. also play a role in the
Indian Monsoon. (Total 133 words)

(c) Had there been no Himalayas, what would have been the winter climate in north India?

Important Points for Answer:
Himalayas – location Climatic condition
Effects of Himalayas

Answer: Himalayas run across 2500 km in East-West direction, creating a natural wall between Central Asia and Indian sub-continent. In winter, it blocks the cold polar air blowing southwards from Central Asia from entering
India, thus keeping India 3° to 8°C warmer than the regions of similar cold latitudes in Asia. Had there been no Himalayas, extremely cold and dry winds would have entered India.
Westerly Jet streams blow roughly parallel to the Tibetan highlands during winter. The Himalayas bifurcate these streams into two branches, of which
Southern branch enters North India and gives much needed winter rainfall over the North-West region. Had there been no Himalayas, this Westerly Jet streams would not have entered Indian plains.
Thus, Himalayas play an important role in keeping India warmer and bringing rainfall in winter. (Total 135 words)

Q. 5 Write short notes on the following (About 20 words each): 5 × 2 =
10

(i) El Nino

Answer: It is occasionally developing warm ocean current along the coast of Peru, causing changes in the monsoon pattern by leading to rise in surface temperature.

(ii) Hirakund Project

Answer: This 55 km long mainstream dam is largest in the world, across the River Mahanadi in Orissa, stretching. It is a multipurpose irrigation and hydro-electric project.

(iii) Glacier

Answer: It is a persistent body of ice. Under the influence of gravity, it moves slowly down the slope. It is generally formed by recrystallisation of neve and firn.

(iv) Two prominent left bank tributaries of river Ganges

Answer: Gandak and Kosi are the two prominent left bank tributaries of river Ganges, others being Gomti, Ghaghra, Ramganga and Mahananda.

(v) Equinox

Answer: Equinox indicates equal duration of day and night. March 21 and September 23, when the Sun shines vertically over the equator, are called vernal and autumn equinoxes respectively.

Q. 6 Answer any one of the following (About 250 words): 30

(a) Discuss the administrative relations between the centre and the states in the light of recent controversies.

Important Points for Answer:
Recent Controversies Centre-State Relations – Provisions
Solution

Answer: Recently controversies regarding the autonomy of states have been in debate. The chapter of Tamil Nadu, where two Union Ministers were arrested, resignation of the Governor Mrs. Fatima Bibi, etc, have raised the questions regarding relations between the Centre and the States. These issues raise the question about the supremacy of power. However, it is obvious that in India, the Centre is stronger than the States. Therefore, States are demanding more autonomy.
At present, the Constitutional provisions regarding the Centre–States
Administrative relations are narrated in Chapter II of the part IX.
Article-256 obliges States to comply with the laws of Parliament, while exercising their executive powers. The centre may direct the States in this regard, if necessary.
Article - 257 equips the Centre with some control over the States. State
Executives cannot prejudice the executive powers of the Union. Centre can direct the State to construct and maintain means of communication, which are declared to be of national or military importance. This provision extends to railways also.
In emergency, the power of the Union extends to make laws and to give directions to the states (Article 356)
The Head Officers in all States are appointed by the Centre under the All India Services.
The Judges of the High Courts (Article 217), the Governor (Article 156) etc. are appointed and removed by the President.
All these provisions clearly establish that the Centre has strong hand in the Centre-State relations.
Implementation of Sarkaria Commission (1984) recommendations may make the relations harmonious as is required in Federal System of Polity. (Total 259 words)

(b) Bring out the aberrations of the parliamentary system of government in India.

Important Points for Answer:
Parliamentary Systems of India–how it runs?
Aberrations–deviations from normal standard

Answer: Indian Constitutional Assembly chose the Parliamentary System of government for India, based on British parliamentary system.
Alliances and minority Governments, unstable Governments have raised burden of frequent elections and which have resulted into huge expenses and instability. So many aberrations of our parliamentary system are responsible for them.
Our Parliament has lost its prestige due to undisciplined behaviours of
Parliamentarians during the sessions and outside the Houses. Criminalisation of politics is self evident and elections are won at the tip of guns, money and muscle powers. Corruption has taken the place of ethics, morality and ideology. Changing of parties are so common among politicians that it hampers ideological or merit based discussion of issues in Parliament.
Regionalism, linguistic differences, caste politics etc have taken a strong root in the minds of politicians and so national interest is always at the stake against their selfish political motives.
Mushrooming of regional and small political parties and independent candidates have not served the desired purpose.
Defection, changing parties and selling tickets are rampant in practice.
Strong two party system has never become possible in India due to presence of regional parties. Many parties with differences among them in many matters, do not allow to work Parliament efficiently.
The principle of collective responsibility has been ignored.
All these aberrations of our Parliamentary system have made academicians and constitutionalists suggest the Presidential democracy as an option.
However, it is admitted that if Parliamentarians undertake their responsibility honestly and perform them, the Parliamentary form of Democracy can work very efficiently in India. (Total 256 words)

Q. 7 Answer any one of the following (About 250 words): 30

(a) What is the constitutional position of Directive Principles of State
Policy? How has it been interpreted by the judiciary after the emergency in 1975-77?

Important Points for Answer:
DPSP–Constitutional provisions
Judicial interpretation
Present position

Answer: The Directive Principles of State Policy are mentioned in Part-IV of the Constitution, from Article 36 to 51. These are Directives to the state to be followed in the formation of policy. They are however, made non-justiciable in the court of law, but yet, they are important and fundamental in governance of the country. They are aims and ideals to be achieved by the state which would lead the country towards creating a welfare state.
Various provisions of the Directives have achieved status of the Fundamental
Rights. The Directives contained in Article - 39(b) and (c) have been given supremacy over the Fundamental Rights contained in Article 14 and 19.
Trend of the judicial interpretation regarding the Directive Principles has completely changed after the emergency in 1975-77. The Supreme Court, in the case of Minerva Mills Ltd. 1980 gave the doctrine of harmonious construction between the fundamental rights and the directives which has effectively directed the states to protect the rights provided under part IV. It interpreted and gave status to many of the Directive Principles as the
Fundamental Rights. For example, Equal Pay for Equal Work, Right to Education, Free Legal Aid, Speedy Trial, Protection of Children from Exploitation, Abolition of Child Labour, Protection of Working Women from Sexual Harassment, Right to Work and Medical assistance to workers,
Protection of Ecology and Environmental pollution etc. have been raised to the status of the fundamental rights.
Thus, constructive trend has been taken by the Supreme Court after the emergency in 1975-77. (Total 257 words)

(b) What are the main differences between the passage of a Constitution
Amendment Bill and other Legislative Bills?

Important Points for Answer:
Procedures for both
Differences to be highlighted

Answer: The main differences between the passage of a Constitution
Amendment Bill and other Legislative Bills are:
– A Legislative Bill can be passed by a simple majority in both the Houses, while for the purpose of Amendment, provisions of the Constitution are divided into three parts:

(i) Amendment by simple majority of both the Houses.

(ii) Amendment by two-third majority of both the Houses.

(iii) Amendment by two-third majority of both the Houses plus ratification of not less than one half of the states.
– Only Parliament and not a State Legislature is competent to amend the Constitution.
– In case of dead-lock, the President can summon a joint sitting of both Houses to pass a Legislative Bill, except a money bill. But for a Constitutional Amendment Bill, such a joint sitting cannot be summoned.
- In case of Legislative Bill, the President can withhold his assent or return it to Parliament to reconsider it, but it is not possible in case of a Constitutional Amendment Bill.
Other procedures regarding both of them are same. The rules regarding procedure to be followed in both Houses are decided by Parliament by law.
Any bill, except a money bill, can be passed in any House of Parliament.
After passing by each House, it is sent to the President for his assent thereto.
A bill becomes a law after the President’s assent.
It can be concluded that a Constitutional Amendment Bill, being an important matter, both Houses are given same powers while in case of other Legislative Bills, Lok Sabha has more powers, due to its numerical majority. (Total 264 words)

Q. 8 Answer any two of the following (About 150 words each): 2 × 15= 30

(a) Comment on the nature of Ordinance-making power of the President of India. What safeguards are there against possible misuse?

Important Points for Answer:
Ordinance - Nature of the power of President Constitutional Safeguards

Answer: The power to promulgate an ordinance is the most important legislative power of the President of India. Under Article 123, the President can promulgate an ordinance, when
– both the Houses of Parliament are not in session (only one House is in session), and
– he is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary.
The ordinance has same force and effect as an Act of Parliament so cannot be challenged on the grounds of malafide. It must be passed on any of the matters upon which Parliament has power to make laws. Constitutional Safeguards against possible misuse:
Article 123(a) says that such ordinance
– Shall be laid down before both Houses of Parliament on reassembly of Parliament.
– It shall cease to operate if not passed by both Houses.
– It may be withdrawn before the period of six weeks by passing a resolution disapproving it.
– It may be withdrawn by the President.
– Its Constitutionality can be challenged in the same way as an Act of Parliament. (Total 164 words)

(b) Distinguish between Cabinet Secretariat and Prime Minister’s Secretariat. Which of these is more important?

Important Points for Answer:
Functions of both Composition of both Conclusion

Answer: The Cabinet Secretariat under the Chairmanship of the Cabinet Secretary, who is the ex-officio chairman of the Civil Service Board, assists the Cabinet in its function of running the Government of the nation. It provides secretarial assistance to Cabinet and Cabinet Committees in preparation, drafting and then implementation of Rules of Business in the Cabinet Committees. It also prepares agendas and maintains records of the meetings of the Cabinet Ministers.
The Prime Minister Secretariat, an extra constitutional body, which is now known as the Prime Minister’s office, came into effect after independence.
This is made up of those officers and special advisers which are appointed by and for the Prime Minister for specific purposes i.e. security, media, culture etc. It is a body, under the PM and for his personal assistance as the head of the Government. Both are important at their respective places, but in recent times, PMO has gained more importance. (Total 155 words)

(c) Discuss the Constitutional provisions regarding the rights of children.

Important Points for Answer: Constitutional provisions
Judicial interpretation

Answer: Various Constitutional provisions for Children:
Article-15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds only religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. But the state is empowered to make special provisions for women and children.
Article-23 prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour. Under this article, the Supreme Court in the case of M. C. Mehta vs. State of Tamil Nadu-1997 has held the child labour illegal.
Article-24 expressly provides that children below the age of fourteen shall not be employed to work in any factory or mine or be engaged in any other hazardous employment.
The 86th Amendment Act 2002 has inserted Article 21(A) as a Fundamental Right providing free and compulsory education for the children of six to fourteen years.
Article 39(e) says that the tender age of children are not to be abused.
Article 39 (f), as inserted by the Forty-Second Amendment, directs the state to give children opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity. Also, that childhood and youth are to be protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.
Article-45, as amended by 86th Amendment Act 2002, now directs the state to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.
It is also a fundamental duty, as newly inserted by 86th Amendment Act 2002, in Article 51 A(k) that a parent or guardian is to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward, between the age of six and fourteen years.
All these provisions made in our Constitution aim at all over development of children. (Total 278 words)

Q. 9 Answer the following (About 20 words each): 5 × 2 = 10

(a) Explain the Local Area Development Scheme of the Members of Parliament

Answer: Started in 1990s by the Narsimha Rao Government, it provides two crore rupees to every Member of Parliament every year for the development of their local area.

(b) What is Ethics Committee of Lok Sabha?

Answer: Lok Sabha constitutes Ethics Committee of nine members, including from the opposition, to prepare a code of conduct for the ethics and moral of Parliamentarians.

(c) Why is it said that the centre has absolute veto over State Legislature?

Answer: The Governor has power to reserve a bill for the consideration of the President who may or may not give his assent to the bill, in this way, Centre has absolute veto.

(d) What is Call Attention Motion?

Answer: In Call Attention Motion, any MP, with the permission of the presiding officer, can inform a minister about any grave situation and/or ask questions about it which can be answered by the Minister immediately or after allowed time.

(e) When is the device of joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament not available?

Answer: In matters of the Money Bills and the Constitutional Amendment Bill, the device of joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament is not available.

Q. 10 Write any one of the following (About 250 words): 30

(a) Review the population policy of the Govt. of India giving the distinguishing features.

Important Points for Answer: Population policy
Main features Effectiveness—a review, merits, changes

Answer: The NDA Government announced the Population Policy in February, 2000 based on the report of the Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan. The policy includes various targets and aims with the goal to achieve stabilised population by the year of 2045.
The policy can be highlighted with the following points:
To establish reproductive and infant health services system.
To reduce maternal mortality rate to below 100 per 100,000 live births.
To reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1,000 live births.
To achieve 201 total reproductive capacity by 2010 as a middle term objective.
To achieve 100 per cent registration of births, deaths, marriages and pregnancies.
To stabilise the growth of population by 2045 as the long term objective. It constituted a National Population Commission under the Prime Minister of India to help achieve these objectives.
Not only the population stabilisation but also rise in the standard of living of people is included in this policy. For this, “Health Insurance Policy” is proposed along with it. Balika Samriddhi Yojana and “Maternity facility schemes” are continued for the Below Poverty Line people. Effective implementation is also required for result, so the scheme aims to enforce the laws relating to maternity, reproduction and marriage with strictness.
The Child Marriage Prohibition Act and Prenatal Diagnosis Act, Abortion related Act will be implemented strictly.
The Policy as a whole includes a comprehensive draft containing about 12 Schemes and 14 Targets to be achieved by 2010. There is a dire need to enforce the provisions with determination. (Total 256 words)

(b) Discuss the significance of GSLV in space research.
Important Points for Answer: GSLV—meaning, details, technique Importance in space research Progress

Answer: On April 18, 2001, ISRO launched the GSLV, Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle successfully from Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. This GSLV carried the GSAT - Geosynchronous Satellite of 1540 kg of weight and put it in Geo Stationary Transfer Orbit (GTO). The first development flight, GSLV-D1 carried experimental communication satellite, GSAT-1.
This GSLV is based on the earlier PSLV—Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle technique of India. It uses a cryogenic engine which is made by Russia. GSLV is a three stage vehicle. The first stage, GS1, comprises a solid propellant motor and four liquid propellant strap-on stages. Its first stage is one of the biggest of its kind in the world. The second stage (GS2) is powered by a single liquid propellant engine. The third stage (GS3) is a cryogenic stage with re-startable engines. With 49 metre height, it weights
400 tonnes.
This launch of GSLV has proved India’s capacity to launch satellites of more than 1500 kg weight. It puts India into the club of selected countries with such technology. However, some developed nations have much higher capacity. Before the development of GSLV, India had to use the foreign Satellite Launch Vehicles from French Guyana and had to pay huge amounts, apart from being dependent upon them. Now, as the great importance, India has achieved self-reliant technology in this direction. India can now commercially, launch satellites of other countries also.
The GSLV programme of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has proved capability of Indian Scientists in the space and satellite technology.

(Total 254 words)

Q. 11 Write on any two of the following (About 125 words each): 2 × 10 = 20

(a) Determine the utility of Direct To Home in broadcasting system.
Important Points for Answer:
DTH - technology, features Importance
Relevance in India

Answer: The DTH system was operationalised from November, 2000 creating a history in the broadcasting technology. This technology will help getting programmes directly from the satellites with clear, interference less broadcasting.
With the help of multiplexer, various channels can be accessed. Transmitted by KU band, it requires only a small dish-antenna and a “Integrated Receiver
Decoder” in the user’s home. It relieves from the disturbance of cable programmes, settings and connections. Its main benefits will be to the remote areas of villages and forests where cables are not available, they can now access various information and entertainment programmes through this technology. It will help Government to spread reach even to the farthest and remotest areas. This technology is user friendly, less complex and little technical knowledge is required to use this technology. (Total 132 words)

(b) What are the UNDP indicators with reference to the planning process?
Important Points for Answer:
UNDP indicators India’s place

Answer: The United Nations Development Programme presented its 12th Annual Report in New Delhi in July, 2001. This report was based on making new techniques for development. The Human Development Report includes total 162 countries of which India is numbered behind at the 115th. Based on some specific indicators, this report is prepared from the figures derived from government offices and census of the countries apart from surveys.
This report indicators in relation to planning process are:
– Life expectancy at birth
– Education
– Purchasing power of basic goods and services, From this year, the report included the fourth indicator, that is,
– technological achievement index.
This Technological Achievement Index (TAI) includes 72 countries and India could not get an impressive place in it because of being at 63 rd position.

(Total 127 words)

(c) What are the Human Rights issues involved in relation to the arrest of M. Karunanidhi in Tamil Nadu in July 2001?
Important Points for Answer: Incident Provisions
Response

Answer: Due to political reasons, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi was arrested in Tamil Nadu in July, 2001, which created major political issue in the country giving rise to various types of debates, involving questions ranging from issues of Human Rights, Parliamentary privileges, Involvement of the Governor, revenge politics, etc.
M. Karunanidhi was arrested in the time of night in derogatory manner. He was not accused of any serious offence necessitating such method of arrest, so it was basically a political act. Even those Cabinet Ministers of centre who came to rescue the matter were detained under sight arrest.
Under the Human Rights Declaration, 1948 a person cannot be arrested without following proper procedures. The issue is debated by Human Rights activists. Parliamentary privilege is also violated and so centre-state relations have also been in debate. (Total 137 words)

Q. 12 Write notes on any two of the following (About 125 words each): 2 × 10 = 20

(a) Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana
Important Points for Answer:
The Scheme
Main objectives Benefits

Answer: The Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana came into force from
April 1, 1999. It comprises of six components IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA,
MSW and SITRA which were earlier separate schemes.
This scheme aims at: focussing approach to poverty alleviation. handling the problems that may come with multiplicity of programmes. increasing advantages of group lending.
A programme for micro enterprises in rural areas covering all aspects of selfemployment, it envisages organisation of self-help groups of rural poor. Main objectives are to bring BPL families above poverty line and increase their income to at least Rs. 2000 a month. It provides subsidy, loan, credit and training for such development. It provides 30% of project cost as subsidy, maximum at Rs. 7500, which is 50% for SC and ST upto Rs. 10000.
The scheme is funded by the Centre and State Governments in the ratio of 75: 25. (Total 146 words)

(b) Law Commission of India
Important Points for Answer: Provisions Constitution Function

Answer: Law Commission is a body constituted by the President of India, from time to time, to review and propose changes in laws and its implementation in India. The Law Commission consists of veteran members of the highest judicial bodies in the country.
The 15th Law Commission was constituted in September, 1997 for a three years term. Justice B.P. Reddy was the Chairman of the Commission with
Justice Mrs. Leela Seth and Justice Dr. N. M. Ghate as members of the Commission.
The reports of the Law Commission of India are presented in the Parliament and necessary changes are made or new laws are enacted based on its recommendations and suggestions. Changes in the implementation machinery are also, sometimes, proposed by the Commission.
The Commission presented 174th Report recently. It proposed to legislate a law regarding Bio-Diversity Act and the Anti-Terrorism Act. (Total 144 words)

(c) Lalit Kala Akademi
Important Points for Answer: Establishment
Objectives Function

Answer: Lalit Kala Akademi, the National Academy of Art, was set up by the Government of India in 1954, and was registered in 1957. Established in
New Delhi, now it has Regional Centres in Lucknow, Kolkata, Chennai and Bhubaneshwar.
Objectives:
To encourage and promote study and research in the fields of creative arts such as painting, sculpture and graphics etc.;
To promote cooperation among artists and art associations and development of such associations;
Main functions of the academy are:
To organise exhibition of
– art every year
– Try yearly exhibition
– National Art exhibition Sends artists to foreign countries to develop and spread Indian art abroad.
Honours selected artists for their contribution. Provides expertise and financial assistance to organisations developing contemporary regional folk, tribal and traditional art.
To conserve India’s heritage of rich art and culture, to develop it and to spread it all over the world. (Total 144 words)

Q. 13 Write about the following (About 20 words each): 5 × 2 = 10

(a) Pullela Gopichand

Answer: In March, 2000 he won the All England Badminton Championship.
He is the second Indian to win this title. He also won National Badminton Championship 2000.

(b) E-commerce

Answer: It provides a platform for business on the Internet. Sale and purchase can be effectuated electronically through website, shopping card and credit card.

(c) ICCR

Answer: Indian Council for Cultural Relations established in 1950, under the Chairmanship of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. It aims to develop cultural relations of India with other countries.

(d) Sports Authority of India

Answer: Constituted in 1984, it works as main body for development of sports and sports persons. It prepares sports persons for glorious performance at International level.

(e) NCERT

Answer: National Council for Education and Research Training was constituted in September 1961 to develop the school education and train teachers for their constant development apart from providing study materials.

2001 SOLVED PAPER II

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300 Candidates should attempt All questions strictly in accordance with the instructions given under each question.

Q. 1 Answer any TWO of the following (Answer to each question should be in about 150 words): 15 × 2 = 30

(a) Discuss the global response to President George Bush’s ‘National
Missile Defence Plan’ (NMD).
Important Points for Answer: Bush’s NMD plan
Detail, Effect Global Response

Answer: America declared the NMD Plan in April 2001, costing it about USD 60 billion. It was in development since 1990s but was signed in 2002.
This declaration has effect of violating Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 and may also make the CTBT ineffective. When the President Bill Clinton had announced preparation of this plan, world leaders, including NATO, did not favour.
Though America calls it a step towards security, it has effect of creating new race in the world for arms among the nations. Russian President Putin called it a subject of deep concern over the world security. Chinese President Jiang Zemin also opposed the plan. France, Germany, North Korea, some Muslim countries and some of the Socialist South American countries have also called it a step of America towards leading the world to unipolarity. Hardly any nation approves of it as it has effect of leading the world again to insecure and unbalanced power position. (Total 157 words)

(b) What were the major recommendations of the ’Group of Ministers’ on Indian National Security System?
Important Points for Answer: Group of Ministers
Objective
Recommendations

Answer: The Group of Ministers (GOM) was set up in April 2000 to review the national security system in its entirety and in particular to consider the recommendations of the Kargil Review Committee. The GOM, under the Chairmanship of Shri L.K. Advani, submitted its report on 23rd May 2001. Its main recommendations were: Central government is advised not to involve the para-military forces in works other than their duties.
To make utilisation of the emergency provisions in issues endangering national security and integrity like Kargil.
To speed up the judicial system on criminal matters.
To strengthen the intelligence agencies.
To constitute a joint command of Defence Ministry with Defence forces.
To review and amend various laws, including the Citizenship Act, to make their implementation more effective.
To strengthen internal security, border security and management, vesting them with more powers and less political interferences.
All these recommendations were made to prevent repetition of incidents like Kargil attack in India. (Total 159 words)

(c) Examine the latest phase of Indo-Iran relations.
Important Points for Answer: Indo-Iran relations Current issues Progress Evaluation

Answer: The Prime Minister of India, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the President of Iran, Mr. Khatemi signed “Tehran Declaration” on 10th April,

2001. It was a historic step between India and Iran to enter into strategic relations. There are provisions for technology, information technology, energy and trade-commerce cooperation. Both nations have agreed to confer ‘Most Favoured Nation’ status upon each other. Both sides agreed for a comprehensive conference on terrorism. For regional stability in Asia, both nations agreed to fight against terrorism. Situation of Afghanistan was reviewed by both the countries.
The issue of natural gas transportation was discussed, exploring options for overland and undersea pipeline. For the progress in bilateral trade, both sides considered elimination of double taxation, promotion of investment and protection of commercial and political interests of both the countries.
Mr. Vajpayee addressed the ‘Majlis’, Iran’s Parliament on 11th April 2001, thus becoming the first foreign leader to address the House. (Total 155 words)

Q. 2 Answer the following (Answer to each question should be in about 20 words): 2 × 5 = 10

(a) What is India’s ‘Look East Policy’?

Answer: Started by Narsimha Rao Government in 1990s, it aims at developing harmonious relations with the countries of East and of South-East
Asia, by giving them more importance.

(b) What do you understand by ‘G-15’?

Answer: G-15, Group of 15 nations, is an organisation of 15 developing nations established in Non-Alignment Conference 1989 in Belgrade,
Yugoslavia. Currently it has 17 members and its Secretariat is at Geneva.

(c) Explain the problem of infiltration in eastern parts of India.

Answer: From the eastern countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar, illegal infiltration has affected law and order, economy balance of population in India.

(d) Why does India object to Kashmir being treated as a ‘disputed territory’?

Answer: Kashmir is an integral part of India and therefore objects to the use of term ‘disputed territory’ which may give a claim to Pakistan over Kashmir.

(e) What is the significance of Pyrdiwah and Boraibari in Indo- Bangladesh relations?

Answer: Pyrdiwah is a territory of Bangladesh and Boraibari is of India, yet Bangladesh controls Boraibari and India controls Pyrdiwah till date. This has been a reason of dispute between the two countries.

Q. 3 Answer the following (Answer to each question should be in about 20 words): 2 × 5 = 10

(a) In what fields have N.R.I.s excelled in the developed countries?

Answer: NRIs have excelled in the fields of Information Technology,
Medical Science, Engineering, Trade & Commerce, Industry, Academics and Literature in the developed countries.

(b) In which specialities Indians are most wanted abroad?

Answer: Indians are most wanted in highly professional fields like Information Technology, Medical, Engineering, Scientific Research as well as in blue collar jobs like construction workers and domestic labourers.

(c) What efforts are being made by Indian Government to look after N.R.I.s?

Answer: MEA and MOIA have started facilitating NRIs by granting OCI and PIO Status, opening Indian economy for investment, extending consular and community welfare supports.

(d) What is the contribution of the N.R.I.s to India’s development?

Answer: NRIs have invested in Indian economy, brought knowledge and technology, remittances has strengthened Forex reserve of India, earned goodwill and spread culture of India in other countries.

(e) Why do N.R.I.s retain their emotional attachment to India?

Answer: Roots of NRIs are Indian and their cultural affinities to India remains stronger as they follow Indian traditions and customs abroad. They also have family relationships with India.

Q. 4 Answer any ONE of the following (Answer should be in about 250 words):

(a) What is the incidence of poverty in India? How should poverty alleviation programmes be constructed? 30
Important Points for Answer: Poverty in India - Measurement Incidence of Poverty Construction of poverty alleviation Programme Suggestions

Answer: In India, poverty is defined on the basis of calories required by a person in a day, separately for rural and urban areas. Indian Planning Commission fixed 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas as the limit of poverty line. Professor Lakdawala Committee suggested to measure per capita income on the basis of Consumer Price Index and Industrial Workers’ Index. According to Prof. Lakdawala Formula, 35.37% of country’s population was below poverty line in 1993-94 and 26.10% in 1999-2000. State-wise distribution of poverty in India ranges from more than 50% in Bihar to nearly 10% in Punjab.
Many policies and programmes, especially after the Fifth Five Year Plan, are directed to alleviate poverty which definitely raised level of life but are not completely successful.
Direct involvement of people in the programmes would result into more success in policy implementation. Awareness among executives, bureaucrats and public is an essential requirement. Panchayats should be given more power and authority in implementation of such programme. More localised content and implementation of policies can be result oriented. Awareness of people about benefits and opportunities available under various governments schemes can be created. In rural areas, agricultural and animal husbandry related schemes and programmes can be encouraged with community cooperation. Various crafts, arts and skills should be developed among youth and necessary training, tools, loans can be provided to make them self-reliant. Cottage and small industry development will also help in the fulfilment of this aim. (Total 257 words)

(b) Indian economy presents a paradox of high savings rate with lowincome and high savings rate with low growth rate. Analyse. 30
Important Points for Answer: Indian Economy Saving Rate Low Income Growth Rate Paradox
Reasons

Answer: Economy requires capital formation for its growth. Indian economic growth has been slow due to lack of capital formation. Capital formation is achieved through savings (domestic or individual), loans and debts. For higher rate of capital formation, a country requires to raise saving rate as it cannot depend upon loans or debs. In India per capita income is low. But public makes saving out of that low income by not spending a part over the consumer goods. This habitual saving has become a social phenomenon which has led to high savings rate even with low income. At the time of independence, there was 10.2% domestic capital formation which rose to 27.3% in 1997-98. India has targeted 30% rate of capital formation for the achievement of growth targets.
The growth rate of Indian economy has been slow since Independence. Indian economy has not achieved targeted growth rate during most of the Five Year Plans. Mr. Jagdish Bhagwati presented this paradox of higher savings rate with low growth rate.
Reasons forwarded for this are: Factors like lack of enough productivity, misdirected investment, inefficient work Indian economic policies till 1990s have been without much flexibility which had adverse effects on Indian growth rate. Slow productivity tops the list of factors responsible for economic slow growth. India has higher savings rate. While the higher savings rate has lead to higher capital formation but it has not resulted into high growth rate, due to some economical and administrative lacuna. The growth rate in accordance with the savings has not been achieved. (Total 257 words)

Q. 5 Answer any TWO of the following (Answer to each question should be in about 150 words): 15 × 2 = 30

(a) Liberalisation of the Indian economy since 1991 has led to excessive consumerism and over-production of ‘white goods’. Elucidate.
Important Points for Answer: Liberalisation Economic Impact Consumerism Trend
White goods Effects

Answer: At the end of the first phase of economic liberalisation 1991-2001, the result is economic growth and better availability of goods and services to consumers of India. The review of the phase shows that economic growth has been achieved and employment are also generated but it has resulted into increased spending capacity.
Demand is high and level of production is also high. Excess spending capacity has led to consumerism in India. Sell of luxury goods has increased.
Markets are full with white goods, that is goods for the higher class of society, by multi-national companies.
White goods i.e. electrical consumer appliances for domestic use are high in demand and families benefited by liberalisation have started spending on such white goods. Multi-national companies have come to Indian markets producing white goods and Indian producers have also been involved in the race. They could sustain only due to the increased consumerism in Indian society. (Total 156 words)

(b) What are the hurdles faced by the Finance Ministers of India in keeping the fiscal deficit below 3-4 percent of the GDP? Suggest steps to lower the fiscal deficit.
Important Points for Answer: Fiscal deficit Causes of increase
Hurdles faced by Indian FMs
Measures suggested

Answer: The difference between total revenue and total expenditure of the government is termed as fiscal deficit. The last half of the 90s has indicated higher fiscal deficit and its increase year by year.

Reasons responsible for fiscal deficit, beyond the control of the Finance Ministers, are:
Higher expenditure of salaries and allowances after the implementation of the fifth pay commission.
Higher interest payment on debts and loans of the Government.
No increase in revenue in proportion to the expenditure.
No control over deficit.
Reduction in the rate of taxes.

Due to these reasons Finance Ministers could not control fiscal deficits below 3-4 percent. Suggested measures are:
To reduce expenditure of administration.
To increase income from revenue by widening tax base.
To tax upon the agriculture and other commodities henceforth excluded, though at the minimum rate.
To make the tax collection machinery efficient.
To disinvest the PSUs running in losses.
To efficiently collect payments for services provided by the Government.

(Total 160 words)

(c) Discuss the nature and causes of the UTI crisis with particular reference to US-64. How does this UTI fiasco affect the investment climate in India?
Important Points for Answer:
UTI Crisis
US-64 Scheme Effects on Investment Climate

Answer: Unit Trust of India (UTI) has been a profitable unit for investment in India, but some losses caused by it in last few years has raised a suspicion over investment climate. Launched in 1964, the US-64, an open-ended balanced fund, is its flagship fund. UTI decided to suspend the purchase and sale of its US-64 scheme for six months in 2001.
Due to mismanagement in purchasing of shares in communication, IT and entertainment sectors was the greatest fault by management. The Deepak Parekh Committee recommendations were not followed. The crisis exposes that the loss is due to mismanagement of fund, priority to the interests of officers and members, share brokers and industrialists in comparison to the investors. If the UTI cannot be loyal to the interests of investors and cannot improve management, the only unit in India with public reliability will also lose the confidence which in turn would discourage people from saving, affecting capital formation. (Total 159 words)

Q. 6 Answer the following (Answer to each question should be in about 20 words): 2 × 15 = 30

(a) What is ‘CRISIL’? What does it do?

Answer: CRISIL (The Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd.) is a credit rating agency. CRISIL undertakes the rating of fixed deposit programmes, convertible and non-convertible debentures apart from credit assessment of companies.

(b) What do you understand by “Current Account Convertibility of Rupee”?

Answer: It refers to freedom to use Indian currency for purchase of goods and services but not capital assets. From Budget of 1992-93 Indian rupee was made fully convertible to buy any amount of foreign currency.

(c) What do you mean by providing industry status to agriculture in India?

Answer: Granting industry status to agriculture sector would mean that it could avail facilities and benefits on a par with an industry. But tax provisions are hurdles in this way.

(d) Elucidate “Operation Flood”.

Answer: Launched in 1970 by the National Dairy Development Board, Operation Flood was the world’s biggest dairy development programme, aimed at creating milk grid across India. It made India the largest producer of Milk and Milk products.

(e) Expand the term “Nasdaq”.

Answer: An American stock exchange, National Association of Securities
Dealers Automated Quotations, formed in 1971 by National Association of Securities Dealer is located in New York and is the second largest in the world.

(f) Differentiate between “galloping inflation” and “run-away inflation”.

Answer: When inflation, increase of prices, is in double digit, it is called galloping inflation. Run-away inflation is linked to interest rate linked increase in prices which is difficult to control.

(g) What is meant by “couple protection ratio”?

Answer: The couple protection ratio (CPR) is usually expressed as the percentage of women in the age group of 15—49 years, protected from pregnancy / child birth in the year under consideration for a specific area verses non protected couple.

(h) Distinguish between “Human Development Index” and “Gender-Related Development Index”.

Answer: The HDI is a composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators. The GDI is the ratio of the HDIs calculated separately for females and males using the same methodology as in the HDI.

(i) What is green GNP?

Answer: Gross National Product is used in measuring National Income.
When environmental depreciation is deducted from GNP, we get Green GNP.

(j) Distinguish between, a “hard” currency and a “soft” currency.

Answer: A hard currency remains relatively stable through a short period of time, and to be highly liquid in the forex. Soft currency is hyper sensitive and fluctuates frequently.

(k) Explain “rolling plan”.

Answer: It is a plan designed to continue over a period of time and is subject to regular review and updating. Janta Government launched rolling plan in

1978.

(l) Illustrate Lorenz curve.

Answer: Developed by Dr. Max O. Lorenz, it is a cumulative frequency curve representing the distribution of a variable such as population against an independent variable such as income.

(m) What is meant by “trickle-down” theory of development.

Answer: It declares development as an economic phenomenon. Economic development raises the level of society and percolates its benefits to the lower strata of society by itself.

(n) What is “misery index”?

Answer: A measure of economic well-being for a specified economy, computed by taking the sum of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate for a given period. An increasing index means a worsening economic climate, and vice versa.

(o) What is meant by “Most Favoured Nation” policy?

Answer: Most Favored Nation status is when a country enjoys the best trade terms given by its trading partner. That means it receives the lowest tariffs, the fewest trade barriers, and the highest import quotas (or none at all).

Q. 7 Answer any TWO of the following (Answer to each question should be in about 150 words): 15 × 2 = 30

(a) Discuss the significance of Kyoto Protocol. Why is U.S.A. not signing it?
Important Points for Answer: Kyoto Protocol Provisions Significance
USA’s contention

Answer: Kyoto Protocol of 1997 is related to the emission of Green House Gases. It is an international agreement linked to the UNFCC which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.A Conference in July, 2001 in Germany was held over the Protocol and its progress. It is to come into force from 2002 and has provision to reduce emission of GHGs by 5 percent of the 1990 level emission by 2008-2012. For its enforcement, ratification by the Industrialist nations responsible for 55% of emission is required. The Protocol sets a date of 2012 to stop emission of GHGS. Global Warming is the result of Green House effect for which Green House Gases like methane, COz and some halons are responsible. Bush administration of USA has not signed the Protocol arguing that China, the second largest producer of GHGs, it is out of the Protocol along with some other developing countries. (Total 154 words)

(b) Evaluate the performance of Summit meeting of the Arab League held in March 2001?
Important Points for Answer:
Arab League Summit 2001
Agenda Evaluation

Answer: The meeting of the Arab League was completed on 27 March,

2001. It discussed various matters among which Palestine, Israel and Iraq questions were the major issues. The host of the meeting Mr. Shah Abdullah II of Jordan favoured Palestinians and appealed members to help them against the atrocities by the Israeli forces.
The Russian President’s message was read which proposed to solve the problem of UN prohibitions by a “package” of suspending the bans and bringing Iraqi nuclear programme under International inspection, then finally end them.
All nations condemned Israeli forces’ occupation and atrocities over Palestine and appealed the international community to constitute a committee to investigate into the matter. Some nations like Tunisia, Syria proposed stricter actions against Israel.
A fund with one billion dollar amount was constituted to help the Palestine people. As a whole, apart from discussing their trade and political matters, the league pay a great attention to the Palestine and Iraq matters, supporting their cause. (Total 161 words)

(c) Outline the salient features of India’s nuclear policy and explain the reasons for India’s refusal to sign the C.T.B.T.
Important Points for Answer: India’s nuclear policy
Main features India’s opposition to CTBT

Answer: In August 1999, India declared its nuclear policy which follows ‘no first use’ doctrine and assures that only in case of any nuclear attack, the nuclear weapons will be used. India will acquire minimum nuclear capacity to counter attack in case of war. India will behave as a responsible nation and will never attack a non-nuclear power with such weapons. India has reiterated that India will not sign C.T.B.T.–Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, in its present form. Reasons, once again, explained for, are:
The treaty does not limit time or propose doctrine of nuclear-free world.
Nuclear powers can experiment with super computers in this field and developing nations will not be able to experiment.
They are not serious in reduction of nuclear weapons in certain time limit. India believes it is not an agreement to make the world free from nuclear weapons but only to stop new powers entering this club. (Total 156 words)

Q. 8 Answer the following (Answer to each question should be in about
20 words): 2 × 5 = 10

(a) What do the following stand for?

Answer: (i) UNCIP - The United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) (1948-1950) was tasked to investigate and mediate the India/Pakistan dispute over the future of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

(ii) KLA - The Kosovo Liberation Army was an ethnic-Albanian paramilitary organisation that sought the separation of Kosovo from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( FRY) and Serbia during the 1990s and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania .

(b) Why has Slobodan Milosevic been in news in the recent past?

Answer: He was known as butcher of Balkan. He is accused of killing thousands of Albanians in Kosovo. He was delivered to the International Court of Justice in March, 2001.

(c) Who is Gao Zhan?

Answer: She was convicted for 10 years’ imprisonment (but detailed for 166 days) by China for her alleged spy activities against China for Taiwan.

(d) Who is Meghawati Sukarnoputri?

Answer: Daughter of Indonesia’s first President Sukarno, she is elected as the Fifth President of Indonesia in July 2001. She is the first women President of Indonesia.

(e) Which is the latest right confirmed by the 57th session of the United
Nations?

Answer: The 57th session of the United Nations confirmed the right to live in clean and pollution free environment to all persons.

Q. 9 Answer the following (Answer to each question should be in about 20 words): 2 × 5 = 10

(a) What is GCC?

Answer: GCC stands for Gulf Cooperation Council. This organisation of six Gulf countries, consisting of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar and Bahrain, have signed a co-operative security agreement in
December, 2000.

(b) Why was Macau in the news recently?

Answer: Macau was handed over to China after about four and half centuries of control by Portugal in December, 2000. China will provide it administrative autonomy for 50 years.

(c) What is G - 8?

Answer: Group of 8 developed countries, consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK and USA, G-8 met in its 26th Annual Conference in Japan on July 21 to 23.

(d) What is European Union?

Answer: European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 countries which came into existence in 1993. It is an organisation of primarily European countries and it deals with foreign affairs, security and police.

(e) Explain the position of UN vis a vis the League of Nations.

Answer: The UN came into existence through a Charter in 1945 at the end of the Second World War while the League of Nations through a treaty in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference which ended the First World War.

Q. 10 Answer any ONE of the following (Answer should be in about 250 words):

(a) What is a cryogenic engine? Discuss its significance in India’s space programme. 30
Important Points for Answer: Cryogenic engine—technology Importance India’s progress—effect on space programmes

Answer: Cryogenic means low temperature. Cryogenic engines are highly efficient liquid propellant engines. They use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as the propellant. Oxygen can be kept in liquid state at below -1830 C temperature, while hydrogen requires temperature below -253°C to be in liquid form. Moreover, the liquid oxygen is very reactive. So, effective technology is required to ensure that both come in contact only in the combustion chamber. Apart from this technological care, two quite different state of temperature are required to be maintained. To keep propellant in liquid state, low temperature is to be maintained while in the combustion chamber very high temperature and pressure are created by combustion to create a greater thrust. These engines produce greater thrust by the same weight of propellant than other engines. They are highly efficient and are used throughout the world. India signed an agreement with Russia for Cryogenic technology but due to
American pressure Russia didn’t transfer India this technology. However, later on, ISRO tried to develop this technology and has achieved much success in this path. India will become self - reliant in its space programme after the development of this technology. Cryogenic engines are very useful in launching of heavy satellite launch vehicles like GSLV. We will be able to launch much heavier satellites into orbit. Even satellite launching market will be available for India in the world. Cryogenic engines will not only make India progress in its own programmes but commercialisation of this technology and its services will get India foreign currency. (Total 255 words)

(b) What are stem cells? Why have they been in the news recently?
Discuss. 30
Important Points for Answer: Stem cells
Technology Benefits Issues in debate
World response

Answer: Stem cells are special types of cells that have ability to grow into any kind of tissue. They can be used to grow into heart, skin, liver, blood or any other kind of tissue. These cells are taken from the patient’s own body— from his bone marrow. If it is a newly born child, placenta cells are taken. Such stem cells can also be produced from embryos or from umbilical cord blood.
Their ability to grow into required types of tissue make them useful to cure many diseases. They can repair the damaged part of our body. Apart from this, they can be preserved for years by keeping them in liquid nitrogen at -270 degree Celsius and can be used for the treatment of the person when he gets any defect in his body. But a new controversy has arisen with the concept of stem cells. A group of politicians and ethics advocates ask whether they are really embryo cells and are ethically justified to replace them. However, the debate is over the embryo stem cells. They favour the right to life of the embryonic fertilised cells. On the other hand, the scientists show the benefits and potential utility of these cells to cure human diseases. More than 45 disorders can be treated with the stem cells. Britain has favoured research in stem cells while America allows only research over the embryo cells and not their use. India is also conducting research in this field. Apart from this ethical debate, these researchers have their own technical problems yet to be solved. (Total 261 words)

Q. 11 Answer any TWO of the following (Answer to each question should be in about 150 words): 15 × 2 = 30

(a) What is fibre optics? What advantages does it offer in telecommunications? Elaborate.
Important Points for Answer: Fibre optics—technology
Use in telecommunication

Comparison

Answer: Fibre Optics is a branch of Physics dealing with principle of Internal reflection and its applications in various fields. Fibre optics technology enters high energy light waves in optical fibres, a hollow thread with efficient reflective inner surface, at the one end and it is transmitted to the other end. Besides its application in medical and broadcasting, it is very useful in telecommunications. Sound energy is converted into and transmitted as light energy through optical fibres. Speedy and efficient transmission is the main advantage besides clarity. There is no or negligible loss of energy and cross talks are avoided. Electrical interference is also not present and so telecommunications gets good quality transmission. In comparison to metallic lines, optical lines are smaller and therefore more messages can be sent simultaneously. They have large bandwidth and so a potentially high transmission capacity. They are signal tapping proof and possess high temperature tolerance. Components are light weight and 10,000 times thinner than hair. (Total 160 words)

(b) What is vermicomposing? Discuss its importance in the Indian context.
Important Points for Answer:
Vermicomposing
Technique
Usefulness and relevance in India

Answer: Vermicomposing is a process of producing carbonic fertiliser by bio-chemical process using earthworms and biological wastes. Earthworms convert the biological wastes available in the soil, like remains of the crop, waste of animals etc, into carbonic fertilisers. Indian farmers mainly use NPK fertiliser of which Nitrogen(N) and Phosphorous(P) can be produced by vermicomposing apart from Sulphur. Other benefit of vermicomposing is that they remove the wastes of rural areas by composing them. They use unnecessary organic and non-organic matters, thus cleaning our villages. Preventing soil erosion, vermicomposing hold the soil together. Earthworms convert the complex nitrogen based products into organic products in very short time, and so the fertiliser producing is not a time taking process by vermicomposing.
The process is a part of life cycle of earthworms and so it never stops and do not require to replace them. They produce no harmful effect to the soil or its fertility. (Total 155 words)

(c) What does the Montreal Protocol deal with? Discuss its role in protecting Earth’s environment.
Important Points for Answer:
Montreal Protocol Environmental danger Protective measures

Answer: The Montreal Protocol deals with the protection of ozone layer in atmosphere. It was agreed upon and signed by 47 nations in September, 1987 in the city of Montreal, Canada. They agreed to stop emission and use of ozone depleting substances. This protocol identifies two types of chemicals as ozone depleting - CFC and Hallons.
Ozone layer of the Earth is in danger and some preventive measures are necessary otherwise, the result will be danger to life, natural resources, environment, health, biodiversity and ecological balance.
This protocol aims at preventive measures to protect ozone layers of the Earth is the most important step in this direction. In 1998, it adopted a policy to completely stop production and use of CFCs in 15 years, by 2000 for the developed nations and 2010 for the developing nations. Under this protocol a global fund is established to aid those developing nations who cannot afford technological costs for alternative chemicals. (Total 155 words)

Q. 12 Answer the following (Answer to each question should be in about 20 words):

(a) What is “handshake” in computer language?

Answer: The handshake is often the steps of verifying the connection, the speed, or the authorisation of the computer trying to connect to it. An example of handshaking is when a modem connects to another Modem.

(b) What is “ethernet” and what is it used for?

Answer: Ethernet is a local area network, used to interconnect computer equipment. They use radio frequency signals sometimes. It is a very common type of LAN.

(c) What is “digital signature” and what is it used for?

Answer: Digital Signature, a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of digital messages or documents, is an encrypted signature used as a means of authenticating electronic documents, necessary for electronic commerce.

(d) What do the following stand for?

Answer: (i) DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory

(ii) JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group

(iii) ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange

(iv) IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol

(e) What is a WAP-enabled phone? 2 × 5 =10

Answer: WAP–(Wireless Application Protocol) enabled phones are having screen facility which shows the picture of the user opposite-side. It provides facilities of a number of WAP-sites to the user through the medium of telephones.