2009 General Studies Solved Paper I, Paper II

2009 SOLVED PAPER I
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 300

Candidates should attempt ALL questions strictly in accordance with the instructions given under each question.

 

Q. 1 Critically analyse any two of the following statements with reference to the contexts in which they were made (in about 150 words each): 15 × 2 = 30

(a) “Many Englishmen honestly consider themselves the trustees for India and yet to what a condition they have reduced our country.”
Important Points for Answer: British rule Economic exploitation
Trusteeship theory Effect on India

Answer: This statement shows that the Britishers have exploited India economically for the benefit of Britain. The rule of British has reduced Indian economic condition to a worse situation.
This statement is similar to ‘Drain of Wealth’ theory of Dada Bhai Naoroji. Earlier Dada Bhai Naoroji and R. C. Dutt had exposed that British imperialism has phases of economic exploitation of India. Gandhi believed in trusteeship theory. According to that theory, British government was trustee of people of India and so it should govern India in such a way as may result in most beneficial to India. But this theory was proved wrong as it could clearly be seen that Britishers have not acted in good faith for India’s benefit.
They at the time of British East India Company, used the monopoly status to get trade benefits. During 1765 to 1857, it used its position to dictate terms to rulers to maximise its income from revenue. Later-on, after 1857, industrialist and capitalist phase exploited India.

(b) “The foreign power will be withdrawn but for me real freedom will come only when we free ourselves of the dominance of western education, western culture and the western way of living which have been ingrained in us.”
Important Points for Answer: British rule British Impact India’s position
Dominance of British Freedom

Answer: This statement is similar to Gandhian thoughts expressed in various works of Gandhi and especially in ‘Hind Swaraj’. Gandhi said that freedom or Swaraj does not mean just release from foreign rule. He said that dependency on britishers is real symbol of rule. Western influence and dominance in the spheres of education, culture and way of living was condemned by him.
He said that freedom or swaraj is to be achieved by every individual for himself. Unless such freedom from western dominance is achieved, India will not become free in real sense, even though britishers would leave the country.
Therefore, promoting our cultural values, respecting them and using them was essential. Education system followed in ancient India was better and that should be adopted according to him.
He opposed the british way of living followed by many IndiAns. So, not only political authority that rules India but in other spheres also, where India could have been free, India is ruled by British.

(c) “Satan cannot enter till he finds a flaw A great ocean separates us educated few from the millions in our country.”
Important Points for Answer:
Divide between educated and uneducated Political ideology
Differences Impact

Answer: During the time of movement for freedom against british government, there arose differences among two groups of politicians. One group was of the view that only educated people are able to lead and participate in political process. But other group believed that the movement should spread to even rural uneducated people. They had faith in ability of mass to participate in the freedom struggle.
The difference of attitude led to the partition in Congress also in 1907 Surat session. The same reason is the basis of this statement which identifies some reasons and evils that separated educated few from the millions in the country. But it was really the support of villagers - uneducated people which made the movement successful and in a real sense a national movement. Later on, Gandhi used the power of villagers and women in spreading the movement to every corner of India.

Q. 2 Write about the following (not exceeding 20 words each) : 2 × 10 = 20

(a) Kiang Nongbah

(b) Maski

(c) Govind Guru

(d) ‘Brahmadeya’

(e) ‘Egmore Faction’

(f) Haileybury College

(g) Ijara System

(h) Taji Mideren

(i) Gurudwara Reform Movement

(j) ‘Marumakkathayam’

Answer: (a) Kiang Nongbah : He was the leader of the Jaintiya Rebellion of 1862. He was betrayed, captured and hanged by Britishers. He was also known as U Kiang Nongbah. Cause of rebellion was income tax and house tax.

(b) Maski : A minor rock-edict by King Ashoka was found at Maski in Karnataka. This discovery of 1919 clearly established that “Ashoka” and
“Devanaampriyadass” was same king.

(c) Govind Guru : He was the founder of Samp Sabha. Under his leadership, in 1908, Bhil tribals, dalits and other people revolted against British rule and feudal Indian princes.

(d) ‘Brahmadeya’ : It was a land grant given to Brahmanas. It was nontaxable land. Village settlements in such land was dedicated for Brahmana’s upkeep so as to enable them for their usual works.

(e) ‘Egmore Faction’ : It was a mixed group of Brahmins and non-Brahmin professionals, including T. M. Nair. This group came into existence as an opposition to Brahmin dominated Mylapore Clique of justice party of moderates.

(f) Haileybury College : A college based in Hertford, UK was imparting education and learning to English youths for civil services in East India Company. It selected Indian Civil Servants by competitive examination for East India Company till 1958.

(g) Ijara System : It roughly means lease system. During Mughal period, Ijara or lease of land was given to contractors for administrative purposes. Ijaredars had right of revenue collection.

(h) Taji Mideren : He led the people in revolt against expansion of British rule in Arunachal Pradesh area. He organised his Mishmi followers to establish Mishmi Confederacy. He was finally imprisoned and died in prison.

(i) Gurudwara Reform Movement : Gurudwara Reform or Akali movement started in 1920s. It was a movement against corrupt Mahants of gurudwaras. Finally Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee was established to administer Gurudwaras.

(j) ‘Marumakkathayam’ : It is a non-conjugal relation practiced in Kerala. It is mainly prevalent in Nair community. Aim was progeny. Women enjoyed respect and prestige.

Q. 3 Answer any four of the following (in about 150 words each) : 15 × 4 = 60

(a) Assess the significance of coastal regions in the economic development in India.
Important Points for Answer:
Area of coastal region Foreign trade
Habitation Industries and Handicrafts Petroleum
A mid-way destination EEZ

Answer: India has about 7516 km long coastline, including two island groups. Nine states have sea coast. There are many ports - minor as well as major.
About 90% of our foreign trade by volume and nearly 70% by value is carried out through sea route.
The coastal zone supports about one-fourth of our total population. It also provides economic activities like fishing, salt-farming, handicrafts based on coastal materials likes and, rocks, etc.
The sea-coast also helps India in security. Three boundaries are covered by sea. India’s strategic location in sea is helpful. India is one mid-journey destination for ships travelling in Indian Ocean. India gets earning from such visiting ships. India’s Exclusive Economic Zone area constitutes about 2 million sq. km.
This area gives economical benefits in terms of marine resources like minerals, vegetation and aqua-life, Fishing and oil - exploration are very beneficial activities supported by coastal area. Bombay High Oil fields account for more than 15% of nation’s total petroleum output. Global warming and rising sea-level is a threat to coastal benefits.

(b) Discuss the wetlands and their role in ecological conservation in India.
Important Points for Answer:
Meaning of Wetland
Area Importance Steps taken for conservation Conclusion

Answer: Wetland is an area with high water content in the soil. It may be covered with shallow water. Water may be fresh, brackish or salt water.
Wetland accounts for about 18% of India’s total geographical area. Wetland helps in ecological conservation in following ways : Provides habitation to a large number of species of flora and fauna.
Helps in conservation of endangered species. Provides nesting home to marine animals and fishes. Prevents spread of salty water and thus helps in conservation of fertile soil.
Trees in such area are of hard-wood, so can be useful in making of furniture etc.
Woods of the trees in wetland are prone to saline water, so can be used in boat-making.
Residues of ecosystem are useful manure for increasing soil productivity. India has identified some wetlands for conservation under the National
Wetlands Conservation Programme. India is a signatory to Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. It is an inter-governmental convention on wetland conservation adopted in 1972.
The wetlands are productive ecosystem, helpful in biodiversity conservation, providing shelter to rare and endangered species, act as a carbon sink and a source of water.

(c) Elaborate the steps taken by the Government for regionally differentiated approach to increase crop production and diversification in the country.
Important Points for Answer:
Agriculture Importance in Economy
Regionally differentiated approach Policies and Schemes

Answer: Agriculture is an important area for India’s economic growth. To achieve double-digit growth rate, agriculture must grow at 4% per annum. So, eleventh plan set the target of 4% agricultural growth. It is accepted by the authority that to achieve a sustainable growth in agriculture, spread of technology and benefits to all parts of India is necessary.
The Green Revolution was concentrated only in a part of India and on cereal crops only. But now it is identified that other regions are to be covered under some area specific schemes.
National Food Security Mission targets to increase production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tons respectively.
There are micro-irrigation schemes for dry areas. There are area specific approach in all insurance and credit schemes. Soil health management is also concerned on testing of soil and providing required categories and quantities of fertilizers. Crops are also promoted on the basis of climate and soil conditions.

(d) Bring out the significance of the various activities of the Indian
Meteorological Department.
Important Points for Answer: Established
Objectives
Activities Importance

Answer: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) was established in 1875. It is the principal organisation to study meteorology, seismology and allied subjects. It provides information regarding weather conditions. It issues warning against severe weather conditions like cyclone, dust storm, heavy rainfall, cold and heat waves. The department records earthquakes and conducts research. Information provided by IMD is useful for general public to know about the weather forecast. It is vital for fishermen, civil aviation activities and farmers. IMD has high power radars and uses satellite system also. IMD participates in various international research which studies monsoon mechanism. Various forecasting helps farmers to plan their agricultural activities. IMD has installed many digital receivers on east and west coast to disseminate information on cyclone and other oceanic phenomena. It helps in creating awareness about importance of climate and weather in life and economy of India. IMD has certainly played vital role in India.

(e) Examine the status of urbanization among the states in India and bring out spatial inequalities.
Important Points for Answer:
Urbanisation Indian Status State wise difference
Reasons Effect

Answer: Urbanisation has grown in India in last some years. Yet India is not one of the most urbanized countries in the world. According to 2001 Census, only about 28% of Indians live in urban areas. Some states like Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal have more urbanization, averaging more than 38%. But on the contrary states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, etc. have hardly 17% of population living in urban areas. National Capital Territory of
Delhi has 93% urbanization while Chandigarh has 84% urbanization.
There are some mega cities, metrocities and other small cities and towns in
$tates. Even in a single state, density and population in various regions are not equally distributed. People in various parts of India get uneven urban facilities. Sex ratio, literacy and other demographic parameters among urban areas is also unevenly developed. Industrialisation, agricultural development, education, health and other social amenities are some of the reasons behind spatial inequalities in urbanization among states.

Q. 4 Write about the following (not exceeding 30 words each): 3 × 10
= 30
Answer:

(a) ‘bhuvan’ website : It is a geo-portal of ISRO. It can take images of the earth with upto 10 mt. resolution. It can provide images of earlier date also. It will compete with Google Earth. It was launched in August, 2009.

(b) National Waterways : National Waterways are in big rivers like Ganga, Brahmaputra and others. Total length is 2716 kms. The longest is Allahabad-Haldia, National Waterway-I. It will be operational from March 2010.

(c) Ultra Mega Power Projects : It is a project with 4000 MW capacity. The centre has taken initiative to generate low cost, clean electricity. Some UMPPs are started in Public Private Partnership. Reliance, Tata, etc., are constructing UMPPs. Some sites are Tilaiya in Jharkhand, Mundra in Gujarat, etc.

(d) NNRMS : It is National Natural Resource Management System, established in 1983. Its headquarter is at ISRO, Bangalore. Department of Space is nodal agency for implementation of NNRMS. Aim is to utilize expertise in space science and technology in management and development of natural resources.

(e) BSUP Scheme : It is a Basic Scheme for Urban Poor. It is a sub-mission under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNRM). It includes housing, water, sanitation, drainage and other basic facilities in urban areas. Urban infrastructure and social amenities are covered under BSUP.

(f) GAGAN Project : It is a GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation. It is an indigenous GPS based satellite navigation system. It helps in locating an object. It can be useful in air, sea and land exploration. It can be used by civil or military purposes. GLONASS, GALILEO are such projects at international level.

(g) Fruit Production in India : India produces about 10% of world’s total fruit production. In mango, banana, sapota and acid lime fruits, India leads the world. Tropical, subtropical and deciduous fruits are produced in India.
Himachal Pradesh leads all states in apple production.

(h) Section 377 of IPC : The Delhi High Court decriminalised consensual sexual acts of adults in private even though being against the course of nature. Section 377 penalises unnatural sexual intercourse. It is just decriminalised and not legalised. There was an appeal to the Supreme Court of India.

(i) ‘Whereabouts’ clause of WADA : It requires players to inform WADA of their where abouts even during off-season of sports. Indian cricketers raised opposition citing privacy and security concerns. It is mainly aimed at random checking of sports persons to tackle the problem of doping.

(j) Barren Island : It is situated 135 km. east of Port Blair. It is only active volcano in the Indian sub-continent. There is no habitation. Only some species of flora and fauna are found on this barren island. Rats, flying foxes, bats, crabs, birds etc. live on this island.

Q. 5 Answer any two of the following (in about 100 words each) : 10 × 2
= 20

(a) Analyse India’s achievement in the sports sector during 2008-09.
Important Points for Answer: Sports 2008
Olympics
Tennis, Cricket, Badminton, Others

Answer: In Olympic 2008 : India won total three medals, one gold and two bronze. Abhinav Bindra became the first Indian to win gold in 10-metre air rifle event. Boxer Vijender Singh and wrestler Sushil Kumar won bronze medals. In cricket: IPL was inaugurated with eight teams in April, 2008. India won Commonwealth Bank tri-series in Australia after 41 years. In tennis : Sania Mirza and Mahesh Bhupathi became first Indian pair to win a mixed doubles grand slam in Australian Open. Yuki Bhambri became first junior to win Australian junior title. In Badminton : Saina Nehwal became first Indian to win the super series in Indonesian Open. She also became first Indian to enter into top-ten ranking in the world.
Others : Pankaj Advani in Snooker, M. C. Mary Kom in Women’s boxing,
Vishwanathan Anand in Chess and football team in Nehru cup won titles.

(b) List the salient features of the important folk dances of either Central India or North Eastern India.
Important Points for Answer:
Dances - Naga, Bihu, Thang-Ja, Nangkrem, Hajgiri Features

Answer: Salient features of North-Eastern Indian folk dances:
Naga dances :
They are performed during harvest seasons.
There are many movements of legs but comparatively there is little use of upper body parts like shoulders and torso. Bihu dance :
That is performed in Assam in mid-April, i.e. during harvesting seasons. It is a group dance of young men and women on the tunes of drums and pipes.
Dance is accompanied with love songs.
Thang - ta and Dhol - Cholom Dance : It is evolved from martial arts exercises. This is a folk dance of
Manipur.
This dance uses swords and shields. Drum is extensively used as musical instrument.
Nangkrem Dance : It is performed in Meghalaya during autumn. It uses gestures of animals and birds.
Hajgiri Dance :
This dance is performed to appease goddess Lakshmi in Tripura.

(c) What are the important similarities and differences between the
Hindustani and the Carnatic styles of classical music ?
Important Points for Answer: Carnatic Music
Hindustani Music Similarities
Differences

Answer: Carnatic music is associated with the southern part of India.
Hindustani music is associated with North India and is deeply influenced by Persian and Islamic music systems. Similarities: Basic elements of swara, raga and tala as foundation of both are same. Both musics have great association with religion. Samaveda and
Rigveda are basic books for both of these forms of music. Both have evolved from Sanskrit language scripts.
Differences :
Main emphasis in carnatic music is on vocal music and most compositions are to be sung, involving gayaki style. In Hindustani music vocal - centric music group is required. Many instruments are designed to accompany the singer.
Origin of Hindustani is earlier than Carnatic. It synthesis with vedic chants, islamic traditions and persian Musiqu - e - Assil style. Carnatic is comparatively pure and was developed in 15th-16th century during Bhakti movement and also get boost in 19th- 20th century.

Q. 6 Answer any two of the following (in about 150 words each) : 15 × 2 = 30

(a) What are your views on the features and impact of the Domestic
Violence Act, 2005 ?
Important Points for Answer:
Act
Main Provisions Effect
Requirements

Answer: Domestic Violence Act-2005 has enlarged the sphere of protection given to women in their domestic relationship. The Act covers even verbal abuse and threat under the definition of violence. So, physical and actual violence is not required to be proved by women complaint. Relationship required by this act can be of marital or other nature. Even live-in partners, brother-sister and paternal relationships are covered under this act.
The act shifts the onus to prove innocence on the part of the perpetrator of violence. The person who is convicted under this act may be imprisoned. Even during imprisonment, he may be obliged to provide shelter and food to the dependent woman. Persons may be prevented from entering into certain limits of area where the victim resides so that the safety of victim can be effectively ensured. Special investigation officers are appointed under this act. There will be women-cell in police station.
All these provisions will actually reduce and gradually eliminate domestic violence. But remedy lies in creating proper awareness and social cohesion apart from ensuring strict implementation of provisions of the act.

(b) Are the traditional determinants of voting behaviour in India changing ? Examine in the context of the last General Elections.
Important Points for Answer: Election 2009 Political Condition
Voting Behaviour
Result
Analysis

Answer: The last general election was held in April 2009. This election has somewhat broken traditional beliefs in India’s voting behaviour.
Uneducated people are voting more in number rather than educated one. Also one thing that is seen as constant is that rural India is coming out for voting but urban, people are less enthusiastic for election. But the change that is drastic and most important is high percentage of voting in naxal affected areas. This somehow proves that people are to find out solution of their grievances in political methods and not through naxalism. Caste based and religion based politics has got worse result. People have defeated such parties badly. Same is the fate of regional parties. Leaders’ one - time visit for votes in their constituencies are not accepted by people in many areas and they have even not voted for long term ruling candidates.
Anti-incumbency factor of election is termed to be wrong and Indians have voted for consistency in ruling. Factor of multi-party government is reduced as single party Congress (I) getting many seats, so as to reduce its dependency upon other small parties.

(c) Examine corruption as a serious development challenge in Indian Polity.
Important Points for Answer: Corruption Indian Position
Acts Bureaucracy Politics
Judiciary Prevention

Answer: India is showing downward movement in Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International. Corruption has increased in India in last years and all efforts to tackle this curse have failed badly. Recently even Dr. Manmohan Singh has to accept Corruption as a major challenge in Indian polity. In a Conference, Law Minister Mr. Veerappa Moily has emphasised for amendment of the Prevention of Corruption Act -1988 and to widen its coverage. Some provisions of IPC - 1860 are also identified for amendment.
To effectively deal with corruption, Article 310 and Article 311 of the Constitution need to be amended, as remarked by Indian Home Minister P. Chidambaram.
Not only in bureaucracy but mainly in political establishments, the corruption has strong roots. Helped and promoted by individuals and groups interests, corporate field has also shown rampant corruption. Scam in Satyam Computers is an example of it. Criminalisation of politics and politicisation of crimes are due to maximisation of corruption in systems of Indian polity and governance.

Q. 7 Answer any two of the following (in about 150 words): 15 × 2 = 30

(a) Mushrooming of Higher Educational Institutions was a matter of grave concern for Yashpal Committee. With reference to the relevant portion of that report give your views how to harmonise private investment and quality of education.
Important Points for Answer: Committee
Objective
Recommendations
Highlights Private Management Conclusion

Answer: Yashpal Committee was constituted to give its report on conditions of higher education in country. It concerned with the “mushrooming of higher educational institutions” in India. It observed that deemed university status has been given without concerning quality and necessity. It expressed great worry about monetization on education.
The Committee recommended the creation of a National Commission for higher education and research. It also advocated creation of a Higher Education Council. It posed private management running educational institutes as profit making enterprises. It accepted need for private investment educating India. But it favoured public-private partnership.
On entry of foreign universities, the Committee gave warning signal. While allowing private investment, government should undertake the mentor-cumtrustee’s role.
Thus, the Committee report on the one hand does not reject need for private investment in education but on the other hand, recommended great care and circumspection in this area.

(b) In the changing context of governance in the country, what should be the role of the UPSC?
Important Points for Answer:
UPSC Provisions
Role & Functions Suggestions Importance

Answer: UPSC is the highest Public Service Commission for recruitment to services under the Union. Provisions for UPSC are given from Article 313 to 323 of the Constitution.
UPSC makes recommendations for appointment to services and it is also consulted on all disciplinary matters regarding higher services.
Today the governance demands more active role from UPSC. It is a body which has proven its capabilities. Its role should not be limited to appointment related recommendation. It should be given supervisory authority over performance of services under union. It should be an active suggestion making body for other state PCS. UPSC should also be a transparent body which can be relied upon by people.
UPSC should be consulted on recruitment to other Central Organisations like ISRO, CSIR, etc.
Recommendations of UPSC should be made compulsory for Government.
Only in an exceptional case, which should be informed in writing, its recommendations could be ignored.

(c) In the context of recent incidents, suggest measures on how security of passengers and property can be improved over Indian Railways.
Important Points for Answer: Indian Railway Safety and Security Incidents Suggestions

Answer: Indian Railway is one of the largest railway network of the world.
There are many instances of railway accidents, insecurity of passengers and property in recent times.
Many criminal elements are nurtured in railway premises. Effective Railway Police System can make railway premises crime free. There should be no incidences of pick-pocketing, looting or theft in that areas.
Recently naxalites blown up railway track in Jharkhand. This should be prevented. Railway signals should be installed with CCTV Camera on them with a long distance visual capabilities. Nearest railway stations can be equipped with monitors.
Railway guards should be provided with effective communication system.
Work of RPF should be effective to deal with all threats to railway security.
Recommendations of Khanna Committee on minimization of human errors in accidents can be taken seriously. ACDs (Anti - Collision Devices) installed on Konkan Railway can be expanded on whole Indian Railway track to avoid accidents.

Q. 8 Answer any one of the following (in about 250 words) : 30

(a) Comment on the salient features of the Integrated Energy Policy recently approved by the Government and its implications on the energy security needs of the country.
Important Points for Answer: Policy Features Energy requirements Energy Security Importance

Answer: India recently adopted the Integrated Energy Policy. This is a comprehensive policy on energy for India.
The policy envisages a competitive energy market and market-determined energy pricing. Today the price is decided by the government and which increases burden on public sector oil companies. To reduce this burden a policy is formed.
Allocation of energy resources shall be based on competition. This policy of pricing and allocation will reduce amount of POL subsidies and thus bring down fiscal deficit.
Though there will be subsidies, but they will be based on transparent and target oriented system. Policy seeks to reduce black-marketing of subsidised petroleum products.
The policy seeks optimal exploitation of domestic energy resources and also vigorous exploration and acquisition of energy assets abroad, so that energy security can be attained effectively.
The policy aims to meet energy demands of all sectors. Therefore, not only production of energy will be increased but also its transfer will be made costeffective. Consideration of environment is also taken into account.
The Integrated Energy Policy is formed under the expert panel of Planning Commission. The IEP was need of the hour because if India wants to continue its economic growth trajectory at high rate, it must have sufficient energy sources to meet demands of economic as well as non-economic activities.
Again, according to the IEP, energy should be sustainable and reasonably cost-effective.

(b) How far has the impact of the global meltdown been reflected in the Economic Survey 2008 - 09 ? Identify some of the core areas given priority to neutralise the adverse effects of the global downturn.
Important Points for Answer: Global Meltdown Impact on India Economy Points from Economic Survey

Answer: The Economic Survey 2008-09 clearly reflects the effect of global meltdown. The GDP growth of India decelerated in 2008-09 to 6.7 %. It is a
2.1 percent decline from the average growth rate of 8.8 % in the previous 5 years (2003-04 to 2007 -08).
There was a sharp rise in Wholesale Price Index (WPI) inflation followed by an equally sharp fall. Per capita GDP growth in 2008-09 was estimated at 4.6%. The Ratio of fixed investment to GDP increased to 32.2% of GDP in 2008-09.
According to Economic Survey, performance of six core industries comprising :
1. Crude oil, 2. Petroleum - refinery products, 3. Coal, 4. Electricity, 5. Cement, and 6. Finished steel grew only at 2.7% as compared to 5.9% in 2007 -08.
The Economic Survey identifies adverse effect on export due to (1) drying up of international financial and trade credit and (2) fall in global demand.
There was growth in export which was robust till August 2008, which was dip in September 2008 and that went negative in October 2008 and remained negative till end of financial year. For 2008-09, overall import growth was subdued at 14.4% in dollar terms and import growth began to decline in October 2008 which remained negative during January 2009 to March 2009.
The Economic Survey also indicates that the impact of global melt-down was less witnessed by India in Gross Capital Formation which increased to 39.1% of the GDP in 2007-08.
Thus, the global meltdown has impacted Indian Economy at the end of financial year but its resilient ability is also proved by maintained growth rate and attraction of FDI in India.
The government took some steps to reduce effect of financial crunch. In India, investment was better in the first and second quarter of 2008-09 as India witnessed ‘positive shock’ and ‘decoupling effect’ during the period.

Q. 9 Answer any two of the following (in about 150 words each) : 15 × 2
= 30

(a) Trace the significant steps in the evolution of Television in the country.
Important Points for Answer:
Doordarshan Starting
Development Importance
Role

Answer: In 2009, Doordarshan celebrated 50th anniversary of Television of India. It was started in 1959 with USA assistance. It was a black and white telecasting.
With 1982 ASIAD Games, the television broadcasting became colourful. It has transformed the world of entertainment and information in India. Now television has reached to even remote areas.
The INSAT satellite system is being used for TV broadcasting. Earlier it was covering only Indian sub-continent. Then it covered South - Asian region. But with Ku - band, there is a great television revolution.
Direct to Home (DTH) is the latest mode of digitally compressed signals bringing television to us. IPTV is internet protocol based TV. This new technology is yet to be launched in India. It is not only state-run Doordarshan but there are more than 500 local channels in India. Gyandarshan is a channel run by IGNOU for educational purpose. Similarly, Eklavya is another channel dedicated to technical education only.
This is a high growth trajectory of Indian television.

(b) The last National Family Health Survey (NFHS) displayed a very dismal picture of nutrition as regards several indicators for average Indians. Highlight the salient aspects of this problem.
Important Points for Answer:
NFHS
Highlights Condition of India Conclusion

Answer: Third National Family Health Survey was published recently. This report presents a comprehensive picture of India’s health indicators. It reveals problems of mal – nourishment and under nourishment in India. It reveals the following aspects India is home of largest number of children suffering from malnourishment, which constitutes about 115 million. It shows that calorie intake criteria of BPL family in India does not properly reveal the real picture.
More than three-fourth of Indian females are severely anaemic.
Of every five children born in India, two have less than 10% chances to live.
There is severe lack of micro - nutrient in Indian food habits.
There is no proper awareness about food - intake even among urban educated class of people. Proper calorie planning in food is lacking in India.

(c) ‘As we live in a plural society we need the greatest freedom to express our opinions even if others find it offensive’ - Do you agree? Discuss with reference to some recent incidents in the Indian context.
Important Points for Answer: Freedom of Speech
Right to Reputation Incidents Balance

Answer: Recently, there are several incidents in India which has raised the issue of balance between freedom of speech and expression on the one hand and right to reputation on the other.
Recently published book on Jinnah and Indian Partition by Jaswant Singh has raised the issue. Little before that there were some problems by a speech of
Varun Gandhi which raised some communal issues. Even before that, media crossed its limit by helding Dr. Talwar guilty of his daughter even before any judgement of courts.
All these incidents are based on freedom of speech and expression given as a Fundamental Right in Indian Constitution Article 19(1)(a). But there are certain limitations on this right mentioned in Art. 19(2) itself.
The right to express opinion cannot run a riot. It cannot go so as to violet the feelings of others without reasonable grounds.
Though in a plural society like India, this right is required and a person should be allowed to express his opinion but certain limit is also necessary to maintain balance between private and public interest.

Q. 10 Write on the following (in about 20 words each) : 2 × 10 = 20

(a) Significance of 26th November in the country’s polity

(b) Desert National Park

(c) Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendra

(d) Deep Joshi’s recent achievement

(e) Girni Kamgar Union

(f) Ayush-64

(g) Rashtriya Gramin Vikas Nidhi (RGVN)

(h) Satya Vrat Shastri’s recent achievement

(i) Pocket Veto

(j) PES A, 1996

Answer: (a) On the 26th November, 1949 our constituent assembly adopted the Constitution of India. On this day the Supreme Law of the land came into existence which was enforced on 26th January, 1950.

(b) It is situated in Jaiselmer, Rajasthan. It is home to the great Indian Bustard. It is rich in fauna. Desert ecosystem can be studied in this park. In
Thar Desert National Park Blackburn, Chinkara, Wolf, Indian fox and some other animals are also found.

(c) It is proposed mini - secretariat for NREG A, at Panchayat level. It will keep records of NREGA implementation. Each Kendra will be a forum for discussion on the scheme and will be built as NREGA project.

(d) He is the co-founder of PRADAN, an NGO. He won the Magsaysay award - 2009. He advises government on poverty alleviation. He is a social worker.

(e) It was established in 1928 by S. A. Dange and others. It was a labour union which striked in 1928 and 1929. Kranti was a marathi journal, mouth piece of the Union. S.A. Dange and others were arrested for their role in strike.

(f) It is an anti-malarial drug developed by NRDC. It is prepared from four indigenously available herbs. Clinical trials have been completed for the drug.

(g) It was floated by IFCI and later on joined by NABARD, IDBI and Tata Social Welfare Trust. It is to focus on North Eastern India. Its headquarter is in Guwahati. Its activities are extended to Eastern India also.

(h) He became the first Sanskrit poet to win the Jnanpith award. He has been visiting Professor in Six Universities on three continents.

(i) This type of veto can be used by the President of India. In it, the President withholds the bill and does neither assent it nor return it. There is no express provision of veto power in India.

(j) It is Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act - 1996. This act was related to expansion and regulation of Panchayati Raj System in Scheduled Areas also, as mentioned in clause (1) of Article 244.

 

2009 SOLVED PAPER II
Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 300 Instructions

 

Candidates should attempt all questions strictly accordance with the instructions given under each question. The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.

 

Q. 1 Write notes on any three of the following in about 150 words each: 3 × 15 = 45

(a) India’s strategic interests in South Asia
Important Points for Answer: South Asia Indian position Strategic interest

Answer: South Asia comprises of nations coming around India and India is the biggest of them. India has been an accepted leader of South Asia. Now India is rising at a stature of becoming global leader. In this desire, India requires to maintain its stand in South Asia. India has trade and economic interest in this region. Most of the countries are having traditional economic trade relations with India. India launched “Look East Policy” in this direction. India is sharing river water with Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. This requires cooperation among them. India has constructed hydro-power projects in neighbouring countries to expand strategic relations.
To maintain internal security and stability, India requires not only good relations with them but also their internal stability. Economic prosperity of South Asia is also vital for progress of the region as a whole due to inter-dependency among nations. In defence, India has to maintain peace and security in the region.

(b) China’s ‘peaceful rise’ doctrine
Important Points for Answer: China’s rise Peaceful rise doctrine
Meaning Strategy

Answer: China is rising in economic, political and diplomatic fronts, peacefully, smoothly without annoying other powers.
This time, China has grown on economic front unprecedentedly. It is achieving growth rate even during global melt - down. It has flooded world market with Chinese goods. China has growing relations with USA. It has also maintained good harmony with Russia and India by BRIC and troika of RIC. Indo-Chinese partnership is growing even though China has been continuously helping Pakistan. It is diplomatic skill of China that has proven itself in international front. It became a mediator in North Korea and Myanmar issues. It also got entry in South Asian Organisation. It managed Olympics. Problems of Tibet were surfacing but it managed to suppress them. China is filling the gap of Asian power vacuumed by Japan.
This is called ‘peaceful rise’ doctrine of China. The world expresses that the dragon is rising but this time it is not exhaling fire.

(c) India - Russia Defence Ties
Important Points for Answer: India - Russia
Defence ties Conclusion

Answer: Russia is an old friend which has provided defence technology and equipments to India in times of need. Both are presently developing a Supersonic cruise missile - called as Brahmos jointly. It will have 3 Mach speed.
MIG series of fighter planes have been procured from Russia. There were issues of defective parts which questioned the genuineness of the deal.
Recently India has purchased a fighter carrier submarine called Akula. It met with some defect in its first test itself.
There are issues of delaying delivery of armed equipments and technology transfer by Russia. Even issues of price escalation has been a hamper sometimes. Admiral Gorshkows are being sold to India. India wanted to enter into an agreement with Russia that required timely delivery. But Russia refused to do so.
Now India has options to enter into defence deals with USA and other countries. Russia has lost one biggest deal to USA in 2008 from India. This creates irritant in Indo - Russia defence ties.

(d) India’s ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ power strategy in Foreign Policy.
Important Points for Answer: Indian foreign policy
Hard power strategy Soft power strategy Conclusion

Answer: In diplomatic area, there may be “soft” or “hard” power strategy in foreign policy. India is presently using both of them simultaneously.
On the front of economic issues, energy resources and co-operation politics India is soft. India adopts method of slow but steady progress and achievement. India has started to play “market diplomacy” and “population diplomacy”. India becomes hard on boundry-issues and terrorism incidents. India stationed fighter aircrafts on Aksai-Chin border to realise China that India is ready for any consequences for protection of its territories. It also spoke in clear and strong words that Arunachal is an integral part of India. India stopped dialogue with Pakistan for sometime after 26/11 terror attack. Similarly, India also has been strategically soft when it entered into 123 agreement with USA and put 14 reactors under IAEA inspection. But on the front of right to conduct nuclear test and not signing of CTBT and NPT. India follows hard strategy.

Q. 2 Write brief notes on any four of the following in about 50 words each: 4 × 5 = 20

(a) Nuclear Supply Group (NSG) and India

(b) Your views on the recent ‘Gilgit-Baltistan Empowerment and Self- Governance Order 2009’

(c) Wakhan Corridor

(d) Nuclear Submarine ‘Arihant’

(e) National Security Advisory Board (NSAB).
Answer:

(a) NSG is a multi - national body of uranium suppliers. It has 45 members. Its guidelines prohibit a member from exporting uranium fuel to a country which has not signed NPT. For Indo-US nuclear deal to come into effect, waiver of this guidelines for India was effected by US pressure.
Now, members of NSG can enter into nuclear trade with India.

(b) This is an ordinance in Pakistan. It granted political autonomy to Pakistan’s Northern Areas. It assigned the region a new identity of Gilgit- Balistan. This order will actually strengthen the terrorist foothold in the region. It will have adverse impact on India’s internal security.

(c) It is about 210 kilometres long land corridor that forms the north-eastern extremity of Afghanistan, in Pamir Mountains. It separates Gorno- Badakhshan region of Tajikistan from the North West Frontier Province and Gilgit - Balistan of Pakistan.
Afghanistan is asking China to open this corridor as a route to fight Talibans, which China is refusing.

(d) INS Arihant is country’s first indigenously built nuclear submarine. It can carry torpedoes and missiles including 12 ballistic missiles. It is powered by an 85 megawatt capacity nuclear reactor. It can acquire speed of 22 to 28 kmph on surface and about 44 kmph when submerged. It put India in selected group of US, Russia, China, France and UK.

(e) It is a part of National Security Council. The NSAB has been reconstituted recently. Now it will consist of 19 members and will advise the PM on new challenges for the internal and external security of India. Mr. M. K. Rastoga, former Foreign Secretary has been appointed as the Convenor for second consecutive term. Experts in external security, strategic analysis, foreign affairs, defence, internal security etc. will be the members of NSAB.

Q. 3 Comment on any two of the following in about 100 words each :
2 × 10 = 20

(a) India-USA as strategic partners
Important Points for Answer: India-USA relations.
Recent developments Strategic partnership

Answer: India and USA have entered into third and transformative phase of strategic partnership. The area of cooperation has increased from bi-lateral trade to security and climate change.
Recent visit of Mrs. Hillary Clinton, Secretary of State for USA to India identified five pillars of strategic partnership. They are : Energy Climate Change Education and Development
Trade and Agriculture Science and Technology
There is also military to military link between India and US in the form of joint-exercises and high level visits.
USA wants India to shoulder greater responsibilities and play greater role in world issues.

(b) Ethnic conflicts in South Asia
Important Points for Answer: South Asian countries Ethnic problems Current Status

Answer: Ethnic conflicts in South Asia is an increasing problem. Recently Sri Lanka, Pakistan and India is facing greater ethnic problems. Sri Lankan army defeated LTTE. The issue of resettlement of Tamils became an important one. The demand for separate Eelam will now be changed into autonomy and power sharing between minority tamils and majority Sinhalese. In India Gurkha tribes of North-Eastern India is demanding autonomy and non-interference in usual life by the Government. There is also problems in Kashmir and issues of naxalism. In Pakistan, Mohazir, Baloch and Sindhi groups started anti-state violence and demanded separation or autonomy and equality. Struggle is going on. Pakistan army took strong actions in SWAT Valley.

(c) ‘NEPAD’ and its objectives.
Important Points for Answer:
NEPAD
Objectives Strategy

Answer: NEPAD stands for New Partnership for Africa’s Development. It is a vision and strategic framework for Africa’s renewal. Main objectives of
NEPAD:
To eradicate poverty
To attain sustainable growth and development
To stop marginalisation of Africa in the on going process of globalisation
To enhance Africa’s full and beneficial integration into the global economy
To accelerate the empowerment of women.
NEPAD is an attempt for holistic development of Africa.

Q. 4 Write on any Two of the following in about 50 words each : 2 × 5 = 10

(a) Indo - Bhutan trade relations

(b) Sino - Myanmar relations

(c) Geopolitics and Geostrategy.

Answer: (a) India is the largest trade partner of Bhutan. Free Trade Regime exists between them.There is a framework, “India Bhutan Trade and Commerce Agreement” which regulates trade between the two. It was renewed for ten years in 2005. In 2008, India’s export to Bhutan constituted more than 73% of Bhutan’s total import. 99% of Bhutan’s total export is to India. Both are members of SAARC.

(b) Myanmar is a military ruled country. China has strong relations with it. It supplies defence equipments and provides economic aid, diplomatic assistance, strategic and military cooperation to Myanmar. China has access to Myanmar’s ports. Bilateral trade between them exceeds US $ 1.4 billion.
Recently refugee problems strained relations between them.

(c) Geopolitics is using political power over a given territory. It suggests impact of geography in shaping up political conditions. Geo-strategy is using foreign policy to use geographical position as a guiding principle in international affairs. It is a strategy to utilise geo-status in international political strategy.

Q. 5 Comment critically on any One of the following statements in not more than 200 words: 20

(a) “Foreign investment is far from being critical to India’s economic growth.”
Important Points for Answer: Indian Economy Investment Policy Impact Conclusion

Answer: Indian economic growth is witnessing a high growth trajectory for last some years. India is also one of the most preferred destination for world investors. Even during recent global crisis India emerged as a reliable destination in the world with somehow “positive shock” as well as “decoupling” effects. India received 85.1% growth in FDI inflows which was the highest globally, in 2008. India has received 46.5 billion dollars in 2008 as against US $ 25.1 billion in 2007. This was even despite a 14.5% decline in global FDI inflows world over. India holds 9th position in world’s total FDI inflows in 2008. The UNCTAD Survey 2008-10 says China is the most preferred investment destination, followed by India.
Recently, following the same policy of investment liberalisation and attracting foreign investment, the RBI and Government of India announced many steps as most important among others.
Recently, initiatives are taken to liberalise flow of External Commercial Borrowings. ECB limit is enhanced up to US$ 500 mi. per year under approval route for borrowers in infrastructure. Similarly, ECB up to US$ 500 mi. per borrower per financial year is allowed for rupee and or foreign currency expenditure for permissible end-use under automatic route. Government allowed 49% FDI in credit information companies in 2008-09. FDI up to 100% under automatic route is allowed both in setting up and in establishing industrial parks. All these policy measures have actually helped India to grow and so are far from being critical.

(b) “The lesson of the current global financial crisis is that India should halt and may be even reverse financial liberalisation.”
Important Points for Answer: Financial Crisis Impact on India Financial liberalisation in India
Decision

Answer: Current financial crisis started from the USA and later on it spread to the whole world including India. In the starting phase of this crisis, India and other developing countries witnessed positive effects. There was a theory of “decoupling” Indian economy.
However, in the last quarter of 2008-09, India also suffered. The investment that arrived in India in first two quarter due to stability and chances of good return faced reversal because of financial crunch at home countries. So, India also witnessed financial growth on negative in last quarter. Indian rupee fall in exchange rate against dollar. RBI has to take steps to stabilise exchange rate. RBI released foreign currency for that purpose. To increase flow of money liquidity in market, RBI changed SLR, CRR, repo rate and reverse repo rate.
The Government had to announce bailout packages for industries. Tax exemptions and duty waivers resulted in increased fiscal deficit. All these steps were required due to financial meltdown at global level. India witnessed the effect to this global meltdown but resilience of Indian economy proved stronger. Even after-effects of crisis, India achieved a growth rate of 6.7% of GDP.
This shows that India does not require to halt financial liberalisation.
Although some regulations can be there on behalf of the government. As this crisis emerged in USA in absence of any regulatory authority, so it is well accepted fact that regulation and monitoring is required.

Q. 6 Answer any One of the following in about 200 words :20

(a) “In the WTO negotiations over the years of the DOHA Round, India appears to be diluting its stand on agriculture issues to pursue perceived gains in services.”Critically examine this statement.
Important Points for Answer:
Doha Round
Agriculture India’s stand Conclusion

Answer: Doha Round of negotiation was held in 2001. It mainly stuck on the issues related to agriculture. This round is yet going on. It is yet not complete. In this round of talks, members adopted Agreement on Agriculture (AoA).
The all over issue is known as Doha Development Agenda (DDA).
Developed countries have argued in favour of opening market for agricultural products. They argue that free trade should involve agriculture also. India and other developing countries are arguing that agriculture is not only an area of trade and commerce but also basic source of earning livelihood for a large number of people. More than 70% of Indians are dependent upon agriculture. So, India has always been reluctant to open its market for agricultural goods. But the DDA progressed to some extent and it was agreed upon that developing countries can take special safeguard measures (SSMs) to protect poor farmers in case of either import surge or price fall in domestic product. SSMs empower developing and poor countries to restrict import of agricultural produce in the given two situations.
Again the problem is that how to settle the issues of “import surge” on “price fall” is not agreed upon in recent Round of Talks in Geneva - 2008, these issues could not be agreed upon and so the talks were halted.
Another issue raised by India is various types of subsidies provided by developed nations to agriculture. These have indirect effect of export promotion. India has, since starting of the talks, been the mouth piece of all developing and poor countries on AoA. Many a times India has been criticised as a “tough market to open” but it is necessary in the interest of large section of population. It seems that India has not diluted its stand even though it has tried to be cooperative in the round of talks.

(b) Discuss the Indo-US knowledge initiative in Agriculture.
Important Points for Answer: India - USA KIA Importance Features
Objectives

Answer: In November 2005, India and USA formalised a joint declaration of Knowledge Initiative in Agriculture (KIA). Main objective of KIA is to promote teaching, research, service and commercial linkages to address contemporary challenges against agriculture. KIA will be carried out through Public Private Partnership. KIA will facilitate technology transfer, bolster agricultural research and education and also expand and strengthen trade and regulatory capacity building.
The following fields shall be covered by KIA : Education : Under it, both countries will focus on curriculum development and training, the proposals on building human and institutional capacity. For this purpose, Indo-US joint working group is established. Food Processing and Marketing : Work plan is made to target training, capacity building and joint research. This plan includes quality assurance and food safety, reduction in post harvest losses etc. Biotechnology : Both countries have envisaged a strateg’c alliance for training and research on development of transgenic crops with resistance to economically important viruses, tolerance to heat, drought and salinity.
Water Management: Sustainable use of water resources, water quality management, use of modern tools and imparting training and education for these purposes are included under it.

Q. 7 Answer any Two of the following (Each answer must not exceed 150 words): 2 × 13 = 30

(a) Evaluate the prospects for greater economic co - operation between India and China.
Important Points for Answer: India - China relations
Trade Co-operation Strategy Suggestions

Answer: India and China are bordering countries. They are the fastest growing economies of the World.
Recently Indo-China bilateral trade has crossed US$ 50 bi border in 2008, despite economic slowdown. In 2007, it was US$ 38 bi and in 2015 it is expected to reach US$ 100 billion. Both countries can expect more cooperation on economic front, because they are complementary economies and not competitive one. India is mainly service sector hub while China is considered manufacturing hub. China and India have large pool of manpower and mineral resources. Cooperation on long term is possible for joint sectors operating in automobiles, cement, steel and other machinerybased industries. India has become a knowledge-hub. This can be helpful to China. Chinese manufacturing technology can be helpful to India. But there are issues of concern also. They include dumping by China, balance of trade in favour of China and India exporting mainly raw materials to Chinese industries, etc.

(b) Does India need the World Bank ?
Important Points for Answer:
WorldBank
Role & Function India’s need
WorldBank’s role in Indian development Conclusion

Answer: The World Bank is an international banking-financial institute. It includes multilateral funding agencies like IDA, IFC etc.
The World Bank provides loans for developmental projects to developing and poor countries. These projects include infrastructure, health, education etc. India is one of the oldest member of the bank since 1944. India is the single largest borrower of the Bank with cumulative lending of more than US 47 billion dollars. India is also the top annual borrower of the Bank. Bank has lent India for rural development, education and health, infrastructure and energy projects.
Various states of India have also been receiver of loans and aids from the Bank. Andhra Pradesh became the first state to get benefit of state - focused lending. Currently Bank’s lending portfolio to India comprises about 80 ongoing projects. It is clear that India has got much benefit from the Bank and developmental projects of India are financed by the Bank. This also helped India in improving on social indicators. So, India surely needs the World Bank.

(c) Critically assess the recent Free Trade Agreement entered into by India with ASEAN.
Important Points for Answer: India - ASEAN
Trade Relations FTA Impact

Answer: India and ASEAN signed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in August, 2009. This FT A will come into force on January 1, 2010.
There are 4185 items included in the FTA. There will be a sensitive list of 489 articles, on which concessional tariff will not apply. There are 590 articles including plantation on which tariffs elimination will not apply. In the first year itself, the trade between India and ASEAN is expected to reach at US $ 60 bi from present US $ 38 billion. ASEAN is India’s fourth largest trading partner.
There are certain areas of concern in India that may get affected, by this FTA.
They are mainly—Rubber, Coffee, Crude and Refined Palm oil. India will not reduce tariff on such items with immediate effect.
On other areas also, it is near zero duty provision and not complete elimination of duty. Indian auto-mobiles, steel, chemical, cement and some other heavy industries will be benefitted by this FTA. But India has an advantage in service sector which is not included in this FTA.

Q. 8 Answer any Three of the following (in about 150 words each) : 3 × 15 = 45

(a) What do you understand by ‘Biosignatures’? Discuss briefly.
Important Points for Answer: Bio-Signature
Technology
Meaning
Applications

Answer: Bio indicates life and signature means any mark that can prove identity. Thus, simply biosignature means using biological traits as identification and authentication mark of an individual. Individuals have different traits in various aspects. This can be characterised to produce biosignature. Hairs, retina, finger print, glucose level, blood group and other phenomenas can be used in this field. Biosignatures can be helpful for authenticity of identity and records. They can be stored on a micro-chip and information can be decoded by machines.
These may help in implementation of government programmes, diagnosis, diseases, defence purposes, etc. In astrobiology, a biosignature can represent the fact of existence of life on extra-terrestrial surface. Similarly, fossils and other textures found from the earth can be used to study biology of ancient time. In geochemistry, geobiochemistry and geomicrobiology also this is often used to find out what type of organisms are present in which place, from samples of their residues.

(b) Write about Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) and its applications.
Important Points for Answer: GFP
Meaning
Technology
Application

Answer: GFP is a protein comprising 238 amino acids. They exhibit bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue light. It was first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria. GFP gene can be used as a reporter of expression in cell biology. When modified, they are used as biosensors to indicate status of body of the organism.
To use a Green Fluorescent Protein as a biosensor in a organism, it can be injected in the body. It can also be introduced by breeding or transformation of cells. In 2008, Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsein were awarded 2008 Nobel for Chemistry for their discovery of GFP. Scientists have study the usefulness of GFP by introducing GFP gene into many bacteria, yeast and other species of fungi, plants, fly, fish and mammalian cells. Even research is conducted on human being also.
This branch will help in treating, diagnosing and regulating diseases apart from its uses in biotechnology.

(c) Define ‘Bioinformatics’. How does it work ? What are its major branches and applications?
Important Points for Answer: Bioinformatics
Technology
Application Importance

Answer: Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary approach in which application of computer science and information technology is to the field of molecular biology.
Mathematical and computing approaches are used to understand biological processes. Development in the field of genomics and other molecular research technologies and development in information technologies have jointly produce large amount of information related to molecular biology giving way to this new branch of science. Bioinformatics is useful in mapping and analysis of DNA and protein sequence. It also compares different DNA and protein sequences to compare them. It helps in creating 3-D view models of protein structures.
The Human Genome project has increased importance of bioinformatics. The research will help development and success in sequence alignment, protein structure prediction, prediction of gene expression and protein-protein interactions, genome-wise association studies and many other areas.

(d) What is the ‘Hubble Space Telescope’ ? How many Servicing (SMs) have been Missions conducted for it?
Important Points for Answer:
Hubble Space Telescope Features
Missions

Answer: It is a space telescope. It was carried into orbit by the space shuttle in April, 1990. The name is given after American astronomer Edwin Hubble. It is one of the largest telescope for research in astronomy. It was developed in collaboration between NASA and European Space Agency (ESA). It is one of NASA’s Great Observatories.
The Hubble Space Telescope is only one telescope designed by astronauts to service in space. There are total five service missions. The fifth mission was in May 2009. Service Mission is sent to repair any defect in the telescope. First service mission was sent in December, 1993 to correct imaging flow. Second, 3 A and 3B servicing missions were sent to repair various subsystems and replaced many observing instruments with more modern and capable version. Last service mission STS - 125 was sent to install two new instruments and make some repairs.

Q. 9 Explain any Four of the following (in about 100 words each) : 4
× 10 = 40

(a) DNA Finger Printing and its utility.
Important Points for Answer:
DNA Finger Print
Meaning
Technology
Applications

Answer: It is a technique which help in identifying an individual at molecular level. This technique was developed by British Scientist Alec
Jeffrey in 1984. Each organism has a unique pattern of genes in their chromosomes and only exception to this is twins.
This technique can be used in identification of criminals by checking saliva, hair, drop of blood, semen or any other mark of body. This technique can also be used for sure identification of maternity/paternity, missing child, twins etc.
DNA finger printing technology is used in forensic science widely.

(b) What is ‘Nanotech’ ? Give a brief account of its basic concepts, materials used and applications.
Important Points for Answer:
Nano – Technology
Applications Importance
Development

Answer: It is short form of Nano-technology. It is study of matter which is at least in one dimension smaller than 100 nano-metres. One nanometre is onebillionth of a metre.
The technology involves controlling and developing material at this size.
Matters will change their property.
Materials used - microprocessor, giant magneto-resistance - based hard drives, NEMS and microscope tips with Atomic force.
This technology can create new materials. It can be used in defence, medicine, electronics, technology, space programme and environment and ecology related devices.
Using nano-robots, operations can be performed in body with greater accuracy and without bigger cuts on body. Similarly, nanotech can reduce weight of equipments of a soldier and can reduce size of electronic and communication devices.

(c) What is “Graphene” ? Mention at least three of its applications.
Important Points for Answer: Graphene
Meaning
Usefulness

Answer: Graphene is a one - atom thick planar sheet of sp2- bonded carbon atoms. They are denselypacked in honeycomb crystal lattice. Length of carbon-carbon bond in graphene is about 0.142 nm. It is a basic structural element of some carbon allotropes including graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.
Application of Graphene : - Integrated circuits Biodevices : It is helpful for detection and diagnosis in mammalian and microbial by graphene - sheets which is functional with antibodies.
Transparent conducting electrodes Graphene has high electrical conductivity and high optical transparency. Such properties make it useful as transparent conducting electrodes. It is used in touch screens, liquid crystal displays, organic photovoltaic cells, organic light-emitting diodes and other devices.

(d) Define ‘optical frequency comb’. Suggest at least three applications.
Important Points for Answer:
Meaning
Technology
Applications

Answer: An ‘Optical Frequency Comb’ is a precise tool for measuring different colours and frequencies. This technology can measure very high frequency with greater accuracy.
They are in use in meteorology laboratory and research in physics. Now they are available in commercial market also.
These Optical Frequency Comb can be used in making of optical atomic docks, detection of toxic biochemical agents in body, studies of ultrafast dynamics and quantum computing.
This technology can be applied in medical tests, telecommunication systems in defence operations and equipments. Use of Optical Frequency Comb will be possible for remote detection and range measurements.
Main benefit of this technology is accuracy.

(e) Why is tele-medicine important for country like India ?
Important Points for Answer:
Meaning Importance Indian Context Conclusion

Answer: Tele means remote. Tele-medicine means providing medicine from remote place.
Tele-medicine may include diagnosis, treatment, monitoring or prescribing medicines.
Tele-medicine may also cover performing surgery and operations using remote controlled and computer operated devices in near future on wide scale. At present, guiding in operations and surgery is used. Combined used of medical and telecommunication as well as information technology refers to tele-medicine. In a country like India this will prove a boon because it will provide services of experts even in remote areas without travelling there. Less-Number of doctors, hospitals and facilities of equipments will not become a reason for improper treatment of a patient. Patient will not require to travel to Delhi, Mumbai or Chennai for treatment but will be able to get treatment from AIIMS, Delhi even sitting at a far village of Sikkim. It will also impart training and education via tele-conferences.

Q. 10 Write brief notes on any Five of the following (in about 30 words each) : 5 × 3 = 15

(a) Artificial Sun (b) ’Vegetable Gold’

(c) PFCs and ‘liquid breathing’ (d) The ‘P-8A Poseidon’

(e) Biometric ATMs (f) Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA)

Answer: (a) It refers to replicating the ongoing nuclear fusion process of the core of the sun in the Earth to produce energy. International Thermo-Nuclear Experiment Project (ITER ) is based on this concept. Plasma can be heated to produce large quantity of nuclear energy.

(b) Saffron is also called vegetable gold. It is useful to colour and flavour foods. It is also a stimulant in medicine. Saffron of J&K is very famous. It has been the world’s most expensive spice for decades.

(c) PFCs are Perfluoro Carbons. They are derived from hydrocarbons. They can dissolve high concentration of gases like oxygen. Leland C. Clark experimented in 1966 with liquid breathing using this quality of PFCs. This liquid breathing can be used in treating of some diseases also.

(d) It is a military aircraft. It is being developed for US Navy. It will be able to conduct antisubmarine warfare, shipping interdiction and engagement in an electronic intelligence (ELINT) operations. It is developed by Boeing’s Integrated Defence Systems division from the 737-800.

(e) Biometrics is used in such ATMs for identity of operator instead of password. Using biological traits like face, voice, retina, iris or fingerprint, the ATMs can be accessed. These methods are for uniquely recognising humans based on their physical traits.

(f) It is an activity performed by an astronaut outside the spacecraft. It may be space walking or activity on extra-terrestrial surface like Moon or Mars.
Recently Chinese astronaut performed EVA for a record longest time.