2006 General Studies Solved Paper I, Paper II

2006 SOLVED PAPER I
Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300

Candidates should attempt ALL questions strictly in accordance with the instruction given under each question.

 

Q. 1 Answer any one of the following (in about 250 words) : 30

(a) Regardless of distance in time, there were lots of similarities between Lord Curzon and Jawahar Lal Nehru. Discuss.
Important Points for Answer:
- Time
- Similarities in:
- administration, - reforms, - development, - industries, - foreign policy,
- partition

Answer: Lord Curzon’s time is 1899 to 1905 A.D., while Nehru worked for India both in pre and post independence era. Conditions against them were, of course, different. Then too, their attitude show us many similarities in their nature and method of work.
Administration : Both were firm administrators. Curzon worked for the interest of British India and Nehru for the interest of India and both of them worked efficiently. They were able to work in spite of having differences with system. For example, Curzon did not fully agree with Parliamentary and Viceroy-in-Council matters. Nehru, on the other hand, had differences with Congress over the issues like socialism, international stand, policy objectives, constitutional reforms, etc.
Reforms : Curzon reformed the police administration and judicial system.
Nehru, during his interim government also tried to do it. Both Curzon and Nehru make some structural changes in army by dividing it into commands.
Development : Curzon constructed canals on rivers Jhelum, Chenab and Bari. Nehru constructed Bhakhra dam. Curzon recommended to set up the Railway Board. Industries : To develop industry or commerce, Curzon set up a department.
Nehru followed the policy of public sector industries to boost industrial development. Foreign policy : Curzon was expert in this area and so was about Nehru. To make India interferenceless territory, he had some attempts against possible infiltration of Russia, France or Germany. While Nehru gave Panchsheel providing principle of non-interference. Partition : Lord Curzon ruled the controversial partition of Bengal in the interest of British India’s peaceful rule. Same had been done by Nehru regarding the partition of India-Pakistan for peace and development of India.
Thus, we can find out many similarities among them in their nature, method of work, rule, administration etc., at least, from a single point of view.

(b) How did the Government of India Act, 1935 mark a point of no return in the history of constitutional development in India ?
Important Points for Answer: Constitutional Development Provisions of Act - 1935
- How a point of no return ?

Answer: In India, constitutional development can be traced back to about 1861 Act or if we go back, yet, to the Regulating Act of 1773. But the Act of 1935 made some important provisions which were directly adopted in the Constitution of India with or without some modifications.
The Act provided to establish an All India Federation including all provinces at that time under the paramountcy of the British Crown. Same was there in our Constitution.
The Governor-General was to administer federal subjects with the assistance and advice of a Council of Ministers. These ministers were to be chosen from and were responsible to the federal legislature. Now the Constitution provides for the same mechanism under the President of India and Centre’s Council of Ministers.
This Act introduced responsible government both at the Centre and the Province which is intact now in our Constitution. Bicameral Legislatures were introduced in some provinces. Provinces were made autonomous in their respective subjects. Now too, our States are autonomous by the authority under Constitution.
The Act made provision for a Federal Court at Delhi. Now the Constitution makes provision for the Supreme Court of India, which is vested with all the functions of the federal court. Lists were introduced in this Act. This provision made separation of power between the Centre and Provinces. Now our Constitution provides for three lists, dividing power between Centre and State Governments.
All these provisions were so important that there was no return from them but the Constitution adopted them, though not in toto. So, it can be said that the Act marked a point of no return in the history of Constitutional development in India.

Q. 2 Answer any two of the following (in about 150 words) : 2 × 15 = 30

(a) What was the attitude of Indian Industrialists towards the Indian National Congress in the pre-independent era ?
Important Points for Answer: Industrialist Congress-industrialis2ation
- Attitude

Answer: In the pre-independence era, industry in India grew at slow rate. Some industrialists cum- patriots established industries. Jamnalal Bajaj, G. D. Birla, Ambalal Sarabhai were some of them. It is evident from the National Movement that Congress widely boycotted foreign goods. This led as an alternative to grow Indian industries. Therefore, Indian industrialists, who flourished under patriotic feelings, helped Congress.
They even joined and financed Congress. Jamnalal Bajaj remained exchequer of Congress for his life time. Congress supported Swadeshi goods and by turn, Swadeshi industries. Indian industrialists influence, to some extent, power of Congress by providing it with finance and the society with Swadeshi goods.
To support the program of Congress, they had their free industrial policy without interference of the British rule. FICCI was established by them in 1927 and supported Congress directly.
Though, later Congress turned Socialist, to some extent, but this does not show more diversion from patriotism - pro-congress attitude of Indian Industrialists.

(b) Critically assess Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru’s views on Indian Nationalism.
Important Points for Answer: Sir T. B. Sapru’s views
Assessment

Answer: Sapru, under the influence of Gokhale believed in Constitutional means of agitation. But they were not in concurrance with the extraconstitutional methods of agitation that were adopted by Congress later on. Sapru wanted to accept Jinnah’s proposals and concede some more seats to him, if peace and agreement could be procured through it. But here he failed to understand Jinnah’s attitude.
He wanted India as a federation of the whole territorial units, under the British rule, by Indian Constitution. It shows appreciable feelings of unity in him.
As a liberal leader he favoured formation of interim government and he opposed creation of “Pakistan” as a separate state. He was with national feelings of undivided India. He always tried to make Indian National Movement more participatory in nature. He educated people for public opinion. His national spirit was filled up with deep patriotism.

(c) Characterise the main features of Indian Renaissance.

Answer: Indian Renaissance was started under the influence of the British or Western thinkers. It was characterised by the following features : It was influenced by Western thinkers. It gave rise to study of English literature, thoughts, philosophies and books of history. Indian past was studied in a new way.
Reinterpretation of Indian religious texts and rituals was made. This exposed irregularities and mal-practices in our religion prevailing at that time.
Under Raja Ram Mohan Roy and others, it started new movements for socio-religious reforms. Sati abolition, prevention of child marriages etc. were preached and movements gained force.
Different classes of Indian society looked at such reforms with varied perspectives. It has some influence over political movements in India and later on it was perfectly adopted by political movements gained force.
Different classes of Indian society looked at such reforms with varied perspectives. It has some influence over political movements in India and later on it was perfectly adopted by political movements.

Q. 3 Write about the following (not exceeding 20 words each) : 15 × 2 = 30

(a) Kalhana

Answer: Kalhana was a 12th century Kashmiri poet and historian. He was the celebrated author of ‘Rajatarangini’. He wrote this book during 1147-1149.
He was in Harsha’s court, of Lohar dynasty. He received help in writing the book from his father Champak who was the minister in the kings court.

(b) Panini

Answer: He was a Sanskrit grammarian from Gandhara, near modern day Peshawar. His grammar of Sanskrit consists of four parts : (i) Shiva Sutras

(phonology), (ii) Ashtadhyayi (means eight chapters) (morphology), (iii) Dhatupatha, (iv) Ganapatha.

(c) Yakshagana
Ans. It is a typical folk form of drama. It is a true people’s theatre. It is an amalgam of the sky with the earth. It is an ancient form of art. It includes song, dance and drama and is popular in Uttara, Malenadu and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka.

(d) Natyasastra
Ans. It was written by Bharat Muni. It covers aspects of dance-drama. It is a book on principles of art, in Sanskrit.

(e) Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
Ans. It was written by Minhaj-us-Siraj in 1260, during the early medieval period of Delhi Sultanate. In Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, he starts with the account of earlier prophets and ancestors of Muhammad, leading to birth of Islam.

(f) Madhura Vijayam

Answer: Madhura Vijayam (of 1350s) is related to Kampana’s expedition.
This was against Madhura Sultanate in the time of Bukka-I.

(g) Pandurang Mahatmya

Answer: It is a holy literary work by Sridhar. It is divided into 10 Adhyayas and celebrating the virtues of Pandharpur, probably the greatest centre of pilgrimage in Maharashtra.

(h) Prithviraj Raso

Answer: Composed by Chand Baradai, Prithviraj’s court poet. It narrates life of Prithviraj - III, of Chauhan Vansa who ruled Ajmer and Delhi. It is an epic. It is a source of information of the Kshattriya community of northern India.

(i) “The Insider”

Answer: It is a novel published by former Indian Prime Minister, Mr. P.V.Narsimha Rao in 1998. It is controversial book which follows a man’s rise through the ranks of Indian politics. It throws light on political conditions during his period.

(j) Ali Sardar Jafri

Answer: He was an Urdu poet and received famous Jnanpith Award. He took part in freedom struggle and was a famous person of literature. He contributed to highlight the cause of the oppressed class and realities of life through his works.

(k) Aruna Roy

Answer: Her name is related to the Right to Information Act. She received the Magsaysay Award. Her contribution in public life is notable in RTI development.

(l) Dr. J.C. Daniel

Answer: Father of Malayalam cinema. He brought cinema to Kerala. He had produced “Vigathakumaran”, first film in Kerala. He himself scripted and directed it.

(m) Balwant Gargi

Answer: For his play “Rang Manch”, he received the highest literary award of the Sahitya Akademi. He is a Punjabi dramatist and short story writer.

(n) Dr. Jayant Narlikar

Answer: He is a distinguished astrophysicist and cosmologist of India. He is conferred with the Padma Vibhushan Award. He set up IUCAA in Pune in 1988.

(o) Shashi Tharoor

Answer: India nominated him as a candidate for UN Secretary - General election. Later he withdrew his candidature. He was the first Indian to be nominated for this post.

Q. 4 Answer any two of the following (in about 125 words) : 2 × 10 = 20

(a) Bring out the prospects of development of alternative energy sources of India.
Important Points for Answer:
Alternative energy resources Prospects of development in India

Answer: For a vast country, like India, energy crisis is a big hurdle in its development. Some alternative energy sources like solar, hydel, biogas, geo-thermal, wind, etc., are available here. These sources have great potential of development in India. Its total capacity is assumed as about 8000 MW in 2006. It is also expected that by 2012, total capacity of alternative sources will be about 20,000 MW.
At present, part of alternative energy sources is about 6% of the total energy requirement. India has second position in the world1 in Biogas plants. It has also wide potential of solar energy due to its vast sunny territory.
Many rivers provide facilities for development of hydel-energy. Sea shore and open fields can be utilized to produce wind energy by installing windfirms. CNG, Bio-diesel etc. are new fields in this area but are widely popular. India is technologically developing on this front to utilize its optimal resources of alternative, unexhaustive, renewable energy sources, which are environment friendly.

(b) Blue Revolution has definite advantages in India but it is not free from environmental impacts. Discuss.
Important Points for Answer:
- Meaning
- Scope
- Environmental impact

Answer: Blue Revolution relates to the production of fish. India is the third largest producer of fish (2nd largest in Inland fish) in the world. Blue Revolution is proposed to increase fish production on scientific line.
This can be Blue Revolution is proposed to increase fish production on scientific line.
This can be made possible due to its 7517 km long sea shore and big rivers like Ganga, Brahmaputra, etc. Environmental impact over Blue Revolution can fade away India’s hope for progress.
Oil trade, that is mostly carried out through the Indian ocean threatens survival of fish in times of oil spills. Chemicals flown in the ocean and rivers have also produced a threat for the growth of fish. In India, climate is generally hot and so, fish can not be kept fresh without facilities of refrigeration. Kerala and Tamil Nadu practice sand mining. Its dust causes adverse effects on fisheries.

(c) Why do the rivers of west coast not form a delta ?
Important Points for Answer:
Nature of rivers of West Coast
Requirements to form a delta
- Why do not form delta ?

Answer: Generally west coast rivers are fast flowing. They do not have perennial flow of water. Their path is generally rough. They do not pass through plains. They have steep side flow, sometimes causing water-falls.
To form a delta, the flow of river must contain a slow flow of water. Water quantity is required to be large and must bring a big amount of alluvial. These rivers should be perennial in nature, generally. So, it is not possible for West Coast rivers to form delta because they generally do not allow its silt and alluvial to be deposited on its coasts. But it drifts away them in the sea. Therefore, the rivers of West Coast do not form a delta.

Q. 5 Write notes on the following (in about 20 words each) : 5 × 2 = 10

(a) Mixed economy

Answer: Here both private and public sectors play their role. This is a combination of capitalism and socialism. Also called as a mix market or command economy.

(b) Winter rains in India

Answer: In coasts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, rainfall is received in winter. Cause for it is western disturbances in North India. It benefits some crops.

(c) New Moore Island

Answer: India has possession of this island since 1970, the time of its birth. It is a controversial island between India and Bangladesh. It is an uninhabited Island.

(d) National Water Grid

Answer: The idea is connected with interlinking of rivers. To provide water, to water deficit areas and to reduce devastating effects of floods in surplus areas, it is proposed to prepare a National Water Grid.

(e) Hussain Sagar

Answer: Hazrat Hussain Shah Wali constructed this lake. It is situated in
Hyderabad. It was constructed during the rule of Ibrahim Kuli Kutub Shah.

Q. 6 Answer any one of the following (in about 250 words) : 30

(a) What is right to life and personal liberty ? How have the courts expanded its meaning in recent years ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Right to life and Personal Liberty
- Cases expanding its meaning

Answer: Article -21 of the Constitution of India provides to every person
‘Right to life and personal liberty’ as a fundamental right.
According to this article, no person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty except in accordance with the procedure established by law. Starting from the case of Menaka Gandhi - 1978, the Supreme Court has constantly expanded meaning and scope of Article-21. In this case natural justice was included under the scope of Article-21. It also included here a right to live with human dignity. M. C. Mehta’s case opened a new horizon by including pollution free environment as a component of the right to life. Similar importance was given again when it was interpreted to cover the right to education in case of Unnikrishnan v. Union of India - 1993.
Also by various cases, the Supreme Court has covered many other rights under it.
Right to free legal aid and speedy trial is a part of right to life. Even a prisoner has right to speedy trial and legal aid. Fair procedure cannot be denied to him. Even the court has awarded compensation to the victim whose right under
Article-21 has been violated here important is Rahul Shah’s case. Combining Article 21 with various other rights under Part III and Part IV of the Constitution, a new dimension has been started by the court to protect a person’s right to life and personal liberty.
As, without education, pollution free environment, air and water, shelter, health care, food and such basic requirements, the Article would be dead words of a book, all these provisions are rightly covered under it along with others.

(b) On what grounds can a member be disqualified from either House of Parliament ?
Ans.
Important Points for Answer:
- Provisions of the Constitution
- Amendments

Answer: Article - 102 makes provisions for such disqualification. The grounds are as follows :
– If he holds any office of profit, he shall be disqualified. Such office may be under Central or State Government.
– If a competent court declares him of unsound mind.
– If he becomes an undischarged insolvent.
– If he is not a citizen of India or if he later voluntarily accepts citizenship of any other state.
– If any law of parliament disqualifies him.
Apart from these grounds, he also may be disqualified under the Tenth Schedule, for the following grounds :
– If he voluntarily gives up membership of any political party.
– If he votes against the political party or abstains from voting in favour of the party, whose member he is.
– If he joins any political party after his election without being elected as a member of that party.
– If a nominated member joins any political party after six months.
The schedule was amended by 85 th Amendment Act of 1985 which made provision that if a group of members accounting one-third of the existing party splits from the party and forms a new party or joins any other party, then this will not be a ground for disqualification of such members. But again by 91st Amendment Act - 2003, the provision has been omitted and so split is a ground for disqualification.
All these are grounds provided in our Constitution for disqualification of a member of either House of Parliament.

Q. 7 Answer any one of the following questions (in about 250 words) : 30

(a) What is the ‘strategic partnership’ between India and United States of America ? What are its implications for both the partners ?
Important Points for Answer:
- NSSP - nature, scope
- Implications - on India, on USA
- Benefits

Answer: NSSP–Next Step in Strategic Partnership is announced between India and USA as a major initiative in bilateral relationship. This strategic partnership does not limit itself only to defence and political matters but also covers economy, technology and cultural matters.
This started when in Jan. 2004, both nations agreed for co-operation. This agreement focussed mainly on
– Civil nuclear activities - Civil space programme – Trade in hightechnology
This makes provisions for cooperation through specific agreements and steps on bilateral basis from time to time.
The NSSP has, at first, mainly concentrated on non-proliferation and trade issues, especially export control. Its implication for both countries will surely result into benefits. In terms of nuclear programme,
– Strategic partnership will have effect to legitimate Indian nuclear programme and after a period of time, recognising India as a nuclear power.
– India’s requirement of technology and nuclear materials can be fulfilled via NSSPs.
– India will get a strong position in Asian political-strategic equations and its relations with countries of European Union will get positive support by this agreement.
– Russia, France, Australia, etc. will get green signals to deal with India in nuclear technology and material trade.
– India’s requirement of energy will be met by development of nuclear energy programme. US support will play a critical role in such development.
On the other hand, USA will get an access to Indian economy and would be able to exploit its vast potential.
USA’s interest in creating balance in the regional block will also be fulfilled.
USA will be able to reduce Indian contact with Iran for energy by helping India to create alternative nuclear energy resources.
Thus, the strategic partnership will benefit both countries in strengthening political ties, building economic ties and trade relations, mutual cooperations, fighting terrorism by a joint mechanism and other fields.

(b) Discuss economic backwardness as a major challenge of Indian democracy. Can democracy and development go together smoothly ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Indian economic backwardness
- Democracy and development–how related ?
- Its impact of democracy
- Conclusion

Answer: India is not having equal economic development for its all classes and in its all parts. It is the main reason why Indian democracy cripples slowly. Economic backwardness in many parts of India have resulted in poverty, under-nutrition, lack of proper education, health awareness and facilities of development. In such circumstances, a citizen is not and cannot be expected to be able to participate in the process of democratic governance of the country.
Therefore, due to economic backwardness, a large part of Indian public remain out of democratic process and so nation is not running as a true democracy. If every citizen can take part in process of democracy without any influence or compulsion, without any threat and with well aware information and knowledge, only then a democracy can succeed.
Here, economic backwardness has become a real challenge to our democracy.
Democracy and development are inter-related phenomena. Only if full democratic governance is implemented, requirements of people can be known.
Democratic country pays equal attention to every requirements of all classes of citizens, irrespective of their level and number.
Development can be achieved only after satisfying all basic requirements.
Development is all over upliftment of social, political, cultural, educational and economical levels of public life.
To achieve development, democratisation of a nation can help and boost the process. It can be said that it is the basic requirement and result that democracy and development can go together smoothly, only together and not otherwise.

Q. 8 Answer any two of the following questions (in about 150 words) : 2 x 15 = 30

(a) How would you differentiate between the passage of a Constitution
Amendment Bill and of an Ordinary Legislative Bill ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Constitution Amendment Bill – procedure
- Ordinary Legislative Bill - procedure

Answer: Article - 368 provides procedure for the passage of a Constitutional Amendment Bill. According to it, such bill can be introduced in either House of Parliament. It must be passed by
– a majority of the total membership of that House and also by
–` a majority of not less than two thirds of members present and voting.
There is no provision for a joint sitting for such Amendment Bill.
While the procedure to pass an Ordinary Bill is as following :
– It can, also, be introduced in either House and it can be introduced by a Private Member also.
– No prior recommendation of the President is required for an
Ordinary Bill while such recommendation is pre-requisite for a Constitutional Amendment Bill.
– In case of failure of the bill due to lack of majority, a joint sitting under Article - 108 can be called upon.
– Rajya Sabha can amend it or reject it.
An Ordinary Bill can be rejected, approved or returned for reconsideration of Parliament by the President, but he is not empowered to do so in case of a Constitutional Amendment Bill.

(b) How does the Inter-State Council establish co-ordination between States ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Inter-State Council
- Role
- Co-ordination : a function

Answer: Our Constitution makes provision vide Article - 263 for establishment of an Inter-state council. This was established by the President in 1990.
This council is to perform the following role :
– The President may confer upon its function to discuss any Inter- State dispute and find out solution.
– It may investigate and discuss subjects involving interest of states and/or union.
– As the Chief Ministers are members of this council, they may express and save public opinion of each state in solution of any dispute.
– This council may recommend for formation of such policies that would serve common interest of states.
The President can establish such council and define nature of role and functions to be performed by it. In times of growing inter-state trade and other relations, coordination is must between them. This council can perform this role. Each state can express its interest and involving them, a common policy and understanding for them can be made possible here. Such coordination is possible when representatives of every state come in contact on a common platform. This Inter-State Council provides a platform for such co-ordination.

(c) Is the High Courts’ power to issue ‘writs’ wider than that of the Supreme Court of India ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Provisions
- Comparison

Answer: Article-226 provides that High Courts have powers to issue writs.
This powers can be used to enforce any fundamental rights or any other right.
Article-32 declares that it is the duty of the Supreme Court to issue an appropriate writ to enforce any of the fundamental rights. It can be compared that the High Courts can issue writs even to enforce any other legal rights also, whereas the Supreme Court can enforce only fundamental rights. Both can issue writs of the nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, or quo warranto.
However, it must be noticed that a person can avail of the right under Article-
32 as of a right because it is a fundamental right whereas Article-226 do not confer any duty upon the High Courts to issue a- writ. It is simply dependent upon discretionary power of high courts.
However, in matter of areawise jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has wide power whereas the High Courts’ jurisdiction is limited to any particular area.

Q. 9 Answer the following questions (in about 20 words each) : 5 × 2 =
10

(a) Explain the following terms :

(i) Dissolution of the House

Answer: President can end the business of the House of People, by dissolving it.

(ii) Prorogation of the House

Answer: Termination of the session of the House.

(iii) Adjournment of the business of the House

Answer: Postponement of the business of the House for a specified time by the Speaker or the Chairman of the House.

(b) What is Consolidated Fund of India ?

Answer: Under Article - 266, Consolidated Fund of India is created by Parliament. All revenues, loans, repayment and interests of loans are deposited in it. Authorisation of Parliament is required to withdraw any amount out of it.

(c) To what extent can the President withhold his assent to a Bill already passed by the Parliament ?

Answer: At first he can return a bill once for reconsideration. If it is passed again, he must assent it. Otherwise he may choose to withhold his assent.

(d) What is India’s ‘Look East’ Policy ?

Answer: To boost economic, trade, technology and other area of cooperation with neighbouring countries of South East Asia, Look East policy was formed by the Prime Minister of India.

(e) What is meant by ‘empowerment of women’ in India ?

Answer: To uplift economical, social, political and educational status of women. To create possibilities for their progress by provisions and policies of government.

Q. 10 Answer any one of the following questions (in about 250 words) :
30

(a) What are the social and economic consequences of abolishing child labour in India?
Important Points for Answer:
- Child labour
- Abolition of child labour - result
- Social consequences
- Economic consequences

Answer: India is facing the curse of child-labour. A large number of children have to work as child labourer in industries or other places of works like hotels, stalls, shops, etc. Laws have been made to abolish child labour from India. Various schemes and programmes have been formulated to meet this end. But yet it is a far goal to be achieved. If the child labour is abolished, India will have to face some consequences in socioeconomic fields. In social field, they are required to be educated. If they have no work to do, their poor families will not be able to meet requirements of life. Even to some families starvation will be a result.
Apart from this, children will require enough nutrition. Activities for their upliftment will be a first priority. But the position does not appear that government will be able to provide food, clothes, shelter and education on its own if children do not earn.
Adult members will have to replace the children. Children are always lowpaid.
An adult cannot afford to work for such low payment.
On economic front, there are some protests from USA and European countries regarding child labour in India. After abolishing it, Indian export will grow. But earning amount of a family will be reduced. As children support their families, income deficiency will result in poverty. Employers of children will not be able to employ an adult person because of their inability to pay higher wages. Even after working, some children afford their own food and education, this burden is then to be handled by their poor parents. Economic conditions of Government is not so sound to afford all these costs.
This will result in higher cost of wages to small scale industries and small employers. All these seem to lead that perhaps it is also not possible for India to abolish child labour immediately.

(b) Explain the implications of the implementation of Intellectual Property Clauses in our patent law regime after joining the WTO.
Important Points for Answer:
- Intellectual Property clauses
- Implications

Answer: The Patents Act of 1970 has been amended and implemented with effect from 1st January, 2005. The Indian Patents (Amendment) Act - 2005 makes provisions to fulfill the obligations of the WTO.
After joining the WTO, we were under obligation to respect the TRIPs (Trade Related Patent Rights) Agreement of WTO. Therefore, India amended the Patent Act to protect Intellectual Property Rights of other nations’ companies. It now covers all fields of technological intellectual property rights related to drugs, food and chemicals. Indian Pharmaceutical Companies will have to suffer a lot. Many companies will not be able to export their drugs. However, to save them, it is provided that they will not be liable retrospectively. They are free to export even patented drugs to least developed countries (LDCs).
Other chemical and food industries will now require to submit to other big farms who have patented for a product. It is possible to contract with the companies who have patented for any drug or chemical or food item and then to produce that item. It means contract based work as an agency can be taken by them.
Of course, research in drugs and chemicals are expensive and long term process. Only big firms are able to do it and so it is not possible for India’s small companies to have patent rights registered in their work field. This alteration creates difficulties for Indian economy.

Q. 11 Answer any two of the following questions (in about 125 words each) : 2 × 10 = 20

(a) Explain full convertibility of Indian Rupee.
Important Points for Answer:
- Convertibility - meaning
- Current Account
- Capital Account

Answer: Convertibility means a system of transaction where a country’s currency becomes a convertible in foreign exchange and vice-versa. Full convertibility of Indian Rupee was proposed to promote foreign trade and investment in India, especially in post-reform era. Current Account Convertibility is a system by which Indian Rupee has been made fully convertible in current account transaction related to goods and services, since 19 th August, 1994. Capital Account Convertibility implies convertibility of currency of a nation into bonds, shares as assets of another country. In India, RBI had appointed a committee in 1997, under Mr. S. S. Tarapore to give suggestions on full convertibility of Indian Rupee in Capital Account. It recommended some phases for it. But the Finance Ministry has ruled out any possibility of in capital account convertibility in near future.
However, it must be noted here that full convertibility helps every exchange of one currency into another. That facilitates trade and transaction among nations.

(b) What are the linkages to be developed under the Knowledge
Revolution for Rural India Plan ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Plan
- Linkages
- Prospectives

Answer: The Knowledge Revolution for Rural India Plan is a part of larger Plan to make India a developed nation. “Every Village a Knowledge Centre” plan was born out of policies at M. S. Swaminathan Research Centre.
The plan, to succeed, at primary stage requires linkages among private sectors, NGOs, Cooperative Societies, various R & D institutions and government agencies. The launching of the National Virtual Academy for Food and Security and Rural Prosperity is an initiative in this direction.
To bring knowledge, livelihood and prosperity, Information and Communication Technologies are to be used.
Various linkages in the form of Schools, Colleges, Research Centres, Special Training Centres are parts of this plan.
Apart from these, centres and hubs of technologies, information and knowledge via radio and televisions will also play their parts to link Rural India with main sources of information and knowledge.

(c) What do we understand by ‘Doha Round’ of talks ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Explanation
- Importance
- India’s stand

Answer: ‘Doha Round’ of talks is related to the World Trade Organisation. In this special round of talks at Doha, various matters related to agricultural subsidies and trade barriers were discussed.
To implement free and fair competition in world trade, it is necessary to reduce the level of agricultural subsidies provided by the developed countries to their farmers. This does not allow a free competition and so agricultural products of developing and poor nations cannot compete with them.
Moreover, export subsidies were also proposed to be phased out, in agricultural products. Quota-free access to commodities exported from developing countries and reduction in trade barriers were proposed in Doha
Round of talks. But most of these proposals are yet to be agreed upon and accepted by the developed countries. Only then boundary-less trade can be made possible among the nations of the world.

Q. 12 Answer any two of the following questions (in about 125 words each) : 2 × 10 = 20

(a) Explain the social constraints in bringing about gender equality in Indian society.
Important Points for Answer:
- Gender equality
- Social constraints

Answer: Gender equality is a great challenge for Indian society. Apart from various traditional customary problems various social constraints are also there. They are : In patrimonial, male-dominated society of India, female have always been subjected to domestic expressions. They are psychologically dominated by male. This creates lack of confidence among them to face social challenge.
They are not well aware of economical and political systems. So they cannot participate in such fields without proper training. It requires a long time.
They are not aware of legal provisions favouring and protecting them.
They, if come out of houses to participate in the mainstream of society, male would unable to handle children and other household works on their part. Female are regarded as machines to produce children and satisfy sexual instincts of male at night. This attitude is yet to be changed. Proper upliftment of women is much required in Indian society.
Note: India ranks 108 among 174 countries in the UNDP’s Gender
Development Index.

(b) What are the problems related to the rehabilitation of the mentally challenged persons in India?
Important Points for Answer:
- Mentally challenged persons
- Rehabilitation programmes
- Problems

Answer: Mentally challenged persons are suffering from some deficiency of brain or nervous system.
They are to be protected and rehabilitation is required through government programmes.
Various schemes and policies are required to be implemented through efficient machineries. Challenges:
Traditionally they are looked at derogatorily. India lacks facilities for their cure and rehabilitation.
As medical practices, there is not well developed system of cure for mentally challenged persons. Well trained psychiatrists are not available in India in required number. Government fund is not allocated in proper amount. Proper family care and attitude is not available to them. They are not attended with due care.
According to Psychiatrists, if proper treatment is delivered, they can be well cured, but people are not aware of such treatments.

(c) Bring out the issues involved in implementing compulsory primary education in India.
Important Points for Answer:
- Compulsory Primary Education
- Issues

Answer: Even the Constitution makes provision for compulsory primary education to all children between the age of 6 to 14 years. But no success can be predicted in near future. Because, there is higher dropout ratio. Children are not aware of education benefits and so is the case with parents. So they are not willing for education. Poverty and compulsion of work makes it impossible for some children to have education. Even proper facility of schools, buildings, teachers and funds are not available in our country. Psychologically trained teachers to encourage children for education are not available. Though many policies and schemes are there for compulsory primary education, proper implementation machinery and willingness on bureaucracy is not available.

Q. 13 Write about the following (in about 20 words each) :

(a) Business Process Outsourcing

Answer: BPO - It is method where a company based in Country A, purchases services from another Country B by establishing its base there or otherwise.

(a) Female foeticide

Answer: By sex determination, sometimes if the foetus is found of a female child then it is destroyed in the womb, called femal foeticide.

(b) RCI

Answer: Rehabilitation Council of India. It is a council to supervise the rehabilitation process after various development project makes displacement of people.

(c) UNIDO

Answer: United Nations Industrial Develbpment Organisation. This provides technical and financial assistance to developing and undeveloped nations for their Industrial development.

(d) S. Chandrashekhar

Answer: Subramanyam Chandrashekhar, an India astro-physicist who gave Shekhar limits theory regarding development of stars. He is a recepient of 1983 Physics Nobel prize.

2006 SOLVED PAPER II
Time Allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 300 Candidates should attempt ALL questions strictly in accordance with the instructions given under each question.

 

Q. 1 Write about any two of the following (in about 150 words each) :
15 x 2 = 30

(a) US policy on Iran’s nuclear programme
Important Points for Answer:
- Issue
- US attitude
- Policy

Answer: Iran claims its right to peaceful research in nuclear power, but US alleges that in the guise of peaceful energy research Iran wants to prepare nuclear weapons.
US is at hard-core opposition to Iran. US wants to drag Iran to the Security Council from the IAEA. It scolds Iran for its alleged violation of NPT and some UN principles. It took tough stand when Iran expelled IAEA inspectors from its territory.
Means, it is totally anti-Iran. Some interest of US in Iran, regarding energy resources is there behind such attitude. But China and Russia do not favour the policy and want IAEA to handle the problem of Iran. Even Russia proposed a dialogue with Iran on the issue.
They do not want US to interfere in Iran’s domestic matters particularly and generally Middle East.

(b) Terrorism : Sources in Pakistan and Afghanistan Points :
Important Points for Answer:
- Terrorism - spread
- Sources in Pakistan
- Sources in Afghanistan

Answer: Terrorism has widely affected almost all parts of the world. Though it may be of local, regional or world origin, nowadays, some parts are being regarded as its main sources. Pakistan and Afghanistan have been pointed out as such areas by USA. In Pakistan, Quetta is considered as a strong support-base for Taliban.
Taliban’s activities are being organised and planned from here, according to some sources of information. In Afghanistan, main areas are Kabul, Khost,
Jalalabad, Gardez, etc. in southern part. In the areas, making borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan, we can mention Waziristan mountain region. This area mainly comprises tribal parts in Pakistan. It is known as FATA i.e., Federally Administered Tribal Area. Terrorist activities have grown here.
To curtail such terrorism sources, US-NATO has taken some actions in identified areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Suicide bombers, soldiers, civil terrorists and group of armies are being trained in these areas.

(c) Crippling the King in Nepal
Important Points for Answer:
- Incidents
- Provisions
- Effects

Answer: At the end, the King has to transfer power to democratically elected government in Nepal, pending election and Constitution formation.
Agreement between Government and Maoist is also a step in this direction.
– Now the King in Nepal will be merely a nominal head. Title of
His Majesty’s Government has been replaced by Nepal Government,
– Nepal’s forces were known as Royal Nepali Army (RNA). Now it will be called Nepali Army. Cabinet will appoint the chief of Army. King will be no longer the head of Army.
– Even King will come under perview of laws made by Parliament.
– King will have to pay taxes as an ordinary citizen.
– As now there is no requirement, The Raj Parishad (King’s advisory council) will be dissolved.
All these will make Nepal a fully Democratic State with all powers in the hands of, ultimately, citizens. Nepal has made agreement with Maoists also to include them in the main stream of politics.

Q. 2 Write about the following (in about 20 words each) : 2 × 5 = 10

(a) Simla Agreement

Answer: This agreement was entered into by India and Pakistan to end the war of 1971, in December, 1971. Indira Gandhi signed it.

(b) India-Israel cooperation in the field of agriculture

Answer: Indian - Israely companies enter into agreements for such cooperation. Biotechnology and drip-irrigation technology are main areas.

(c) Pakistan’s role in Sri Lanka

Answer: As Sri Lanka is emerging as a growing economy, and there is a political unrest due to LTTE, Pakistan is taking chances to get Sri Lanka’s favour as it can influence India in the subcontinent.

(d) Indo-US military cooperation

Answer: India consented to the Kick lighter proposals of USA. Both had some joint military and naval exercises to increase cooperation.

(e) Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty

Answer: The NPT aims to prevent spread of Nuclear Weapons and related technology. It was entered into in 1968. India and Pakistan have not signed it.

Q. 3 Write about the following (in about 20 words each) : 2 × 5 = 10

(a) Contribution of the NRIs to GCC countries

Answer: Indians employed there gave their support and services to the development of Gulf countries. Indian labour, technicians, doctors and software engineers are at great demand there.

(b) Future of Indians in Fiji

Answer: After the removal of Mahendra Chaudhari’s Government, the recent development show a trend for possibilities of peaceful existence of Indians in Fiji.

(c) Indians in the House of Lords, UK

Answer: Recently Lord Paul Swaraj gained a seat in the House of Lords,
UK. This will help boost interest of Indian Community residing in UK.

(d) Contribution of Indians in Silicon Valley

Answer: Indian software and technology experts have help Silicon Valley’s growth. Vinod Khosla is one of such Indians.

(e) Exodus of persons of Indian origin from Uganda

Answer: Dictator Idi Amin had expelled many Indian from Uganda. It had caused problems for Indians. Yet there are about fifteen thousand Indians in
Uganda.

Q. 4 Answer any one of the following (in about 250 words) : 30

(a) Discuss the importance of World Trade Organisation (WTO) to Indian economy in the light of various opportunities and challenges at the global level.
Important Points for Answer:
- Opportunities : World Market, Clothes and Textiles, Investment,
- Agriculture, Trade-share
- Challenges : Competitiveness, Agriculture, Patent
- Conclusion
Answer:
Opportunities:
– World Market : WTO aims at boundaryless trade-market. Its provision when effectuated in letter and spirit will open for Indian products and services markets of all member countries. This will help utilise India’s wide labour potentials.
– Clothes and Textiles : In textile industries, India can expect much growth after Multi Fibre Agreement. India’s export is being increased in this sector. This sector earns India a big amount of foreign currencies.
– Investment : While accepting the WTO norms, free competition is allowed in India for foreign investors. Due to liberalization of laws and regulations, due to WTO, huge inflow of foreign investment is coming in the country.
– Agriculture : Though India is technologically yet unable to squeeze all potential it possesses in this sector, but when the research and development in Biotechnology, irrigation and modern techniques will start to give fruits in near future, it will help India to unexpected high extent.
– Trade Share : Having the benefits of WTO membership, Indian foreign trade has grown year by year. India’s share in total world trade has increased from 0 5% to about 1 percent. Challenges:
– Competitiveness : The country needs to remove all protective measures. It will require Indian industries to be very much competitive to the world level.
– Agriculture : Our agricultural production have to face unnecessary troubles from the developed countries. They provide subsidies to agriculture and we are required to phase out agricultural subsidies. Terms are being discussed.
– Patent : Our industries, especially pharmaceuticals will have to face some challenges due to patent regimes of WTO. Conclusion :
WTO - World Trade Organisation can help Indian economy grow to its peak by providing enough opportunities to utilize its potentials. Even challenges, in long term will improve condition of our economy.

(b) Describe the main sources of Industrial finance in India. How could India be benefitted from recent developments in International finance ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Sources : IDBI, SIDBI, SFCs, IRBI
- Benefits from international finance
Answer: Sources :
– IDBI : Industrial Development Bank of India was established in
1964. Its main objective is to provide financial credit for development of big and small industries.
– SIDBI : Small Industrial Development Bank of India was established to help SSIs. It helps them by promoting and financing. SIDBI also provides assistance to modernise small scale industries in/technological field, to make them competitive.
– SFCs : State Financial Corporations working in states provide loans to needy industries. They also promote shares and debentures, If required’, they would provide guarantee for loans of third parties.
– IRBI :Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India has main aim to revive sick industries and make them able to exist and compete in market, by assistance. Some other sources may also help industrial finance. But these are main sources.
On the International front, recent developments have make the horizons of such financial assistance very wide. They helped in easying rules and regulations for such assistance. Foreign technological assistance can help Indian industrial modernization. Emense opportunities of investment have been created by foreign Direct and Institutional investments.
When domestic capital cannot suffice the demand of industrial requirements, capital flow from international flora is now possible in India to supplement domestic savings and capital sources. Such liberalization has lead to develop infrastructural and technological base for Indian economy. Development of financing facilities in international area is obviously large and that makes India’s world trade grow.

Q. 5 Answer any two of the following (in about 150 words each) : 15 x 2 =
30

(a) Discuss the role of public sector during the post-reform period of Indian economy.
Important Points for Answer:
- Changes in post-reform period
- PSUs role

Answer: Post-reform period shows much development in Public Sector
Units. Liberalization, Privatisation and Globalisation has changed attitude and structure of PSUs. Government policies have been directed to make them much more autonomous and this autonomy is utilised by them for growth. PSUs grow in open market. Post-reform period removed their monopoly.
They make themselves more competitive to survive, in the market led economy. Even in this period, when abundant in India, they have fulfilled the requirement of people. They do not only concentrate on profit but have efficiently serve the goal of socialism.
Removing corruptions, improving efficiency and overcoming deficiency, they won trust of people in stock market also. Profitability and foreign partnership of PSUs have provided Indian economy good amount of capital and service.
Their public issues, profitable contract, areas of focus, commercial attitude and competitive ability are praiseworthy in post-reform period.

(b) Examine the effects of globalisation on poverty removal in India.
Important Points for Answer:
- Focus of Globalisation
- Disparities
- Release of public money

Answer: We can discuss various aspects of Globalisation on poverty removal in India.
The areas of focus for investment have been almost those which do not help create job opportunities for poor-illiterate labour forces. Yet, technologically advanced industries have attracted educated youth to employment. Capital is mostly directed to production of those goods and services which are not labour intensive and so less chances for employment, ruling out possibilities of poverty removal. Investment has even created disparities among classes of people and among regions of India. For example, Maharashtra, Delhi, etc. receive great part of FDI while BIMARU states have less on their part. These disparities also widen gap and create poverty.
On the other hand, Globalisation has made government free to invest on many fields and so that fund, now, can be utilise for poverty alleviation programmes and schemes. Government could privatise PSUs and the released funds were allocated to social programmes.

(c) What are the implications of gender disparities in India ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Gender inequality
- Implications

Answer: Gender inequality is seen, in India, as less number of female than male.
Average sex-ratio is 933 female per 1000 male. Less education rate among female as compared to male.
Apart from these, and due to these, the following implications are resulted :
– Women do not participate in the main stream economic activities.
This make India’s almost half population directly dependent, apart from children and old persons.
– In social field, female are domestically supressed and they do not enjoy respectable position. They are not regarded as intelligent and powerful as male.
– Politically they do not participate and even where they participate as a voter or representative, mostly they are used as rubber-stamps in the hands of their male relatives.
– They are generally devoted to household work in India’s patrimonial society. They are not properly educated and so cannot deliver proper training to children.
– Such under-privileged condition of female lead them to face domestic violence, sexual abuse at working place and improper opportunities for progress in every areas of life.

Q. 6 Answer the following (in about 20 words each) :2 × 15 = 30

(a) What is Phillips curve ?

Answer: It is proposed by prof. A. W. H. Phillips. It shows relationship between the percentage of money wages versus the level of unemployment. It shows that the lower unemployment, the high the rate of change of wages.

(b) What is Hundi ?

Answer: It is a bill of exchange. Person A gives an order to pay to another person C; the amount written in the Hundi, to the bearer, i.e. person who holds the Hundi.

(c) What is twin deficit ?

Answer: Twin deficit is fiscal deficit and current account deficits. For India, it is about 11% of GDP. When both deficits occur together, that is called twin deficit.

(d) What is the main difference between free trade area and common market ?

Answer: Free Trade Area is a policy among a group of countries, limited to the members, e.g., SAARC. Common market implies uniform tariff policy by members with outsiders.
Among members; free trade is practised e.g., EU.

(d) What is forward currency market ?

Answer: It is a mechanism in the city of London. It can help enhance profit and reduce risk of fluctuations in international trade.

(f) What is offshore currency market ?

Answer: It is a situation where currency is sold when external demand for a currency exceeds liberation of that currency. It depends on the growth of an economy.

(g) What is Laffer curve ?

Answer: This curve shows that there is one optional tax rate. This rate can give maximum tax revenue and boost production. Change from this rate may have negative impact.

(h) What are Eurobonds ?

Answer: The bonds that can be issued in one country but can also be traded in other countries in Euro currency are called Eurobonds.

(i) What is disguised unemployment ?

Answer: When people seem to be employed but they are infact not have added any production on their part, e.g. Indian agriculture where more persons than requirement are employed.

(j) What are nifty and the nifty junior ?

Answer: Both are Stock Market Indexes. Nifty has 50 companies on its list.
Nifty Junior also has 50 but smaller companies.

(k) What is Agri-Trade ?

Answer: Trade of agriculture and related products to promote export of fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc. This helps growth and commercialisation of
Agriculture.

(l) What is CEMA bloc ?

Answer: The Council for Mutual Economic Assitance (CEMA) - 1949 was formed by the Soviet Union against NATO. Balkan states joined it.

(m) What is rolling settlement ?

Answer: In rolling settlement system, trade is allowed to set off next day or after a period of days.
“Straight through” process is used. This practice is followed in stock markets also.

(n) What is the difference between Green Box subsidies and Blue Box subsidies ?

Answer: Both are under the WTO. Green box do not related to any particular product, while Blue Box requires the farmers to accept some conditions and limitations.

(o) What are non-factor services in India’s balance of payments ?

Answer: Non-factor services have been emerged as a key factor in India’s invisible trade, in the period of 1991 to 2001. They have proved a base for India’s economic growth.

Q. 7 Write about any two of the following (in about 150 words each)
: 15 × 2 = 30

(a) G-8 Summit in Russia
Important Points for Answer:
- Summit
- Points discussed
- Result

Answer: The G-8 Summit , representing world’s most industrialised eight countries was held in
Russia recently. This proves the rising influence of Russia in the world.
– Summit voiced in favour of Indo - US nuclear deal, supporting it in principle.
– Leaders condemned vehemently activities of terrorism. They affirmed their joint cooperation to fight against it.
– They proposed to increase cooperation in overcoming threat of AIDS and other diseases.
– Iran issue towerred the agenda of meeting. Iran rejected offers of western powers to suspend its enrichment programme. They discussed the issue in detail.
– To create knowledge-based economy, they expressed their concern for educational development by modern systems.
– They discussed modalities to help poor countries of Africa and other parts of the world.

(b) Expanding role of Amnesty International
Important Points for Answer:
- Amnesty
- Objectives
- Role

Answer: Amnesty International is an organisation that fights for the protection of human rights, improving conditions of prisoners and war criminals. Fair procedure of justice and no abuse of soldiers and freedom of all prisoners of conscience are also goals of Amnesty. It does not only concentrate on publication of information and materials but also concentrates campaigning for public opinion by individual, regional or thematic campaigns. Due to its significant role played in these fields it was awarded the Nobel Prize. In times of natural or other crisis Amnesty has played praiseworthy role in recent years. International Legal aspects and their proper implementation for improving conditions of refugees, non-citizen labourers and workers, it works against governments and nongovernmental organisations. It publishes annual report regarding condition of human rights in every countries of the world. This report is given great concern all over the world.

(c) Role of European Parliament
Important Points for Answer:
- Parliament structure
- Functions & Powers

Answer: European Parliament consists of all member countries of European
Union. Therefore, it has total 732 members. This Parliament represents about
450 million European Citizens. So, it is a large democratic body of Europe.
Then too, it has to play a limited role. It has no power to legislate for the member countries. Council has also significant role to play in the EU. European Parliament approves the budget of the Union. It also legislates on the matters of common policy decision matters, not falling within purely domestic jurisdiction. Parliament approves the appointment of the President of EU. It also approves the remaining members of the Commission. Parliament has power to supervise the EU’s activities. Parliament, being a democratic body can be entrusted with making policy of common benefit to all members, like trade, agriculture, technology, etc.
However, the European Parliament has not unfettered powers in entrusted matters, but by discussion members can bring to surface their concerns to the notice of others.
This makes possible the coordination among member countries.

Q. 8 Write about the following (in about 20 words each) : 2 × 5 = 10

(a) Trade through Nathu La Pass

Answer: This is a new route opened for trade after a long period between India and China. To promote trade some exemptions have been allowed.

(b) Outer Space Treaty

Answer: It contains main legal aspects of outer space in International field.
The Treaty of 1967 makes provision for free and peaceful use of Outer Space.

(c) Withdrawal of Japanese Troops from Iraq

Answer: Due to home pressure and its international policy, Japan withdrew its troops from Iraq. It had sent its troops along with the USA and UK.

(d) Maastricht Treaty

Answer: The Treaty of 1992 created the European Union and the currency of euro. This is the treaty which bring together all countries to form a common market.

(d) Cuba and Castro

Answer: Cuba, is a small country. Castro is its President. He opposes
American policies and Cuba is banned on many issues by USA for many years.

Q. 9 Write about the following, by expanding and explaining the objectives (in about 20 words each) : 2 × 5 = 10

(a) ICJ

Answer: International Court of Justice : It aims to solve legal problems arising among states in their interaction. It helps interpretation of International law and settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory opinion to UN and its specialised agencies.

(b) INTELSAT

Answer: International Telecommunications Satellite Organisation : Its objective is to provide telecommunication facilities to states and to solve problems related to it.

(c) IBRD

Answer: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (set up in July, 1944) : It helps developing and under developed countries to reconstruct economy by providing them with financial support.

(d) WMO

Answer: World Meteorological Organisation (entered into force in 1950) : It provides services related to meteorology to member states. Its main purpose is to facilitate exchange of weather data to establish a world-wide network of meteorological stations.

(e) WHO

Answer: World Health Organisation : This organisation was set up in 1948 with the aim to provide services to maintain health of poor and under nourished people of the world. Its chief organs are the World Health
Assembly, the Executive Board and a Secretariat.

Q. 10 Answer any one of the following (in about 250 words) : 30

(a) Justify with necessary logic “Biological clean-up methods can be cheaper than the conventional physical and chemical pollution treatments”.
Important Points for Answer:
- What are Biological clean-up methods
- What are physical and chemical methods
- Advantage

Answer: Pollution causes many hazardous compounds in air, water and soil.
To convert these hazardous compounds into non-hazardous chemicals, various clean-up methods are employed. Such conventional methods use physical and chemical treatments of these compounds. Biological clean-up methods have proved effective in converting toxic compounds into biodegradable substances and in phases, into water and carbon dioxide. Bioil-FC is one of such Biological agent. Bioremediation is also employed as a secondary treatment. Bioremediaton is a technique for environmental detoxification. Micro organisms are used to break down toxic organic compounds. They convert them into less toxic ones. Such biological treatment systems are permanent in nature and require little maintenance. Physical and chemical methods use various techniques of boiling, pressure, reactions, etc. Various chemicals and systems used are expensive and requires technical know-how. In comparison to these, biological clean up are less expensive and simple. Though research requires deep study for such methods, but they are less complex in their application.
Moreover, Biological methods have .shown effective results in many countries. But some limitations are there. They can be most effective between a range of temperature.
Yet, these methods are ecofriendly in themselves. They use natural mechanisms like use of anoxic drains, limestone rock channels, alkaline recharge of ground water, etc. So, it can be said that in a long term calculation, these can be cheaper than conventional physical and chemical methods.

(b) Explain how Nanoscience and Nanotechnology have revolutionized modern technology.
Important Points for Answer:
- Nano-science or Nanotechnology
- Advantage
- Their application

Answer: Nanoscience is a branch of science related to small particles and their actions. Size of particles are in range of nano metre—i.e. 10–9 m.
Nanotechnology develops various technological uses of such smaller particles.
Nowadays, these have gained wide applications in various fields ranging from electronics to medicines. Such small particles can offer multiple functions in smaller sizes. Due to this technology, now we are able to have a match box size Television sets and smaller cellular phone sets. On military front, this technology has helped to create small but more powerful weapons and tools of surveillance. Even quality and efficiency of instruments will increase at much lower price.
On medical field, Nanotube Injection can be used to heal bones. Carbon nano tubes are also useful in medical field.
Now a capsule-size computer robot is able to perform operation inside the body of patient, monitored by doctor through computer. Small size CDs and floppies can be availed using this technology.
Nano-medicines, nano-chemicals are emerging fields.
Application of Nano technology in agriculture field would boost production and quality of crops.

Q. 11 Answer any two of the following (in about 150 words each) : 15 × 2 = 30

(a) What do you understand by optical computing ? Why is optical computing envisaged to have much better performance than that of electronic computing?
Important Points for Answer:
- Optical Computing
- Advantages of Optical Computing
- Electronic Computing

Answer: Optical computer uses isolating crystals with bound electrons. It does not use either modulator or demodulator.
While electronic computer uses transistors with free electrons. It provides smaller equipments with more speed and efficiency. In place of integrated electronics circuit chip, optical fibres are much thinner and efficient. Photons are used to perform computing functions. Electron based computation is conventional system approach.
Optical principles are used in this technology. Data interference and waste of energy through electrons is not present in optical computers. By small equipments, more functions with more efficiency can be performed. Polymers of optical computers have 1000 times faster function ability than silicon transistors.
Optical pathways in them can carry many different frequencies of light over each pathway.

(b) Write a note on ‘Bio-refinery versus Fossil fuels’.
Important Points for Answer:
- Bio-refinery
- Fossil-fuels

Answer: Bio-refinery refers to system which converts biomass into valuable chemicals and emits energy. This can be useful to minimise waste, produce useful chemicals and energy. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels include coal, petroleum, other hydrocarbons etc.
They are formed of decayed plants and animal fossils. Such fossils when subjected to heavy pressure under the earth and heat of the sun, they get converted into coal, crude oil and natural gas. Biorefinery have the following advantages : production of pure chemicals. no use of polluting agents. there takes place controlled decomposition and other processes. Bio-refineries are largely eco friendly while fossil fuels produce a large amount of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and other hazardous gases, causing pollution and global warming.

(c) What are normal osmosis and reverse osmosis ? Why has reverse osmosis become popular in India today ?
Important Points for Answer:
- Normal Osmosis
- Reverse Osmosis
- Advantages of RO

Answer: In Osmosis, the movement of particles are directed from high concentration to low concentration through a membrane.
While in Reverse Osmosis, the reverse process takes place. Here water leaves salty side of membrane under pressure created mechanically or electronically.
Required pressure, for disalination of sea water through RO, is about 50-60 bars.
Water of sea is generally very saline and contain many chemicals dissolved in it. River water is also of same condition after flowing its path. To make this water potable, desalination through osmosis process is necessary.
When such water is subjected to normal osmosis, it is not so cleaned to make it hygienic. Arsenic, Iron, etc. are chemicals that are dissolved in water. They can be removed only by heavy pressurised conditions of Reverse Osmosis process. So, due to the quality of water that can be achieved by RO, that process has been more popular than normal osmosis process.

Q. 12 Answer all the five (in about 20 words each) : 2 × 5 = 10

(a) What do you understand by a ‘search engine’ in computing ?

Answer: It helps to find out required information by providirig matching indexes of datas or sites.

(b) Expand the following:

(i) CAD

(ii) CAM

(iii) CIM

Answer: (i) CAD : Computer Aided Design

(ii) CAM : Computer Aided Manufacturing

(iii) CIM : Computer Integrated Manufacturing

(c) Explain what is Thin Film Memory in computers.

Answer: Sperry Rand in his research project developed this high-speed memory. It is a type of memory which adds to efficiency of a computer.

(d) Write a short note on ‘Artificial Intelligence’.

Answer: Computers are being developed to response on their logic. Robots are examplesof it. Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), Bangalore, researches on the point.

(e) Who are called ‘Hackers’ in computer world ?

Answer: They are invadors of computer datas, programmes, etc. They are criminals under Cyber laws. Their action is unauthorised interference.