By Fatskills Exam Guides Team — the exam nerds behind 28,500+ quizzes and 2.1M practice questions across 500+ global exams.
2017 SOLVED PAPER I Time Allowed : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 300
Candidates should attempt ALL questions strictly in accordance with the instructions given under each question.
Q.1. How do you justify the view that the level of excellence of the Gupta numismatic art is not at all noticeable in later times? (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Gupta period achievements - Coins of Gupta period - Coins of later period
Answer: Gupta age is considered to be the golden age of ancient Indian civilisation. India made remarkable progress in the fields of science, technology, art and architecture. This also includes “Numismatic Art.” During the Gupta period, coins of various shape, size and materials were minted. A silver coin “RUPAK” was introduced. Similarly gold coins called “DINARA” was introduced that was inspired from Roman coins. Another coin made up of gold, “SUVARNA” was introduced. Gupta coins were aesthetically very strong and depicted images of Gods and Goddesses along with Gupta Kings playing musical instrument. The variety and creativity that can be seen in coins of this period was never replicated later. In Sultanate period, coins wore simpler, less artistic and not made of gold. Similarly coins introduced by Tughlaq dynasty and later by Sher Shah were also not made of precious metals. Nor were such coins available in Mughal or British period. Thus it can be seen that Gupta numismatic art is not noticeable in later times.
(Total 165 words)
Q.2. Clarify how mid-eighteenth century India was beset with the spectre of a fragmented polity. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Mid 18th Century India - Political Situations - Fragmentations Answer:Since Akbar reign, Indian was ruled by a strong central authority under Mughal monarchy. It was a period of economic growth and political stability. However, after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, Mughal empire started crumbling during mid-18th century and ultimately lead to end of Mughal empire giving way to various regional powers. By mid 18th century following powers emerged: Sikh carved out their kingdom in North west by defeating Mughals and Rajputs kings. Rajput had accepted Mughal sovereignty but after Aurangzeb they started asserting their independence. Marathas emerged as the most powerful political force in Deccan and Central India. They pursued own expansionist policy and formed Maratha Confederacy. Mysore emerged as a powerful Deccan kingdom under Hyder Ali and Tipu and constantly engaged in wars with Marathas, Hyderabad and Britishers. Hyderabad under Nizam disassociated himself from Mughal crown and engaged in bitter war with Marathas. By mid 18th century, Indian polity was completely fragmented which also had European powers like British, French and Portuguese as players. (Total 168 words)
Q.3. Why did the ‘Moderates’ fail to carry conviction with the nation about their proclaimed ideology and political goals by the end of the nineteenth century? (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Moderates - Their methods - Weaknesses - Split
Answer: Moderates were primarily western educated lawyers, economists, or Civil servants. Their goals was to increase Indian participation in administration and push for certain constitutional reforms.They organised themselves politically formed Indian National Congress in 1885. The method adopted by them to achieve their goals werePetition, Persuasion, Criticism through press and Organising meeting, etc. All these worked well for them till partition of Bengal in 1905. Partition led to “Swadeshi and Boycott” movement in which Indian masses openly challenged British authorities and Boycotted their goods. This proved to be a watershed movement in Indian freedom struggle as: Moderates failed to lead masses into a mass movement. Masses related more to methods like boycott, picketing, hartals, etc Moderate leaders, though intellectual, lacked charisma to lead masses. Their outlook was more elitist which failed to appeal to masses. Also, dispute arose between moderates and extremists. This eventually led to “Surat split” and also beginning of “Revolutionary phase” of freedom struggle and end of moderate era. (Total 163 words)
Q.4. What problems are germane to the decolonisation process in the Malay Peninsula? (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Malay colony - Reasons for independence - Decolonisation - Partition
Answer: The history of British involvement in Malaya goes back to 1786, when the East India Company established a trading post on Penang Island. During the second World War 2, the Japanese overran Malaya and took Singapore in 1942. After the war, in 1948, a Federation of Malaya was created under British protection. A Communist insurrection lasted into the early 1950s which was put down by British and Commonwealth troops. British agreed to give independence to Malayan Peninsula to counter the Communist influence. An election was held in 1955. The United Malay National Organisation
(UMNO) won the election and Rahman became prime minister of the independent Federation of Malaya in 1957. The federation was renamed Malaysia in 1963. It included all the Malay states, Singapore, and two areas in North Borneo – Sarawak and Sabah. Singapore opted out and went its own way in 1965. Thus, decolonisation of Malaysia was mostly a peaceful process but involved communist and British rivalry. (Total 158 words)
Q 5. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of Earth? (150 Words) Important Points for Answer: - Juno - Objectives - Understanding Earth
Answer: Juno was selected in 2005 as the next in “New Frontiers Mission”. According to number of theories that describe evaluation and formation of earth, there is a common premise that most of the planets have common origin. It is believed that most planets of our solar system, except “kuiper belt” bodies, are made up of similar material and are in different phase of evaluation. The scientific objectives of Juno are : Determine ratio of oxygen and hydrogen. Analysing Jupiter’s core. Map Jupiters gravitational field. Map Jupiters magnetic field etc. Juno will improve our understanding of the solar system’s beginnings by revealing the origin and evolution of Jupiter.Once conclusive evidence is obtained about Jupiter by JUNO, it will enable scientist to extrapolate it for study about earths past and it evaluation.It will help to substantiate the theories with scientific data and uncover origin & evaluation of our planet.
(Total 147 words)
Q.6. “Inspite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Coal Mining - Environmental Impact - Requirement
Answer: Coal mining became an integral part of economic activities since industrial revolution. It served as principle source of power generation. In todays time, it is an established fact that coal mining has an adverse impact on environment in following ways.1. Impact on humans.
(a) Cardio-vascular diseases
(b) Cerebral diseases
(c) Breathing/Lung cancer
(d) Death during mining activities due to flooding of mines and accidental fires.2. Impact on Environment
(a) Release of SO2 in air.
(b) Acid Rain
(c) Contamination of ground water and streams.
(d) Release of G H G gases in Environment. However, inspite of all these impacts, it is still inevitable because :-1. Cost of power generation through coal is economical in terms of production and per unit consumption.2. Technology : Emerging economies do not have advantage of latest R &D, therefore they rely on traditional means.3. Ubiquitous in Nature : Coal is largely found in all continents if not all countries.4. Legal frame work : Internationally there is no bar on coal production on import unlike the fissile material. (Total 162 words)
Q.7. Mention the advantages of the cultivation of pulses because of which the year 2016 was declared as the International Year of Pulses by United Nations. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Pulse - Advantage of cultivation - International Year of Pulses
Answer: Pulses is leguminous crop. It is known to have different varieties which are called with different names around the world like tur, chick pea, etc. The advantages of cultivation of pulses are. It is an affordable source of protein for poor. Pulses help to reduce diabetes and heart problem. Pulses can be sown in rain fed areas which can help poor farmers. Pulses fix nitrogen, thus require less fertiliser. It can help to reduce release of GHG that happens in paddy cultivation and animal husbandry. Pulses, despite instant advantages, have traditionally been neglected as compared to wheat and paddy. This is largely due to the fact that most research happened in agriculture section to address problem of food security. This research was largely confined to few crops which excluded pulses. To push pulse cultivation, it is being promoted by UN by declaring the Year 2016 as International Year of Pulses. Even domestically government has appointed a committee under Arvind Subramanyam to promote its production. (Total 164 words)
Q.8. How does the cryosphere affect global climate? (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Cryosphere - Effect on Climate
Answer: Cryosphere refers to frozen water part of surface which include polar ice caps on both earth surface and water. For example, Artic, Antartic region. Cryosphere affects global climate in following ways: Oceanic influence: Cryosphere is a natural desalination of our oceans. It mixes fresh water by melting ice to maintain adequate salinity of water. Climate significance: Cryosphere is a region of high pressure and low temperature. It therefore helps to maintain balance of planetary winds. Precipitation: The winds that originate from poles lead to precipitation when they come in contact with moist winds of sub polar region. This helps in farming. Upper air circulation: The westerlies and the Jet streams are influenced by Cryosphere on its polar region. This helps in maintaining equilibrium in global air circulation. Vegetation and wildlife: Though not very diverse but it does support, lichens, masses and wild life that depends on it. Polar bears, penguins and Eskimos live on it. (Total 155 words)
Q.9. In the context of the diversity of India, can it be said that the regions form cultural units rather than the States? Give reasons with examples for your view point. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Creation of States - Cultural units - Reasons
Answer: States were created on linguistic basis after independence. Language was identified as uniting factor for people to live in one administrative unit, called State. Linguistic similarity generally results into cultural unity. Later on, smaller states were created for administrative and political reasons. In the North-East, the entire region have almost common climate, common food habits, similar type of settlement and housing. They have similar dressing sense and have a matrilineal society. Thus they form one cultural unit, rather than seven states. Similarly, in South India, dravidian culture is unity among Karnataka, Andhra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Their food, clothes and rituals are similar. In the western India, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan have common food habit. UP, Bihar, MP and Haryana have similar culture, patriarchal society, similar temple and architecture style. In the Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh people are united by their culture, though not by language. Therefore, it can be said that in India, regions form cultural unity. (Total 162 words)
Q.10. What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes(STs)? (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Tribal Panchsheel - Reservation for Tribals - Community rights - Ministry of Tribal Affairs
Answer: Nehru adopted a policy which is reflected in document “TRIBAL PANCHSHEEL” which guided our tribal policy. After Independence in 1947, Government of India passed various resolutions and a ministry was made to safeguard the rights of tribal people. Even in the Constitution special rights are guaranteed to the people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Government has made reservation for the tribes in educational institutes under Article 15 (4) and employment under Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India. With regard to the protection of the tribal rights over community forests and other lands, following the central legislation introduced in 1996, the Gram Sabha (Village Assemblies) in the tribal areas has been entrusted to protect the community rights over community land and forest. Ministry of Tribal Affairs was set up in 1999 after the bifurcation of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment with the objective of providing more focused approach on the integrated socio-economic development of the Scheduled Tribes (STs). (Total 164 words)
Q.11. The spirit of tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature of Indian society from very early times, but it is also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: - Ancient Values of India - Mixture of religions, cultures, languages - Constitutional and social traditions
Answer: The spirit of love and tolerance has been a unique feature of Indian society. Our philosophy since ancient time has been based on “Vasundhaiv Kutumbakam” which means World Family and “Sarva Dharma Sambhava” which means equality of all religions. India is a civilisation that has preached global peace, harmony and coexistence. And it is for this reason that four preeminent religions of the world,Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism were born and coexisted in India. India even embraced Islam when it reached its soil.Most of the sects of Islam–Ahmediyas, Sunnis, Shias, etc are found here. India gave refuge to Parsis and it is the place where anti-Semitism was never allowed to grow. India is a land where hundred of languages exist and some of which even have constitutional recognition under the eighth schedule. When most westerners had predicted our disintegration right after independence but we grew stronger as a nation. The reason is this spirit of tolerance. In the contemporary times when the world is plagued with linguistic struggles, religions persecution, terrorism and chauvinism, India could remain peaceful despite so much diversity and fault lines. In term of culture, we celebrate festivals of all faith. In terms of religion, we have adopted secularism as its basic structure of constitution. Politically, Centre shares power with states and for some parts there are special provision in constitution like fifth and sixth schedules. Thus when most countries that get independence from colonialism are crumbling and transforming, India is peaceful and democratic. (Total 252 words)
Q.12.Examine how the decline of traditional artisanal industry in colonial India crippled the rural economy. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: - Artisan industry of India - Decline in colonial era - Effect on Rural economy
Answer: When East India Company arrived in India, it had a running economy. It had a large share in world GDP.This economic prosperity largely depends on two pillars, agriculture and traditional artisanal industry. British through their land revenue policies completely shattered our agricultural backbone which had its repercussions on artisan al industry as well. After occupation of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa Madras and Bombay, the land revenue policies transformed our agriculture into raw material provider to British industries. They made farmers grow tobacco, indigo, opium which were of no use to Indian artisans. Indian artisan industry included works of handicrafts, gems and jewellers, precious metals and stones. Demands for Indian Ivory goods, miniature artefacts were huge in European and Arab markets. But as the colonisation happened, the new material required for this industry vanished from market. This was the burial death blow to Indian economy. Rather than net exporter,India become importer of foreign goods. It led to drain of our capital and resources and made Indian economy a debtor. This was discontentment along with agrarian crisis that eventually led to revolt of 1857 and other subsequent movements. It led to destruction of artisanal rural industries, increase in unemployment and conversion of Indian economy into a cheap labour supplier economy. The policy of British India continued to be of using colonies as supplier of raw material for the industries in Britain and sale the British goods to Indian market. Development or encouragement to artisan and cottage industry of India was not in their agenda. (Total 253 words)
Q. 13. Highlight the importance of the new objectives that got added to the vision of Indian Independence since the twenties of the last century. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: - New Objectives - Vision of Indian Independence
Answer: Revolt of 1857 was our first struggle for independence. However, it had limited objections to free princely states from the company raj and assert feeling of non interference in religious affairs of Indian society. After this, struggle for independence evolved in a more organised manner which incorporated new objectives from time to time. Establishment of Congress in 1885 was one landmark even in organised freedom struggle of India. Some of the new objectives added in the twenties of last century were: Democracy and constitutions: Congress under moderates emphasised on demands for constitutional reforms. This led to various acts like Government of India Act 1909, 1919 and 1935. This process led to drafting of Constitution at the time of independence. A Socialist Economy: Our freedom movement was inspired from socialist revolution that happened in USSR. Since that time our economic policy had been based on socialist principal of “self reliance”. Secularism: It was clear to our leaders that country like India cannot survive without religious freedom and equality. Secularism was incorporated in our constitution. Welfare of depressed classes: Poona Pact was watershed moment which led to political acknowledgement of welfare of scheduled class in India. Socio-ReligiousReforms: With the progress of freedom movement, Socioreligious reform become integrated part of vision for Indian Independence. Legislations like Hindu Marriage Act, Untouchability Laws, etc., were passed. Welfare and Equality of women: Women played important role in our freedom struggle. Upliftment of women also became an objective of independence. These new objectives emerged in 1920s of our freedom struggle. (Total 256 words)
Q.14. Account for variations in oceanic salinity and discuss its multidimensional effects. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: - Oceanic Salinity - Variation - Effects
Answer: Salinity is the amount of dissolved minerals like sodium chloride
(NaCl),potassium chloride, calcium, etc., in water. Oceanic salinity is an extremely impartial geographic phenomena, but which has its variation in terms of its distribution, latitudinally and in depth. Variations in term of latitude: Highest salinity is formed near tropics due to high evaporation. Equators account for law salinity due to torrential rainfall. Poles are areas of long salinity due to constant mixing of fresh water due to melting of ice. Inland seas water account for highest salinity as compared to coastal water body, examples areDead sea, Red sea. Variation with depth: Salinity at surface is high due to evaporation. It decreases to depth of 1000 m. It again increases till ocean bed as a salt settled at lower levels. Effects of Oceanic salinity are: Climatic/Rainfall: Very high salinity hinders proper rain fall on evaporation. Suitability of Food: Fish, crabs, lobsters, etc., do not survive in highly saline water. Human settlement: High salinity water body is unsuitable for human survival and it does not provide more of sustenance like sea food, etc. Adverse effect on coral formation: Coral polyps do not grow is highly saline water. Coastal Ecosystem: High salinity hampers growth of plants like weeds sea grass on sea floor as its ecosystem is acutely affected. Thus, a proper equilibrium of salinity is essential for overall evolution of marine ecosystem. High salinity reduces utility of ocean for human and other living beings. (Total 244 words)
Q 15 Petroleum refineries are not necessarily located nearer to crude oil producing areas, particularly in many of the developing countries. Explain its implications.(250 words) Important Points for Answer: - Refineries - Locations - Reasons - Implications
Answer: Refining of crude oil is the most essential process after the excavation of crude oil. It is the process of refining that separates crude oil into various products like natural gas, petrol, diesel, kerosene, was, bitumen, etc. Thus a refinery has a great industrial significance. It is only after refining that petroleum products are sent to the consumers. Locational distribution of oil refineries across the world few observation can be made: Refineries are largely located in developed countries. Most refineries are located at sea coast. Most refineries are located away from oil producing areas This third locational trend is common to most of OPEC countries. It has following implications: Loss of revenue to oil producing regions since refinery leads to value addition that generates more revenue. Technological backwardness to oil producing region: refinery require, state of art technology whereas oil producing region has a relatively simple technology. Ease of Export: if refineries are located near ports, it helps to export products to other countries and also reduce cost of transportation.e.g. Visakhapatnam, Jamnagar and Kochi in India. More avenues for Research &Development: Since oil producing areas are generally arid deserts or oil rigs are in ocean, establishment of a lab for R &D is different matter. Strategic significance: Establishing refineries away from oil wells also help to locate petroleum depots and sources in strategically safe and secure places. However, Jamnagar refinery has a strategic disadvantage for Indian as it is very close to the Pakistan Air force base located in Sindh province. (Total 253 words)
Q.16. In what way can floods be converted into a sustainable source of irrigation and all-weather inland navigation in India?(250 words) Important Points for Answer: - Flood in India - Prevention and Storage - Irrigation & Navigation
Answer: Flood is a hydrological phenomena in which water overflows from a water channel and submerges the areas adjoining it. India has been majorly affected by floods. In some of the regions it is an annual phenomena that causes large scale destruction of lives and properties. There has been arguments about using flood to our advantages. This can be done by: Flood water as a source of irrigation: The problem with India’s water utilisation is that a huge quantity of our surface water gets washed away un-utilised. This surface runoff along with additional water during floods can be utilised for irrigation. If we successfully store or divert flood water to rain deficit areas, we can solve the problem of draught. It will help us to increase our net sown area. It will bring additional land under green cover. Also it will reduce loss of life and property in flood prone areas. Thus save huge revenues. All weather Inland Navigation: Inland water navigation has been a neglected area in evolution of India’s transportation sector.Inspite of many number of rivers, tributaries and distributaries, we have failed to exploit inland navigation. A big factor for it has been seasonal water fluctuation. If we can divert additional flood water into streams it will create an alternative mode of transport. But this will require interlinking of rivers, creating dams at strategic places, use of modern navigation technology. However, there are challenges against this concept. Major among them include difficult terrain, huge investment, technology and displacement of local population. (Total 254 words)
Q.17. What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia? (250 words)
Answer: The word monsoon has been derived from Arabic word “Mausim”, it means seasonal reversal of winds. Monsoon climate is endemic to South Asia, Malay peninsula, East China and few part of Japan, collectively called—Monsoon Asia. Characteristic features are: Erratic in nature: The rainfall received during monsoon is not uniform. Sometimes it is below average and other time it may cause floods. Seasonal fluctuation: It has no precise fixed time of occurrence. Sometimes it may break early, other time it gets delayed. Spatial variation: Amount of rainfall received is not uniform, it differs from region to region. Ex: N-E region in India get heavy rainfall, but Rajasthan gets very low rainfall. Temporal Variation: There is no uniform time when entire region gets rainfall. It usually starts from coasts and inland areas are last to receive rains. Floods and draughts: When rainfall in monsoon exceeds the average it causes flooding while when it is below average it leads to draughts. Monsoon Climate Characteristics are: In months usually of July to September this region receives heavy rainfall. Precipitation is confined to these months only and an average is 250-300 cm of rainfall. The coastal regions have moderate climate whereas extremes of both heat and cold are observed in Inland areas in non-monsoon months. Average temperature in inland India is: 25-30°C in summers and 10-20°C in winters. Associated seasonal phenomenon like dust storms, thunder storms and other local phenomena are part of monsoon climate. These factors playa significant role in cultivation and have local significance and support around half of the world population. (Total 268 words)
Q.18. The women’s questions arose in modern India as a part of the 19th century social reform movement. What are the major issues and debates concerning women in that period? (250 words) Important Points for Answer: - 19th Century social reforms - Women in Modern India - Issues and debates
Answer: The 19th century social reform movement can be said to be renaissance in evolution of our society. These movements happened in all parts of the country and at a different scale. The most prominent aspects of these movements were the question of “Emancipation of Women”. The major issues and debates concerning it were: Education for girls: Education was denied to women in our society. Reformers like Jyotibha Phule and Ishwarchandra Vidya Sagar were pioneers in this field. They opened many girls schools and initiated movements for it. Widow Remarriage: A prestige of women in Indian society was associated to her husband. After death of husband, women were looked down in society. Rajaram Mohan Roy worked hard for window remarriage acceptance in society. Banning of Sati and Female Infanticide: These were most regressive practices of our society. Reformers like Rajaram Mohan Roy and Kashab Chandra Sain pressurised government to ban Sati by law. Finally William Bantik passed prohibition of Sati law. Corporeal Rights to girls in property: As usual practice, only male heirs were recognised as successor of property. However, reformers fought hard for equal rights of girls to inherit property. Admission of Muslim girls in schools and right to inheritance: Sir Syed Ahmed played important role for reforms amongst Muslims. He fought against Purdah and encouraged girls to study. These reforms were not confined to any part of society or region. It is because of these movements that finally led to participation of woman in freedom struggle and eventual participation of women in economy and governance of country after independence. (Total 260 words)
Q.19. Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism giving one example of how the former has got transformed into the latter in independent India. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: - Religiousness - Communalism - Examples - Transformation in India
Answer: Religiousness is a phenomena of devotion towards ones religion, deity or God. It is a matter of personal faith and belief without any interference in faith of others. Religiousness does not includes any competition, or a sense of superiority in comparison to other faiths. Communalism, on the other hand, is a feeling that interests of a community having common faith are congruent. Whereas, the interest of other community which practice different faith are always at logger heads. This leads to a sense of competition, hostility and superiority to be asserted on other faith. Unfortunately, in India, this feeling of religiousness is gradually transforming into communalism. Each passing decade after independence had its own events showing ugly face of communalism. One most prominent example of this is displacement of Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir Valley. For hundreds of years Pandits and Muslims had coexisted in valley. They shared common neighbourhood and cultural heritage. Even the surname of number of families are common, indicating a common ancestry. However, with emergence of militancy and radicalisation after 1990’s this religiousness transformed into communalism. The radical elements started looking at Pandits as enemies who were responsible for all problems. A systematic program started in valley which also included destructions of religious shrines and cultural cleansing. As a result, worse form of human displacement happened in independent India. This transformation is extremely harmful for our country and its future. The so called fringe elements of all religion must be dealt with strongly by the government to preserve our country and its unity in diversity. (Total 258 words)
Q.20. “The growth of cities as I.T. hubs has opened up new avenues of employment, but has also created new problems”. Substantiate this statement with examples. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: - IT Hubs - Employment avenues - Problems - Examples
Answer: IT industry in India has completely transformed its economy and its urban landscape. IT industry had led to emergence of big cities as IT hubs which attract technocrats from all parts of the country. To support this industry and resultant urbanisation other types of employment such as cab service, restaurants, blue collar labour, etc., have come up which has further added to urbanisation. This growth has led to numerous problems as well. Some of thee are: As the blue collar working class cannot afford proper housing and cost of living in big cities, they resort to illegal colonies. Since the growth of IT cities has been rapid as compared to urban planning, the sewage is dumped in rivers without treatment. The municipal corporations in cities are understaffed, lack expertise and lack funds to recycle this waste. These centres of prosperities lead youth to various addictions and other organised crimes. Every big city has a red light district in which girls are brought through trafficking. Most of our IT cities like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, do not have adequate “Mass Rapid Transit System” like metros, monorail, etc. The vehicles, generators discharge affluent in air which pollute the environment. Most cities have poor doctor to patient ratio and medical treatment is expensive. Police lack technology and expertise to check crime in IT cities, like Cyber crimes, Bitcoins etc. IT cities require planning to meet demands. To curb these problems, government come up with scheme like RURBAN, JNNURM, Metro, Smart City, etc., for development. However, the pace at which these schemes needs to be increased. (Total 260 words)
Q.1. “The local self government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Constitutional Provisions - Objectives - Performance - Limitations - Suggestions
Answer: Local Self Government started at village and district level after 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1993. It comprises of Gram Panchayats, Mandal or Taluka Panchayats and Zilla Panchayats in Panchayati Raj Institution. At Urban level there are Nagar Panchayats, Municipal Councils and Municipal Corporations. The main aim of local government was to involve grassroots level population in decision making. Local bodies were also to serve the purpose of participation of people and training in politics. These institutions have worked well in many parts of India where local people have actively participated and contributed in decision making and governance. However, due to various reasons, these institutions of governance have not proved to be effective. Illiteracy, use of money and muscle power, caste dominance, etc are evident problems. On reserved seats, mostly rubberstamps are working. Therefore, better education, training, awareness, actual devolution of power, participation of larger section of society, adherence to constitutional provisions, stringent action against violators are suggested for better functioning of local governance. (Total 166 words)
Q.2. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Appointment of Judges - NJAC - Amendent - Judgement - Result
Answer: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President under Articles 124(2) and 217 of the Constitution. After receiving Presidential assent on Dec. 31, 2014, the collegium system of appointing judges to the SC and high courts was replaced by a new body called the National Judicial Appointments Commission. The Supreme Court Bench in a majority of 4:1 rejected the ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ and and the 99th Constitutional Amendment as “unconstitutional and void.” It held that the collegium system, as it existed before the NJAC, would again become “operative.” With this verdict, the Collegium system as it existed before the NJAC Act was passed, will become operative again. The collegium system is the system of appointment and transfer of judges that has evolved through judgments of the Supreme Court, and not by an Act of Parliament or by a provision of the Constitution. (Total 152 words)
Q.3. ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Electorate in India - Simultaneous elections - Advantages - Disadvantage - Possibile Experiment
Answer: India has a direct electoral system for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, held every five years. With 29 States, two union territories with Legislative Assemblies and Lok Sabha elections, the election commission is overburdened and the expenses of such elections are huge. Holding of simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies can be helpful in reducing frequency of elections and expenditure involved in them. It will also systematise the process as it is required to be held only once every five years. Stability of government will allow them to implement their policies. But there are fears that people will have no chance to judge a government and its performance at state and national level for a period of five years. Having separate elections gives political message to parties. It also keeps the parties on toe to perform for retaining or gaining states and centre government. Having both pros and cons of such simultaneous election, an experiment in this direction, with a limited number of state legislative assemblies. (Total 168 words)
Q.4. How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years? (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Pressure Groups - Influence on Politics - Formal Pressure Groups - Informal Pressure Groups
Answer: Pressure Groups are groups of people whose interest coincide. They try to influence the decision making and policy formation of government by various political methods. Their influence depends on the size and status of people as their membership or affiliation. It may also depend on the method of expression. Some groups use strike or dharna as their method while others use judiciary and PIL. Some groups may directly try to influence political parties. Formal pressure groups are those who are organised, may be in areas of trade and commerce like FICCI, CII, etc. or student unions like ABVP, NSUI, etc. Informal pressure groups come into existence on certain issues and create pressure on the government to change or formulate policy. Like candle march organised in support of the rape victim of Delhi or gathering in support of Anna Hazare. Of late, it has been noticed that informal groups have exerted pressure on governments. (Total 153 words)
Q.5. Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - PAC - Role of PAC - Achievements
Answer: The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a Parliamentary Committee, sometimes referred to as a post-mortem committee. The PAC’s role is to examine the audited consolidated financial statements of the country, known as the Public Accounts, as well as those of ministries, departments and regions. The PAC’s examination seeks to ascertain to what extent expenditure has been incurred in the way Parliament intended. The committee has kept the executive accountable to Parliament, thereby lending an additional dimension to the nation’s fiscal policies and programmes. The committee has been able to bring to light certain cases where parliamentary authority on the administration of tax laws had been diluted by the executive fiat, and other cases of the government not carrying out the intentions of Parliament as expressed in laws. The PAC’s scrutiny of the national accounts along with the reports of the Auditor General is an integral part of public accountability. (Total 150 words)
Q.6. ‘To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronised with the anticipated outcomes’. Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - WASH Scheme - Policy formation - Anticipated outcome
Answer: WASH is the collective term for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Due to their interdependent nature, these three core issues are grouped together to represent a growing sector. For example, without toilets, water sources become contaminated; without clean water, basic hygiene practices are not possible. Various schemes are being implemented in WASH, including that by UNICEF. While forming policy in WASH, it is essential that the targeted beneficiary has to be considered before deciding modalities. Anticipated outcomes can be achieved only when the delivery and implementation is in synchronisation with the beneficiary status. For example, for poor and uneducated rural people, facilities of toilet and related schemes can be formed and implemented but the same may not be required for urban rich educated class. In such areas, government may have to focus on garbage collection, pure drinking water, sewage treatment plants, etc. Requirement of different classes of people with regard to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene are different. (Total 156 words)
Q.7. Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - The Bill 2016 - Main provisions - Inclusion - Implementation - Assessment
Answer: The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill - 2016 has replaced the existing PwD Act, 1995, which was enacted 21 years back. Disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept. The types of disabilities have been increased from existing 7 to 21 and the Central Government will have the power to add more types of disabilities. Speech and Language Disability and Specific Learning Disability have been added for the first time. Acid Attack Victims have been included. Dwarfism, muscular dystrophy has been indicated as separate class of specified disability. This makes the act more inclusive and will cover intended beneficiaries. Similarly, for better implementation mechanism, responsibility has been cast upon the appropriate governments to take effective measures to ensure that the persons with disabilities enjoy their rights equally with others. Special Courts will be designated in each district to handle cases concerning violation of rights of PwDs. The Bill intends to be inclusive and ensure better implementation. (Total 159 words)
Q.8. Hunger and Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in India still today. Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in dealing with these humongous problems. Suggest measures for improvement. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - Hunger & Poverty - Programmes - Results - Suggestions
Answer: Poverty and Hunger have remained the biggest challenges for India. Due to large population and lack of economic resources, government has not been able to completely eradicate them. Main poverty elevation programmes include Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
(JGSY), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS), National Maternity Benefit Scheme, Annapurna, Integrated Rural Development Program(IRDP), Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Due to these programmes, poverty rate has been reduced from 65% in. 1950s to 12% in 2015. It is suggested that implementation of the programmes should be increasingly based on approaches and methods which involve the poor themselves in the process of poverty eradication and economic growth. This is possible through a process of social mobilisation, encouraging participatory approaches and institutions and empowerment of the poor. In this the PRIs, the voluntary organisations and community based Self-Help Groups will be more closely involved. (Total 151 words)
Q.9. ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - China’s economic status - Use in foreign policy - China’s Military Power - India’s Concern
Answer: China has emerged as world’s largest manufacturing hub and has gained status of largest or second largest trading partner status with most of the countries in the world. This has also resulted into huge trade surplus with most of the countries. China has used the economic gain to develop its military power status as well. As a very large territory, having big army, air force and large naval forces, now China is a dominant player in the world. It has modern defence equipments and technology which it sometimes uses as a tool of diplomacy in its relations with others. During its rise as a potential global super power, China has used trade and commerce as a tool of foreign policy to have influence on partner countries. It has also implemented String of Pearls strategy in maritime defence. India believes in independent foreign policy and not a reactionary one but China’s interference in immediate neighbourhood may certainly cause discomfort to India. (Total 160 words)
Q.10. What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it. (150 words) Important Points for Answer: - ECOSOC - Functions of ECOSOC - Commissions
Answer: The UN Charter established Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC) in 1945 as one of the six main organs of the United Nations. Its main function include: - Promoting sustainable development - Managing the transition from MDGs to SDGs - Advancing policy integration - Development cooperation forum - Financing for sustainable development - Coordinating humanitarian action - Guiding operational activities for development - Providing coordination and oversight - Building partnerships - Engaging youth - Raising awayness on emerging issues - Advising on Haiti’s long term development - Working with civil society ECOSOC Functional Commissions: - Statistical Commission - Commission on Population and Development - Commission for Social Development - Commission on the Status of Women - Commission on Narcotic Drugs - Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice - Commission on Science and Technology for Development - United Nations Forum on Forests ECOSOC Regional Commissions: - Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) - Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(ESCAP) - Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) - Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
(ECLAC) - Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
(Total 160 words)
Q.11. Explain the salient features of the constitution(One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide for common national market for goods and services’? (250 words) Important Points for Answer: 101 Amendment Act, 2016 GST - Purpose Provisions Proposed Benefits
Answer: The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, introduced a national Goods and Service Tax (GST) in India from 1st April,2017. The amendment Act contains 20 amendments. The present amendments would subsume a number of indirect taxes presently being levied by Central and State Governments into GST. It will do away the cascading of taxes and provide a common national market for Goods and Services. The GST is a Value added Tax (VAT) and is proposed to be a comprehensive indirect tax levied on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods as well as services at the national level which will replace all indirect taxes levied on goods and services by a single tax on the supply, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. The aim to bring about these amendments in the Constitution is to confer simultaneous power on Parliament and State legislatures to make laws for levying GST simultaneously on every transaction of supply and Goods and Services. GST will make India a common market with common tax rates & procedures and remove economic barriers. While framing GST Acts and Rules, enhanced ‘Ease of doing business’ for the taxpayers was a key consideration therefore GST is made largely technology driven and will reduce the human interface to a great extent. Resultantly, GST is expected to improve ease of doing business in India. The biggest tax reform since independence - GST—will pave the way for realisation of the goal of One Nation - One Tax—One Market. GST will benefit all the stakeholders namely industry, government and consumer.
(Total 258 words)
Q.12. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: Judgement of the SC Privacy as FR Relations with FR Aspects of Privacy
Answer: A nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court ruled that Indians enjoy a fundamental right to privacy. It was held that right to privacy is intrinsic to life and liberty and thus comes under Article 21 of the Indian constitution. The bench, led by Chief Justice J.S. Khehar, pronounced an unanimous judgement even if the judges had slightly different arguments as to how privacy is intrinsic to right to life and liberty. Elements of privacy arise in varying contexts from the other facets of freedom and dignity recognised and guaranteed in Fundamental Rights. As per the Supreme Court, Privacy is the constitutional core of human dignity. Privacy protects heterogeneity and recognises the plurality and diversity of our culture. Privacy includes at its core the preservation of personal intimacies, the sanctity of family life, marriage, procreation, the home and sexual orientation. Privacy has both a normative and descriptive function. At a normative level privacy sub-serves those eternal values upon which the guarantees of life, liberty and freedom are founded. At a descriptive level, privacy postulates a bundle of entitlements and interests which lie at the foundation of ordered liberty. Privacy also connotes a right to be left alone. Privacy safeguards individual autonomy and recognises the ability of the individual to control vital aspects of his or her life. Personal choices governing a way of life are intrinsic to privacy. The Supreme Court has overruled verdicts given in the M.P. Sharma case in 1958 and the Kharak Singh case in 1961, both of which said that the right to privacy is not protected under the Indian constitution. (Total 274 words)
Q.13. The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: Joint Session Provisions Occasions When cannot be held
Answer: Article 108 of Constitution makes provision for a Joint session of Parliament which can be summoned in certain situations. The President of India has power to summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament in three conditions. If the bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House then:1. the other House rejects the Bill; or2. the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill; or3. more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it. In these three conditions, the President may summon both the Houses to meet in a joint sitting. However, joint sitting cannot be summoned if the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People. Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exception: Money Bill and Constitutional Amendment Bill. On money bill, Rajya Sabha’s approval is not required. Rajya Sabha has recommending power only. On Money Bill, Rajya Sabha can make recommendations which are not binding. If Rajya Sabha fails to pass a money bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses. As per Article 368 of Indian constitution, there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament for amendment of the constitution. Joint sessions of Indian parliament have been called on three occasions: Dowry Prohibition Act, 1960, Banking Service Commission Act, 1977 and POTA, 2002. (Total 261 words)
Q.14. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (250 words) Important Points for Answer: Reforms suggested by EC Main Recommendations Effects
Answer: The Election Commission (EC) is working towards a comprehensive review of the election laws to cleanse the political funding and decriminalise politics. The recommendations were made in a document, “Proposed Electoral Reforms”, published on the EC’s website. Total 47 proposals of Electoral reforms sent by the EC from time to time for law making have been examined by the Law Commission and many proposals have been endorsed for legislation. The EC’s proposals could broadly be divided into three categories:1. Reforms to cleanse the electoral system (debarring criminally-tainted politicians from contesting, checking money power, empowering the EC to deregister defunct and dubious parties);2. Reforms to make the EC stronger and more independent (appointment of election commissioners through a collegium, their elevation to CEC on the criterion of seniority and their protection from removal only through impeachment as available to the CEC and;3. Reforms to make the electoral system more efficient (like the introduction of totaliser machines to prevent disclosure of polling patterns in a polling booth). As per the EC recommendation, there should be well defined electoral laws rather than using residuary powers under Art 324 frequently. The EC can be give power to countermand elections in cases of money power abuse. These reforms will go a long way to make the elections free and fair, reduce criminalisation of politics and use of money and muscle powers to win elections. Democracy can be healthy only if it is born out of fair elections.
(Total 246 words)
Q.15. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategise and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: NCW Problems of women NCW’s role Limitations of NCW
Answer: The National Commission for Women was set up as a statutory body in January 1992. It reviews the Constitutional and Legal safeguards for women, recommends remedial legislative measures, facilitates redressal of grievances and advises the Government on all policy matters affecting women. It has been giving recommendations to the government in the areas of its mandate for improving situation of women in India. Problems concerned with women in public and private spheres are studied by the NCW and measures to tackle them are suggested. Women still face various issues like sexual harassment at workplace, problem of disparity with male workers, lower status in family and public life, partiality in organisations, lack of understanding of women specific problems by society, etc. Still India faces problem of human trafficking, child marriage, domestic violence and prenatal diagnosis for preference to male child. The NCW has, from time to time, suggested strategies and measures to deal with such issues. It gives advise to various ministries on devising guidelines to deal with women specific problems. Welfare of pregnant women and lactating mothers are also important for NCW. NCW can be helpful in dealing with women’s emotional and psychological issues as well. Many aspects can be dealt with strongly only by strict implementation of law. In areas where legal and government machineries have to function, NCW is not able to resolve them. Though given power to summon and enforce attendance of any person from any part of India and examine him on oath, NCW has its own limitations. (Total 252 words)
Q.16. ‘The emergence of Self Help Groups(SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities’. Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: SHGs Their role Promotion by Government Limitations of SHGs
Answer: Self Help Groups (SHGs) are small group of like minded people whose interest coincide. They come together for development through promotion of self interest for which they liaise with government. Today, number of SHGs has increased manyfold. It is mainly due to the encouragement given by government. They try to function as mediatory between government bodies and beneficiary of government schemes. Their role has increased due to the approach of Public Private Partnership adopted by government. In this approach, government has left many services to private sector. While many facilities are stopped from government side, some are given but in participatory method. Various schemes require the beneficiary to function on their own while the government only supports financially and by giving training. The Self-Help Group (SHG)-Bank Linkage Programme has emerged as the major micro-finance programme in the country. They are made intermediary agency to promote welfare programmes. SHGs are used for various other programmes of government and therefore NABARD is given target to promote micro financing through SHGs. Benefits of SHGs are evident as households with membership of SHGs are likely to get loans and credit facilities easier. Training as well as entrepreneurship gets of SHGs get formal support from government. However, it is required that Self-help groups should be regularly monitored, and their promoters must reinforce structures that ensure the members have the requisite help for at least the first five years.Resources should go toward periodic capacity-building of all members, to make the group the collective, democratic effort of all members instead of a few who are better informed.
(Total 266 words)
Q.17. ‘Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until and unless they are backed by political will’. Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: Poverty alleviation Various programmes Hurdles Solution - Political will
Answer: Poverty and Hunger have remained the biggest challenges for India. Due to large population and lack of economic resources, government has not been able to completely eradicate them. A number of programmes have been initiated to tackle the problem of poverty. They are sometimes election and political agenda without intention to implement them. Lack of supporting infrastructure, corruption and bureaucratic hurdles make their performance drastic failure. Unless accompanied by political all to strictly implement them, they are not pursued to desired end. The five year plans immediately after independence tried to focus on poverty alleviation through sectoral programmes.Integrated Rural Development Programme, a poverty alleviation programme, was initiated on October 2,1980. The programme has been designed in a manner that the benefits flow to the poorest as the first priority. Other main poverty elevation programmes include Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY), National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS), National Maternity Benefit Scheme, Annapurna, Integrated Rural Development Program(IRDP), Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Due to these programmes, poverty rate has been reduced from 65% in. 1950s to 12% in 2015. It is suggested that implementation of the programmes should be increasingly based on approaches and methods which involve the poor themselves in the process of poverty eradication and economic growth. This is possible through a process of social mobilisation, encouraging participatory approaches and institutions and empowerment of the poor. In this the PRIs, the voluntary organisations and community based Self-Help Groups will be more closely involved. (Total 261 words)
Q.18. Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services. Comment (250 words) Important Points for Answer: Civil Service
Quality Deterioration Reforms
Answer: Civil Services in India are inherited from the British administration, which was considered still frame of India due to its efficient, ethical, unbiased and neutral performance of the functions assigned to it. After independence, we decided to continue with civil service. It is a system where talented youth join from various parts and backgrounds of India for contributing to the development of nation. However, various factors including political pressure, regionalism, corruption, use of money and muscle powers have affected the civil services, resulting into a decaying system of bureaucracy where power, money and position have taken over service, dedication and efficiency. Integrity, objectivity and non-partisanship are some of the general qualities which are necessary to be present in a civil servant and it should be ensured that all civil servants adhere to them. Civil service requires drastic reforms in terms of accountability of officers, non-interference by political class, fixed tenure for posting, check on undue favours or biases. There should be time to time evaluation of performance of civil servants which should be neutral. Sidelining of honest civil servants is deterrent and affects morale of an officer, which should be stopped. Performance based evaluation system can also help in motivating honest and hardworking officers. New skills and use of modern technology should be encouraged among them. Officers should be encouraged to have leaves from time to time as they are overburdened with work which results into poor work-life balance. Mid career training and skill upgradation programmes will also be useful. (Total 253 words)
Q.19. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyse India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (250 words) Important Points for Answer: Energy Security Energy Policy West Asian Countries Initiatives
Answer: India’s energy Security is under pressure from dependence on imported oil, regulatory uncertainty and unclear natural gas pricing policies. Coal, oil and natural gas are the most important sources of primary energy in India. Inadequate domestic supplies of these hydrocarbons are forcing the country to increase its import bill. The supply of natural gas as well, which was expected to alleviate our energy security from the new domestic fields, remains well below projections. Of late, driven by accelerated capacity addition in power generation and decline in domestic coal production, India’s imports of coal have risen. For industrial growth, India needs assured supply of energy. Countries of West Asia includes Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Syria, Turkey, etc. who are important for India’s energy security as more than 70% of India’s energy needs, including oil and gas, is met by West Asia. In this direction, India has entered into long term gas purchase contract with
Qatar which ensures supply of gas. India is also considering a gas pipeline from Iran to reduce transportation cost of gas. Import of oil is also based on friendly relations with West Asian countries. To reduce dependence on a region or country, India has also adopted diversification policy for its oil and gas import. Towards achieving the energy security, India has to also develop a source of renewable energy. In this direction, Prime Minister announced launching of International Solar Alliance which will enhance solar energy towards clean fuel initiative in the world. West Asian countries, with ample sunlight, are important partners in this initiative. (Total 261 words)
Q.20. Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South-East Asian countries’ economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South- East Asia in this context (250 words) Important Points for Answer: Indians in South East Asia Interaction Population Role of Indians
Answer: Historically South East Asia has been influenced by India in the realms of art, culture, architecture, court etiquettes, religion and many other things. The region was intertwined with Indian culture. Indian civilisation was naturally extended to the territories of present day South East Asia. Indian migration started towards South East Asia in ancient time. Old Sanskrit inscriptions in many of these countries and ancient temples are witness of Indian presence there. During the colonial period, Britishers took Indian labours for working in these countries. Indian diaspora in south east asian countries vary. Indians roughly constitute 8% in Malaysia, 9% in Singapore and 4% in Myanmar. Brunei has 2.3% Indians while in Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines and Vietnam number of Indians is negligible. Indian professionals hold senior positions in local and multinational companies, in these countries, in the fields of IT, education, technology, etc. Indians are well represented in judiciary, civil service and armed forces of Singapore. In Indonesia, traditionally the Sikhs, Sindhis and Tamils are engaged in various small businesses. Thailand also has sizeable Indian community. Given the status of India and Indians in the world, especially after 1991 economic reforms and IT boom, Indians have gained important position in industry, business, society and politics of various countries. Rich Indians influence business and economy of these countries. Socially, Indian traditions have left deep imprint on the culture of these south east asian countries. At the same time, India has also benefited economically, socially and culturally from contacts with south east Asia. (Total 251 words)
Q.1. Among several factors for India’s potential growth, savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential? (Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: Importance of Saving Rate Other factors for growth Factors for slow growth
Answer: As per one estimate, India’s savings rate needs to go up to 35 per cent if the country wants to boost GDP growth to 7-8 per cent. Saving provides the much needed capital for the economic growth. Various factors are responsible for economic growth in India which include, high domestic savings rate (above 30%), higher rate of gross capital formation, low current account deficit (CAD), high agricultural growth, better annual manufacturing growth rate, large capital flows, increase in the accretion to reserves, moderate rate of inflation, etc. Abundance of skilled and unskilled manpower, vast natural resources including land, minerals and jungles, availability of long sea cost and ports, progress towards knowledge based economy, etc are other factors which can be responsible for the potential growth of India. However, deterioration in external economic environment, fall in agricultural production due to natural calamities, reduction in coal and iron ore production due to court orders, failure to realise more investment, etc., can result into slow growth. (Total 164 words)
Q.2. Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports rather than capital-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports.(Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: Labour Intensive Export Capital Intensive Export Benefits Measures suggested
Answer: Labour intensive export means any export which involves manufacturing through labour intensive method rather than capital intensive methods. Export of software, heavy engineering, petroleum products, high technology items etc are capital intensive products while textile, garments, jewellery, police diamonds, handicrafts, etc. are labour intensive products. Agro products can also be in such list. Foreign trade in labour intensive export can lead to more employment generation. As we are facing problem of unemployment, more export in the sector will be also useful in generating more economic activities. To increase export of labour intensive products, we need to create identity and a niche market for Indian products. Hand made products or small scale industry products can have their own place in the world. Some products can be identified and training can be organised for the sector. Necessary assistance from government can be helpful to promote their export. Loans and export credit may also help. (Total 152 words)
Q.3. Examine the developments of Airports in India through Joint Ventures under Public-Private Partnership(PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard.(Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: Airports & PPP Model Progress Challenges Solution
Answer: India’s decision to invite private capital to participate in the modernisation of its metro airports has delivered significant benefits for passengers, airlines and the government. The two leading private promoters involved in the sector, GMR and GVK, have implemented dramatic improvements in airport infrastructure at Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Hyderabad. These airports have transformed the passenger experience, improved efficiency and capacity for airline operators, and delivered a massive dividend to the state-owned Airports Authority of India. Despite the successes, there are areas for improvement, particularly in terms of economic regulation, land monetisation, management of project costs and at a broader level creating a more predictable operating environment on issues such as bilateral policy, airspace efficiency and airline viability. A clear process has not been established for determining the appropriate level of capital expenditure in airports. Monitoring project costs is required to prevent budget over-runs which have resulted into higher charges on airlines and passengers. (Total 156 words)
Q.4. Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India?(Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: Agriculture in India Revolutions Poverty and Food Security
Answer: In India, agriculture is major employment provider. Food security of the nation depends on agricultural progress. As majority of population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, improvement in agricultural productivity and income is sine qua none for bringing them out of poverty. After independence, India faced shortage of food. To cope up with that problem, Green Revolution was launched in 1961 in Punjab for wheat production. It led to historic success which was followed by Second Green Revolution. Yellow Revolution led to increase in oil seed production, especially in mustard and sunflower. Blue revolution was aimed at increasing fish production, Golden fibre revolution was related to jute production, Golden revolution was related to fruits, honey and horticultural development. Pink revolution is for minion and prawn production while evergreen revolution is for overall agricultural production in the country. These revolutions have brought India from net importer of food to one of the largest exporter of food in the world resulting into decline in poverty rate among farmers. (Total 167 words)
Q.5. What are the reasons for poor acceptance of cost effective small processing unit? How the food processing unit will be helpful to uplift the socio-economic status of poor farmers?(Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: Small food processing units Reasons for poor acceptance Uplifting status of farmers
Answer: Small Food Processing Units are established with less investment and without using heavy machinery or technology. They may be involved in manufacturing of pickle, ice cream, petha, onion paste, potato chips, beverage, besan, papad, namakin masala, etc. These units have received poor acceptance in society and market due to non availability of brand name, limitations of transportation and marketing facilities, lack of credit and other aspects to compete with major brands. However, if small food processing units at village and cluster levels can be developed and accepted in market, they would result into benefit to farmers. These units will depend on local products and market. As both will be available in locality, transportation and other costs will be reduced. Problems of storage facility due to lack of which farmers are incurring loss will not be hurdle. Farmers will be able to sell their products at good price and improving economic conditions and poverty elevation of farmers. (Total 156 words)
Q.6. Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thallessemia, damaged sornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments?(Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: Stem Cell Therapy Useful in diseases Advantages
Answer: Stem Cell Therapy (SCT) is the treatment of various disorders, nonserious to life threatening, by using stem cells. These stem cells can be procured from a lot of different sources and used to treat more than 80 disorders, like Leukaemia, Thalassemia, Aplastic anaemia, Sickle cell anaemia and MDS, with potential to treat neuromuscular disorders, degenerative disorders and genetic disorders, for example Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Muscular Dystrophy, etc. At present, there aren’t any effective conventional treatments for many of these disorders, but stem cell therapy has been showing a lot of promising results in India and all over the world. This is possible due to the amazing and unique features of stem cells. The treatment is safe, speedy and often completed within a day or two. Yet, the results are far better than the long and ineffective conventional therapies. Therapy using stem cells from various sources, including those from bone marrow and umbilical cord, has been successfully used to treat diseases since1988. (Total 163 words)
Q.7. India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically. (Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: India’s unmanned space missions Current focus Manned Space Mission
Answer: Chandrayaan-1 was India’s first space mission launched by ISRO in October 2008 which gave a major boost to India’s space programme. It was followed by Mars Mission (MOM) also called Mangalyaan in September 2014. The 11th FYP gave some importance to manned missions by 2020, including a space station. However, the 12th FYP focused instead on a number of satellite related technologies, including commercial launches, an Indian GPS system, increasing the number of transponders for communication, and deploying more earth observation satellites. It was informed in Lok Sabha that ISRO’s immediate priority is to meet the basic needs of communication, navigation and remote sensing.ISRO has plans for a mission carrying a crew of two to three members, but the mission is pending approval from the Government as the expected cost of the mission is between 3 and 4 billion US dollars. Due to huge financial costs and pending the technological developments, currently India has focused on various satellite technologies. (Total 161 words)
Q.8. Not many years ago, river linking was a concept but it is becoming reality in the country. Discuss the advantages of river linking and its possible impact on the environment.(Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: River Linking project Advantages Concerns
Answer: The river-linking projects was first proposed in 2002 which was stalled due to political hurdles. India has again began work on an $87 billion scheme. The plan entails linking nearly 60 rivers, including the Ganges, which will cut farmers’ dependence on monsoon rains by bringing millions of hectares of cultivatable land under irrigation. It would also generate thousands of megawatts of electricity. Around half clearances for environmental and forest protection have been obtained for the scheme to link the Ken and Betwa. The projects in western India linking the Par-Tapi with the Narmada and the Daman Ganga with the Pinjal will follow. Environmentalists and wildlife enthusiasts have warned of ecological damage.The 425-km (265-mile) Ken flows through a tiger reserve nestled in a verdant valley. The government plans to clear out 6.5 percent of the forest reserve to build the dam, relocating nearly 2,000 families from 10 remote villages. (Total 153 words)
Q.9. Discuss the potential threats of Cyber attack and the security framework to prevent it.(Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: Threat of Cyber Attack Security Framework
Answer: With internet pervading in all aspects of individual and national life, the threat of cyber attacks are increasing. Cyber warfare is considered dangerous than conventional one. In India, there were 23 reported cyber security breaches in 2004. The Department of Information Technology created the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) in 2004 to thwart cyber-attacks in India. The government created a new subdivision, the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) to thwart attacks against energy, transport, banking, telecom, defence, space and other sensitive areas in 2011. A high profile cyber attack in July 2012 breached the email accounts of about 12,000 people, including those of officials from critical organisations of government. A government-private sector plan began in October 2012 and is overseen by National Security Advisor (NSA). It intends to strengthen India’s cyber security capabilities. The NCIIPC finalised policies related to national cyber security that would focus on domestic security solutions, reducing exposure through foreign technology. (Total 160 words)
Q.10. The north-eastern region of India has been infested with insurgency for a very long time. Analyse the major reasons for the survival of armed insurgency in this region.(Answer in 150 words) Important Points for Answer: Insurgency in NE region Insurgent groups Reasons for survival
Answer: Multiple armed factions are operating in north eastern states of India. Some of them are asking for separate state, some demand regional autonomy while others ask for complete independence. The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), The National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), The Karbi Longri NC Hills Liberation Front
(KLNLF), NSCN(IM), UNLF, KLO, etc are some of the groups operating in north east. The armed insurgency has survived in north eastern part of India due to various reason, including porous borders and geographical situations. Due to porous borders, insurgents are able to easily make cross border movement with neighbouring countries and make their bases near border areas. They also get funding and arms from across the border. Due to difficult terrain, Indian security forces are not able to curb the insurgents. Insurgents are mostly from the local tribal people who understand the topography well and have experience of operating there. Therefore, insurgency has survived in north east area. (Total 160 words)
Q.11. One of the intended objectives of Union Budget 2017-18 is to ‘transform, energise and clean India’. Analyse the measures proposed in the Budget 2017-18 to achieve the objective.(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: TEC India Major schemes for TEC Ten themes of budget
Answer: Finance Minister Shri Arun Jaitley proposed 2016-17 Union Budget with the agenda to Transform, Energise and Clean India, i.e. TEC India. TEC India seeks to ‘transform’ the quality of governance and quality of life of people; ‘energise’ various sections of society, especially the youth and the vulnerable, and enable them to unleash their true potential; and ‘clean’ the country from the evils of corruption, black money and non-transparent political funding. Schemes like the National Health Scheme, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Skill India, government is increasing its focus on improving the health facilities. Promotion of digital economy is an integral part of the government’s strategy as it has a transformational impact in terms of greater formalisation of the economy. Digital India and other technology initiatives after the government’s demonetisation exercise are aimed at curbing illegal transactions and ending black money menace. The ten themes outlined by the finance minister include the following: - Farmers: providing employment and basic infrastructure - Rural Population: providing employment and basic infrastructure - Youth: energising them through education, skills and jobs - Poor and Underprivileged: strengthening the systems of social security, healthcare and affordable housing - Infrastructure: for efficiency, productivity and quality of life - Financial Sector: growth and stability through stronger institutions - Digital Economy: for speed, accountability and transparency - Public Service: effective governance and efficient service delivery through people’s participation - Prudent Fiscal Management: to ensure optimal deployment of resources and preserve fiscal stability - Tax Administration: honouring the honest. Thus, the budget has, under ten themes, attempted to achieve the stated objective of TEC India. (Total 256 words)
Q.12. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy are capable of increasing the industrial growth rate?(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: 1991 Reforms Industrial growth Reasons New Industrial Policy
Answer: In 1991, Industrial Reforms were announced which included the abolition of industrial licensing, inviting foreign investment, allowing private investment in a wider array of industries and the scrapping of the MRTP
(Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices) Act. The lack of labour reforms continue to be one constraint on industrial growth in the economy, which is essential if India wants to aspire from growth rates between 8-10 percent.Average industrial growth in the 25 years since 1991 has been around 7 percent, higher than any previous 25-year period, but not spectacular in comparison with the fast-growing East Asian countries.Both public and private investment need to pick up and investment in infrastructure needs to be close to 8 percent of GDP. Service sector has led the growth in India. With the changing manufacturing scenario through the introduction of new technologies, innovation, R&D, artificial intelligence and automation, there is a need to completely revamp the Industrial Policy of 1991. Therefore, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) has proposed new industrial policy which will focus on encouraging Indian branded products with higher value addition and will review the existing foreign direct investment (FDI) policy regime to facilitate greater technology transfer.It would also be aligned with the government’s flagship programmes such as Make in India, Skill India, Startup India and the Foreign Direct Investment policy. The new policy would focus on several areas to encourage innovation, simplify taxation system and address new challenges of the manufacturing sector. Therefore, the new industrial policy would be hopefully able to enhance growth of industry in India. (Total 266 words)
Q.13. What are the salient features of ‘inclusive growth’? Has India been experiencing such a growth process? Analyse and suggest measures for inclusive growth.(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: Inclusive Growth India and Inclusive Growth Suggested Measures
Answer: Inclusive growth is economic growth that advances equitable opportunities for economic participants and benefits all sections of society. It includes providing equality of opportunity, empowering people through education and skill development. India’s economy continues to grow at an impressive rate of average more than 7% in last decade. India is projected to remain the fastest-growing G20 economy. Unprecedented growth in exports in services since the 1990s has made India a global leader in this sector. Indian growth has remained more or less inclusive. India’s economic successes are being translated into increased well-being for its population. As GDP per capita has more than doubled in ten years, extreme poverty has declined substantially. Access to education has steadily improved, and life expectancy has risen. Multiple opportunities present themselves for India, and the right mix of policies is needed to take advantage of them. India has made advances in integrating in global value chains and developing a competitive advantage in fields such as information and communication technology. To make the growth continue and make it more inclusive, it can be suggested that now is the time to secure continued progress by boosting competition and further lowering barriers to trade and investment. It will be vital to tap into the potential offered by young population. This requires investing in the large numbers of young people entering the labour market. Likewise, the rapid pace of development must be matched with the upgrades to infrastructure necessary to support it. Social sectors like education, health, insurance, technology and infrastructure requires focused attention. (Total 257 words)
Q.14. What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stabilise the yield of the crop in the system?(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: Reasons for Decline in rice and wheat yield Crop Diversification Impact on the Yield
Answer: Rice and wheat cropping system is the largest agricultural production system in India. But there is significant decline in the rice and wheat cropping system for various reasons. Rice and Wheat are the intensive crops so they use most of the nutrient in the soil thus result in the reduced nutrient result in more declining yield. The regular cultivation of these crops causes the degradation of the soil quality result in the low yield as the cropping become difficult. Soil health is also suffering from micro-nutrients deficiencies which is also effecting the cropping system. Excessive use of pesticides and fertilisers has affected the quality of soil. Excessive weed pressure is also one of the major issue in the way of sustainable agriculture. New breeds of insects and pests have appeared from the last few decades. Breeders must develop some more tolerant crop cultivators so that new insects and pests do not effect the yield. The low use of the quality seeds or the lack of disease resistance varieties can also be the cause. However, crop diversification provides a solution to the farmers with a wider choice in the production of a variety of crops in an area so as to expand production related activities on various crops and also to bring down the possible risk. Crop diversification can be used as a strategy for low yield in area. With crop diversification, soil nutritional balance is maintained and there is no excessive pressure on water resources. It also changes use of fertilisers and pesticides so the weed, insects and pests do not become tolerant. (Total 264 words)
Q.15. How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers?(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: Subsidies & its effects Crop insurance MSP Food processing
Answer: India has provided various types of subsidies to agricultural sector which includes cash subsidy, fertiliser subsidy, minimum support price, subsidy in-kind, etc. These subsidies have encouraged farmers to use the subsidised fertilisers instead of the actual requirement. This also leads to distorted crop decisions which is mainly based on the government announced supports. This has led the country to produce more wheat and rice but less oil seeds and pulses. The Government of India experimented with a comprehensive crop insurance scheme which failed. The Government formulated the Farm Income Insurance Scheme (FIIS) during 2003-04. The two critical components of a farmer’s income are yield and price. The scheme provided income protection to the farmers by insuring production and market risks. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana was launched in February 2016. Insurance is necessary to protect the farmers from natural calamities and ensure their credit eligibility for the next season. Minimum Support Price is the price at which government purchases crops from the farmers, whatever may be the price for the crops. The MSP helps to incentivise the framers and thus ensures adequate food grains production in the country. Food processing combines raw food ingredients to produce marketable food products that can be easily prepared and served by the consumer. It provides better prices of products to farmers and reduces wastage of crops. Small and marginal farmers are highly susceptible to crop failure, price drop and waste after production. Crop insurance protects them against failure of crops, MSP protects against price drop and food processing ensured marketing of crop. (Total 261 words)
Q.16. Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of fast breeder reactor programme in India?(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: Nuclear programme in India Three Stages FBR technology Advantage of FBR
Answer: India’s three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Homi Bhabha in 1950’s to secure the country’s long term energy independence. It was aimed at use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India. The three stages are as follows:1. Pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR)2. Fast breeder reactor (FBR)3. Advanced Heavy Water Reactor(AHWR) The Fast Breeder Reactor, the second stage, would use plutonium-239, recovered by reprocessing spent fuel from the first stage, and natural uranium.In FBRs, plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy, while the uranium-238 present in the fuel transmutes to additional plutonium-239. The Stage II FBRs are designed to “breed” more fuel than they consume. Advantages of FBRs: FBRs are designed with several safety measures and features which follow redundancy and diversity principles. Fast Breeder Reactors are safe and efficient apart from the benefits from environmental considerations. Economic viability of FBRs depends on successful operation of PFBR and subsequently successful commissioning and operation of FBRs in the country. Electricity generated by FBR would be a source of green energy as the waste from the first stage nuclear programme is reprocessed and used as fuel in FBR. The spent fuel from this reactor can be fed back into the reactor core several times, till the spent fuel contains only short lived fission products. There is no need of large quantity of fuel materials for the annual external feed and thus eliminates the need for large capacity waste storage spaces with complex construction features. (Total 261 words)
Q.17. ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: Climate Change Factors Impact on India On Himalayan States On Coastal States
Answer: Climate change pertains to distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time. It affects all countries and parts of the world as it is a global phenomenon. Factors responsible for climate change may be natural or human. Natural factors include biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions while human factors include pollution, use of certain types of gases, etc. India is one of the 6th most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts. Extreme events will become more frequent or more severe due to climate change. The implications of a changing climate are particularly severe for India. Heatwaves persisted breaking a record of 51 degrees Celsius in Rajasthan in May 2016. More than 1,000 people died of hyperthermia or dehydration. The persisting drought and heat waves affected more than 33 crore people, and were followed by an extreme monsoon season from June to October in eastern, western and central India. In 2016, India reported the highest number of deaths due to extreme weather (2,119 fatalities) and suffered losses of more than INR 1.4 trillion in property damage. The climate change will affect Himalayan States due to melting of glaciers which will result into flood in rivers. Floods may create havoc in terms of loss to lives and property. Landslides also increase due to imbalanced water flow in rivers. In the costal states, sea level rises due to effect of climate change and they run the risk of being submerged under water. Increased temperature adds to salinity of water at costal states. (Total 263 words)
Q.18. On December 2004, tsumani brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: Tsunami of December 2004 Factors for Tsunami Effects of Tsunami NDMA mechanism
Answer: On 26 December 2004 an earthquake of 9.1 magnitude occurred near Sumatra of Indonesia in the Indian Ocean. Due to its impact, tsunami waves struck Indian Ocean countries. A tsunami is a large ocean wave that is caused by sudden motion on the ocean floor. This sudden motion could be an earthquake, a powerful volcanic eruption, or an underwater landslide. The impact of a large meteorite could also cause a tsunami. Tsunamis travel across the open ocean at great speeds and build into large deadly waves in the shallow water of a shoreline. It killed 250,000 people across 14 countries including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Thailand, etc. Many people went missing. Bottlenecks created by tsunami in communication and infrastructure also hampered the disaster management measures. Supply of essential items were affected. Reconstruction cost created deficits in budgets of many countries. The 2004 tsunami prompted NDMA to formulate Tsunami Risk Management Guidelines to outline inter-agency roles and responsibilities, tsunami risk preparedness, mitigation and response. The Guidelines recommends practical and effective ways for awareness generation, capacity building, education, training and research & development for better tsunami risk management. The Guidelines explore options for effective dissemination of tsunami alert and warning messages generated by INCOIS. Structural Mitigation measures give a brief guidance on design and construction of new structures as well as strategies for protecting lifeline and priority structures from Tsunamis along the seafront. A strong mechanism has been recommended for effective emergency response by involving local police network, civil defence volunteers wherever available, home guards, State Disaster Response Forces and National Disaster Response Force. (Total 263 words)
Q.19. Mob violence is emerging as a serious law and order problem in India. By giving suitable examples, analyze the causes and consequences of such violence.(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: Mob violence Incidens in India Examples Causes Consequences
Answer: Mob violence is when people resort to violent means against any individual, group or establishment for certain reason. It may be pre-meditated or may develop on the stop. All people involved in the mob violence may not know each other but they combine due to mob psychology. In the first six months of 2017, 20 cow-terror attacks were reported. The attacks include mob lynching, attacks by vigilantes, murder and attempt to murder, harassment, assault and gang-rape. In two attacks, the victims were chained, stripped and beaten, while in two others, the victims were hanged. In the Pratapgarh incident involved the regrettable death of Zafar Khan after an argument about open defecation. Four Dalit youth were flogged in Una by cow vigilantes. Such mob violence have recently been happening due to various causes, religious, communal, political or social unrest. Differing in nature, these incidents are invariable cases of social fault-lines. They are issues of law and order which need to be tackled strongly. Thousands of citizens’ protest named ‘Not in My Name’ against the recent incidents of mob killings took place all over India in June 2017. Leaving those involved in mob violence will encourage others to escape law machinery. It will increase communal hatred. Such mobocracy has been taking place in India, over various reasons. Recent Patel violences in Gujarat for reservation demands have more or less replicated Gurjar demands of reservation. There is dire need for the law machinery to take strong actions against such reported actions of mob violence. (Total 255 words)
Q.20. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding?(Answer in 250 words) Important Points for Answer: Terrorism as a challenge Suggestions Funding of terrorists
Answer: Terrorism has increased all over the world. India started facing terrorism problems since late 1980s, first in Punjab and then in Jammu and Kashmir. The same spreader throughout the country as the strategy of terrorist changed. The terrorism has become national security challenge to many countries, including India. Suggestions: Solution to terrorism requires a comprehensive approach by security agencies of the country. First of all, there requires greater coordination between all state police authorities so movement of any suspected terrorist activities can be curbed at the initial stage. Any indication of radicalisation by youngsters should be strictly monitored and their activities should be strictly watched. International coordination with friendly countries should be adopted to reduce the menace of terrorism. Stricter punishment and fast track judicial settlement of cases related to terrorism should be provided for. Not only terrorists, but whoever aids or supports them should be punished severely. Funding of terrorists: Financing of terrorism happens through black money and cross border activities. Such transfer of money should be checked. Any illegal activities in the country or at cross border also may be responsible for terrorist funding. Drug trade and narcotics sale are sometimes connected with terrorist funding. Such activities should be curbed. Cooperation with other countries in counterterrorism and terrorist funding should be adopted for tracking terrorist activities. Money laundering, cash debiting schemes, wire transfers by charitable trusts, cash handling of big amount, corporate layering, using of multiple accounts to collect funds, etc are some methods used for terrorism funding.
(Total 250 words)
Instructions: There are FOURTEEN questions divided in two Sections and printed both in Hindi and in English. All questions are compulsory. The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it. Word limit in questions, wherever specified, should be adhered to. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the Question-cum-Answer Booklet must be clearly struck off. Answer questions in NOT MORE than the word limit specified for each in the parenthesis. Content of the answer is more important than its length.
Section–A
Q.1. Conflict of interest in the public sector arises when
(a) official duties, (b) public interest, and
(c) personal interest are taking priority one above the other. How can this conflict in administration be resolved? Describe with an example. (150 Words, 10)
Answer: Conflict of interest in the public sector arises in case a personal interest comes in conflict of public interest while performing official duty. It can be to protect private personal interest or to promote the one. For example, a bank manager while granting a loan in official duty faces conflict in case of an undeserving application by a relative. Likewise an administrator in a recruitment panel faces a candidate who is her personal friend. As individuals and member of society, officers face such challenges. The conflict of Conflict of interest is not wrong in itself but it should be managed and executed properly. It can be excluded by following steps:1. Declaring conflict of interest2. Recusing from the case where there is conflict3. Being objective, should always keep public interest above the personal interest. In such cases, one should uphold integrity expected from a public servant and should work in promotion of public spirit. (Total 153 words)
Q.2. Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil service:
(150 Words, 10)
(a) Transparency
(b) Accountability
(c) Fairness and justice
(d) Courage of conviction
(e) Spirit of service
Answer: (a) Transparency: It implies openness of decision making and freedom of information to citizen. It is relevant for civil services as it permit accountability, good governance, public participation and careful utilisation of public funds.
(b) Accountability: It means answerability of civil servant for his decision to public for his acts or omission.Accountability helps in curtailing corruption and increases public confidence.
(c) Fairness and justice: Fairness means impartial and just treatment or behaviour without favouritism or discrimination.Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered. It means a civil servant should be fair and just in performing own duties.
(d) Courage of Conviction: Courage means taking decision fearlessly, strength in the face of pain or grief. While conviction is a firmly held belief or opinion. A civil servant should be able to courageously uphold his conviction which is based on rules and integrity.
(e) Spirit of Service: Devotion for public duty is the spirit of service. This is relevant for civil servant as they have to keep public interest above private interest. (Total 160 words)
Q.3. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward.
Answer: Whole India has 65% young population, representation under age 30, in politics near to 0%. Politics is considered gutter and no one went to enter it for cleaning, as there is always fear of getting dirty. Politics today is marred by corruption. Therefore young people with noble ideal, energy and passion who can play very good part in the politics should join politics and bring change. Following can be steps to motivate them:1. Parties may allot certain number of tickets to youth2. Decreasing role of money in election and provide for state funding3. Motivating and educating youth through various programmes like youth parliament.4. Promoting debate and discussion for their role by giving examples of young successful politician.5. Panchayats candidature can be limited to people up to 45 only. So young people enter politics at grassroots level. Recently India has seen a number of young leaders entering politics like Jignesh Mewani, Hardik Patel, Alpesh Thakor and Kanahiya Kumar.
(Total 162 words)
Q.4. (a) One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised. Explain with reference to a real life example. (150 Words,10)
Answer: Integrity is defined as the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. It is consistent behaviour, without fear or favour, in transparent manner. Integrity requires a person to be bound by moral principles in all circumstances even at the cost of loss, post or promotion. Adverse situation is real test of integrity. Not to bowdown under any political pressure, courage and conviction to stand by one’s own decision, challenging powerful and influential people for their unethical decision—are attributes of a person of an integrity. For example, Gandhiji suspended non-cooperation movement after Choura- Chouri incidence as non-violence was at core to his integrity.Similarly justice Manmohan Sinha set aside election of India Gandhi, the most influential person of the time, to upheld integrity without any fear. Keeping promises even if it takes extra efforts, not cheating even when getting chance, being faithful in a relationship, telling true quality of product while selling—are examples of integrity. (Total 161 words)
Q.4.(b) Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyse. (150 Words, 10)
Answer: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a company’s initiative remedied the environmental and social impact of its operation. It also denotes responsible way of making profit i.e., taking care of all the stakeholders involved in the process. Corporates are part of society and they should work for the society. People and environment are important components to get profit in any business. Responsible work practice increases brand value and goodwill of the company. Trust and faith of people helps a business to flourish in long run. Similarly, taking care of environment by not polluting it, is dividend for all employee, employer and society. For instance, keeping pollution at check reduces cost on health expenditure of employees. For example, Tata is known for its sound ethical business practices. They work for society by providing schools, hospitals, charity, etc.,through CSR. This increases its brand and visibility. This makes company more profitable and sustainable. (Total 151 words)
Q.5. (a) “Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them.” —Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who worked for the development of society and country.
Answer: Passion and ambition are good attribute of personality, but the result depends on the principles and ethics that guide the character. For example, Hitler was a man of great ambition and passion. But he harmed the society and the country as his attitude was not shaped by moral values. Killing millions Jews, getting involved in the 2nd World War, harmed humanity at large. On the other hand, leaders like Abraham Lincoln also had passion and ambition. A poor peasant became the President of USA only because of his ambition. He worked for abolition of slavery, a malpractice in the society for many years. A person driven by such ambition performs acts depending on his own understanding of good or bad. Chauvinistic and racial behaviour of leaders are motivated by their ambition and passion. So is the dedication of scientists, social workers and other leaders who work constantly for human values. Thus, value behind the passion is the most important factor to drive the person. (Total 164 words)
(b) “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are father, the mother and the teacher.” — A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Analyse. (150 Words, 10)
Answer: Corruption is mainly based on moral value system of a society. If a person has strong ethics and moral conduct, he would not give or take bribe, nor would he be involved in any other type of corruption. But these values and moral codes are imbibed by family and schools. In family, father and mother, through their teachings and behaviour, give foundational lessons of morality to the child which he carries through out his life. Gandhi had strong imprint of his father and mother on his character. Another person that strongly influences a person’s moral values is his teacher. Kautilya influenced Chandragupta to become a great leader. Teachers are role model for children on early days. Teachers, through teaching and preaching, develop though process and judgements in a person. This is responsible in his behaviour as a part of society. Therefore, to make the society corruption free, the three individuals have great social responsibility. (Total 154 words)
Q.6. (a) How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative practices? (150 Words, 10) Answer:Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others. Emotional intelligence is balance of head and heart. It gives authority to respond to the challenges of ones life and career in a positive manner.An emotionally intelligent administrator is able to handle a situation in balanced manner. He is not overtaken by favour or biased emotions. He tackles the situation in an objective manner. While using emotional behaviour, he gives a soothing feeling to his superior and subordinates. Dealing with a conflict in peaceful and constructive manner requires emotional intelligence. He takes into account emotional ethics and uses interpersonal skills for the given situation. It gives capacity to perform in certain demanding and hostile environment, to manage own anger and remain focused and cooperative. Similarly administrator uses his emotional intelligence to manage interpersonal relationship peer relationship, negotiation and motivation to get good result in work-environment. (Total 155 words)
(b) Strength, peace and security are considered to be the pillars of international relations. Elucidate. (150 Words, 10)
Answer: Today the world is full of international conflicts—China’s assertion in South China Sea, Refugee crisis in Europe, Terrorism, Civil wars in Africa, etc. In the given situation, strength, peace and security has become more important values. Economic, military and strategic strength of a country plays an important role in deciding its international stature. A strong country can manage and maintain international relations. Peace among nations is important factor of international situation. Maintaining and keeping peace is prime function of United Nations. India’s concept of ‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbkam’ i.e. the World Family concept is in line of maintaining peace. Security of existence is assurance that a country will always seek in its international behaviour. While at risk, the country will increase its defence power, make alliances and seek to grow stronger. Thus, any country, in its international relations, will always depend on its own strength, ideals of peace and perceived security. If any of these factors are lacking, it will change the country’s behaviour. (Total 164 words)
Q.7. (a) The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the good life. Discuss. (150 Words, 10)
(b) Increased national wealth did not result in equitable distribution of its benefits. It has created only some “enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority.” Justify. (150 Words, 10)
Answer: Since the economic reforms of 1991, India has become better in economic terms. However, the increase in wealth has not been distributed equitably. As per one report, the difference in the wealth share held by India’s poorest 10 per cent and the richest 10 per cent is enormous. The richest 10 per cent Indians holds 370 times the share of wealth that it’s poorest hold.India’s richest 10 per cent have been getting steadily richer since 2000, and now hold nearly t74% total wealth. Also, India’s 1% super-rich have been getting richer even faster. Thus, the increased national wealth has created enclave of modernity among 10-20% of Indians who have prospered at the cost of remaining 80-90% of Indians. Minority, Women, uneducated and underprivileged people have not been benefited by the economic progress. Many social and political programmes have not resulted into success due to corruption and lack of political will. This has resulting into social, economic, and political danger to the nation. (Total 166 words)
Q.8. (a) Discipline generally implies following the order and subordination. However, it may be counter-productive for the organisation. Discuss. (150 Words, 10)
Answer: Discipline means practice of obedience, observing regulation and code of conduct. Following the order of senior and giving absolute subordination has been termed as discipline. Due to such subordination, sometimes creativity, innovation, dissenting opinion, counter views are not allowed in organisation. It fails to utilise the young talent and new ideas from juniors. This has many times become counter productive due to single sided approach. It follows top down approach and does not inspire confidence in the junior office members. Many MNCs do not follow such subordination and order following practices but encourage free discussion and dissenting views. In Indian government and companies, this is not followed which has resulted into policy paralysis and environment of official fear and apathy. Many bureaucrats are given freedom of work to solve the problems of naxalism. Officers who are given discretion are performing well. Had the Patel were not given free hand by Nehru, India might not had been integrated.
(Total 157 words)
(b) Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, nor democratic government, nor even the market economy will function properly.What do you understand by this statement? Explain with illustration in the contemporary times. (150 Words, 10)
Answer: Moral values of people are basis of maintaining law and order in the society. If people are morally strong, they will not commit crimes. This will give basis for implementation and enactment of laws. Ram Rajya is not possible without saint like people. Frequent violation of law is due to lower ethical code followed by people. Similarly, democratic government depends on its voter base. Unless voters have higher moral standards, government cannot form better policies. Issues of appeasement will not come to fore if voters believe in just society and government. Use of money and muscle power in today’s politics is due to lower moral standards of voters. Market economy depends on company and consumer. Unethical competition among companies will mislead consumers. If people take ethical values and business practice of a company seriously, no company will be able to cheat any customer. The basis of market economy, free market and buyer-seller relations depend on moral and ethical practices of both. (Total 161 words) Section–B
Q.9. You are an honest and responsible civil servant. You often observe the following:
(a) There is a general perception that adhering to ethical conduct one may face difficulties to oneself and cause problems for the family, whereas unfair practices may help to reach the career goals.
(b) When the number of people adopting unfair means is large, a small minority having a penchant towards ethical means makes no difference.
(c) Sticking to ethical means is detrimental to the larger developmental goals
(d) While one may not involve oneself in large unethical practices, but giving and accepting small gifts makes the system more efficient. Examine the above statements with their merits and demerits. (250 Words, 20)
Answer: (a) There is a general perception that adhering to ethical conduct one may face difficulties to oneself and cause problems for the family, whereas unfair practices may help to reach the career goals. Merits (i) Difficulties are part and parcel of life. Even after compromising ethical value one faces many problems and there is always inner conflict of conscience. Demerits (ii) It is true that remaining ethical is a challenge for personal and family comfort. Even career is put to stake like no promotion, frequent transfer, even falsely implicating criminal charges, etc.
(b) When the number of people adopting unfair means is large, a small minority having a penchant towards ethical means makes no difference. Merits: Even small group of honest and ethical people can make a huge difference. Mills are covered by starting small steps. Gandhiji alone took the vow for “Satyagraha” and “non-violence”—which was later followed by thousands. Demerit: As it is evident in today’s environment that few honest people are not able to change the prevalent corruption, nepotism, power show-off, antipathy towards weaker section. Majority are unethical resulting unethical society.
(c) Sticking to ethical means is detrimental to the larger developmental goals Merits: Development should not be seen only in economic terms but also on terms of equity, justice, sustainability, happiness, peace, etc. Sticking to ethical value helps in achieving long terms sustainable developments. Demerits: While taking decision for development of the country sticking to all type of ethics like environmental ethics, concern for vulnerable and weak, social ethics—is difficult task.
(d) While one may not involve oneself in large unethical practices, but giving and accepting small gifts makes the system more efficient. Merit: Some incentives for good works can be given for efficient working by way of gifts, which does not inculcate habit of corruption. Demerits: Integrity requires not compromising with ethical value in any situation. Corruption, big or small, eroded moral value. This gives rise to greed and can have disastrous effect.
Q.10. You are aspiring to become an IAS officer and you have cleared various stages and now you have been selected for the personal interview. On the day of the interview, on the way to the venue you saw an accident where a mother and child who happen to be your relatives were badly injured. They needed immediate help. What would you have done in such a situation? Justify your action.
(250 Words, 20)
Answer: Accident of relative on day of interview is exactly stressing, but as a human being I have to manage the situation and handle the crisis as it is part and parcel of life. I will take following steps in this grim situation: First of all, I will give them first aid and try to make them calm by psychologically supporting. Then I will call for ambulance to send them to hospital. I can also take them to the nearby hospital if I can arrange some vehicle to the spot. I may call my other relatives as I have to go for interview as well. I will inform the UPSC about being late so that I do not miss my interview. I will also use stronger intelligence to calm down myself. After arranging some person or relative, I will go to UPSC for interview and well place my position with all evidence. UPSE may consider my request and can reward me. Reasons and justifications for the above steps are: If I will not help the person in crisis, I may not become a good civil servant. As Gandhiji has said that among all courts, court of conscience is supreme, no one can evade such court. Compassion, empathy care, love is basis of human life. If I leave them on their situation, it can create crisis of conscience. I may appear to interview on time, but I will loose my mental peace. So I will handle the situation following middle path of Buddha. (Total 251 words)
Q.11. You are the head of the Human Resources department of an organisation. One day one of the workers died on duty. His family was demanding compensation. However, the company denied compensation because it was revealed in investigation that he was drunk at the time of the accident. The workers of the company went to strike demanding compensation for the family of the deceased. The Chairman of the management board has asked for your recommendation. What recommendation would you provide the management? Discuss the merits and demerits of each of the recommendations.
(250Words, 20)
Answer: In the above case, worker has died during working hours of the organisation and family is demanding compensation. However, it is noticed that worker was drunk at the time of accident. As HR executive, I would recommend that due investigation may be carried out about reason of death. There are facts in favour of and against the worker’s family’s right to get compensation. As he died on duty, his family is entitled to compensation. However, if the cause of death was his drunkenness, his family may not be entitled to get the compensation. Therefore, a detailed inquiry report would be suitable. I would recommend the management to go as per rule. Merits of my recommendations are that due procedure of law will be followed and worker’s family will get compensation if they deserve it. However, if the inquiry report reveals to the contrary, workers may continue with strike and family members may exert pressure on the management. It may result into loss of reputation and working hours. But providing compensation, just due to pressure tactics will encourage them to continue such behaviour and management will be at loss. If compensation is given to the worker against his entitlement, it will certainly help the poor family but will set a wrong precedence. There can be other ways to help the poor family. At the same time, if worker is entitled to compensation, his family must be paid the same. Justice to the family of the deceased should be done as breadwinner has died. If there was proportionate negligence, partial compensation may be paid.
(Total 262 words)
Q.12. You are the manager of a spare parts company A and you have to negotiate a deal with the manager of a large manufacturing company B. The deal is highly competitive and sealing the deal is critical for your company. The deal is being worked out over a dinner. After dinner the manager of manufacturing company B offered to drop you to the hotel in his car. On the way to hotel he happens to hit motorcycle injuring the motorcyclist badly. You know the manager was driving fast and thus lost control. The law enforcement officer comes to investigate the issue and you are the sole eyewitness to it. Knowing the strict laws pertaining to road accidents you are aware that your honest account of the incident would lead to the prosecution of the manager and as a consequence the deal is likely to be jeopardised, which is of immense importance to your company. What are the dilemmas you face? What will be your response to the situation? (250 Words, 20)
Answer: Expected dilemmas and their analysis:1. Truthfulness vs. Dilution of facts2. Justice to the victim and his family vs. Protection of the manager Since deal is crucial for company, if I tell the truth about the accident it can jeopardise the deal. It will also put my career on stake. At the same time all the workers working in the organisation will get affected. But diluting facts by telling lie will go against my personal value. I will be held accountable to my conscience. I may get the contact by compromising. Justice to the family of the victims should also be done. Life of the person cannot be jeopardise due hasty act of any person. If I turn my eyes from this situation, it will be like participating in the crime. But protection of manager will earn me trust of both companies and I may be promoted. I will certainly get the contract. Following would be my response in the giving situation: I will give account of the situation truthfully to the police. Since life of an innocent has been endangered, it is my moral duty to help the victim and enforcement of law effectively. It will have deterrence in longer run. If Mr. B is left unpunished he can repeat it in future and do it with anyone else. Though it can cause loss to the deal but compromising on conscience is bigger loss. Deal can be sealed due to economic reasons, not on the basis of personal relation. (Total 251 words)
Q.13. A building permitted for three floors, while being extended illegally to 6 floors by a builder, collapses. As a consequence, a number of innocent labourers including women and children died. These labourers are migrants of different places. The government immediately announced cash relief to the aggrieved families and arrested the builder. Give reasons for such incidents taking place across the country. Suggest measures to prevent their occurrence. (250 Words, 20)
Answer: Reason for such incidences: Greed of the builder: Consideration of money and profit are responsible for such type of illegal construction in the society. Nexus between builders and Municipal Corporation officers and political class: Violation of construction rule as not possible without connivance of Municipal Corporation officers and political class. There are instances where builders bribe the officials and political class for such illegal construction. Weak implementation of construction norms: Administrators are not able to enforce the norms by proper verification and inspection. This attitude of apathy is also responsible for sorry state of affairs. Participation of general public: Even citizens are encouraging such builders by buying illegally constructed flats. Culture of consumerism and deteriorating moral standard of society is also responsible for such type of incidence. Use of spurious material, faulty design system is also responsible for this problem. Measure to prevent such incidences: Housing is in demand due to rapid urbanisation. People are buying illegal property as affordable housing is not available to middle class. Government should come up with affordable and sustainable housing in the cities. Strict implementation of laws and monitoring of constructions by the municipal officers will discourage such illegal construction. Proper investigation should be done in such cases and all stake holders involved should be held accountable. Public should also resist buying such houses as their quality is not good and safety is compromised. Builders should get punishment through justice. It will act as deterrence. Moreover, compensation to victim should be given by builders. Initiative such as RERA is a welcome step in curbing such construction.
Q.14. You are a Public Information Officer (PIO) in a government department. You are aware that the RTI Act 2005 envisages transparency and accountability in administration. The act has functioned as a check on the supposedly arbitrarily administrative behaviour and actions. However, as a PIO you have observed that there are citizens who filed RTI applications not for themselves but on behalf of such stakeholders who purportedly want to have access to information to further their own interests. At the same time there are these RTI activists who routinely file RTI applications and attempt to extort money from the decision makers. This type of RTI activism has affected the functioning of the administration adversely and also possibly jeopardises the genuineness of the applications which are essentially aimed at getting justice. What measures would you suggest to separate genuine and non-genuine applications? Give merits and demerits of your suggestions. (250 Words, 20)
Answer: As a Public Information Officer, I do not have choice to reject any of the RTI applications on grounds of being genuine or otherwise, except on the grounds mentioned in the RTI Act 2005. However, for suggesting measures in RTI Act, as amendment, so that the purpose of RTI is truly solved, I would suggest that: Applicant of RTI should be required to disclose purpose of asking information. An applicant, filing multiple RTI applications, should be discouraged by charging cumulatively higher fees. Journalists and media organisations should be given separate window for filing RTI which are to be used for commercial purpose. Commercial use of information should be allowed, but charges should be higher and time frame should be more. Merits and demerits of these suggestions: Suggestion: Asking reasons for filing such application Merit: (a) It will give satisfaction about genuineness of the applicant. Demerit: It will go against the spirit of current RTI as the Act does not provide for asking reason. Suggestion: Increasing fees for filing RTI application Merit: It will dater frivolous application Demerit: Genuine case of poor and weak may be affected as they may not be able to file RTI at increased cost. Suggestion: Keeping record of those filing frivolous petition: Merit: Such applicant will be caught red-handed. It will also create deterrence to others. Demerit: It can go against genuine applicants and process may become cumbersome. Suggestion: Making RTI system available to commercial use: Merit:It will help media to disseminate important information to public. Demerit:It will encourage wealthy media houses to use government machinery for their purposes. (Total 263 words)
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