UPSC Mains Answer: Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing Sendai Framework for DRR (2015—2030)'. How is this framework different from 'Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005'? (Answer in 250 words)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Sub-category: Disaster Management (GS-III: Disaster Management)

Introduction

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing disaster risks. India, being highly vulnerable to natural disasters, has adopted multiple measures for DRR, significantly evolving its strategies before and after the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030).', 'Pre-Sendai Measures': 'Before 2015, India’s DRR efforts were guided by the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015), which emphasized disaster preparedness and institutional strengthening. Key initiatives included the Disaster Management Act, 2005, establishing the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs). The National Policy on Disaster Management (2009) provided a roadmap for mitigation, while schemes like the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project and National School Safety Programme focused on infrastructure resilience and community awareness.', 'Post-Sendai Measures': 'After adopting the Sendai Framework (2015), India aligned its DRR policies with its four priorities: understanding risk, strengthening governance, investing in resilience, and enhancing preparedness. The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016, was launched to integrate DRR into development planning. Initiatives like National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF) and State Disaster Response Funds (SDRF) were expanded. The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), 2019, a global partnership, was also spearheaded by India to promote resilient infrastructure.', 'Sendai vs. Hyogo Framework': 'The Sendai Framework differs from Hyogo in its broader scope and outcome-driven approach. While Hyogo focused on institutional mechanisms and preparedness, Sendai emphasizes risk-informed decision-making, multi-hazard early warning systems, and build-back-better principles. It sets seven global targets, including reducing mortality, economic losses, and infrastructure damage, whereas Hyogo lacked quantifiable goals. Sendai also prioritizes local-level action and international cooperation, reflecting a shift from reactive to proactive DRR.

Conclusion

India’s DRR measures have evolved from institutional frameworks under Hyogo to a holistic, risk-informed approach under Sendai. The focus on resilience, community participation, and global collaboration underscores India’s commitment to sustainable disaster management, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).