UPSC Mains Answer: To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India?

Difficulty Level: Medium

Pre-requisite: Understanding of the Indian parliamentary system, including its constitutional framework (Articles 74–122), the separation of powers, and the role of Parliament in a Westminster-style democracy. Familiarity with key historical events (e.g., Emergency, coa

Sub-category: Polity: Parliament and State Legislatures

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The Parliament in India serves as the cornerstone of democratic accountability, ensuring the executive remains answerable to the people through elected representatives. Its mechanisms—such as Question Hour, Zero Hour, debates, and motions (e.g., no-confidence, adjournment)—enable legislators to scrutinize executive actions, expose lapses, and demand corrective measures. Parliamentary committees, including Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and Estimates Committee, further deepen oversight by examining policy implementation and financial propriety. Additionally, the Constitution empowers Parliament to impeach high constitutional functionaries, reinforcing checks and balances.
However, accountability is often diluted by factors like executive dominance in a majority government, frequent disruptions, and partisan politics. The decline in parliamentary sittings and the executive’s reliance on ordinances or delegated legislation bypass legislative scrutiny. While tools like the Right to Information (RTI) Act complement parliamentary oversight, their effectiveness hinges on institutional integrity.
To strengthen accountability, reforms such as fixed parliamentary sessions, stricter anti-defection laws, and greater autonomy for committees are imperative. Ultimately, Parliament’s efficacy depends on the collective will of its members to uphold democratic principles over political expediency.