UPSC Mains Answer: Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend. but still affects many parts Of the country. Briefly explain the Government Of India's approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE. (Answer in 150 words)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Sub-category: Internal Security (Post-Independence)

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Introduction

Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), primarily manifested as Naxalism and Maoism, has been a persistent internal security challenge in India. While recent years have witnessed a downward trend in LWE-related incidents, its residual presence in several states necessitates a robust and multi-dimensional counter-strategy.

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Governments Approach

Security Measures

The Government has adopted a calibrated security approach under Operation SAMADHAN-Prahar, emphasizing intelligence-led operations, deployment of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs), and modernization of state police forces. Specialized units like the Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have been effective in targeted operations.

Development Initiatives

The Aspirational Districts Programme and Roshan Vikas focus on bridging development deficits in LWE-affected areas. Infrastructure projects like road connectivity (e.g., Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana), mobile towers, and financial inclusion schemes aim to integrate these regions with the mainstream economy.

Surrender and Rehabilitation

Policies like the Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation Scheme incentivize cadres to abandon violence by offering monetary rewards, skill development, and reintegration support. This psychological dimension weakens the extremist recruitment base.

Community Engagement

Initiatives such as Jan Jagran Abhiyan and Village Defence Committees foster local participation in counter-LWE efforts. Empowering tribal communities through forest rights (FRA, 2006) and local governance (PESA Act) addresses grievances that fuel extremism.

Inter-State Coordination

The National Policy and Action Plan to Address LWE (2015) ensures synergy among affected states and central agencies. Unified commands, joint operations, and real-time intelligence sharing (e.g., NATGRID) enhance operational efficiency.

Conclusion

The Government’s approach—balancing kinetic operations with socio-economic development and community engagement—has yielded positive results. However, sustained efforts, adaptive strategies, and addressing root causes like land alienation and governance gaps remain critical to eradicating LWE.